显微CT法研究上颌第一磨牙根管系统解剖形态

目的 使用显微CT研究上颌第一磨牙根管系统解剖形态.方法 随机收集33颗上颌第一磨牙,使用显微CT扫描后重建根管系统.观察并记录各牙根根管形态和分支根管的发生数目、位置.记录各根管口位置并测量根管口间的距离和所成角度.在距离根尖1、2和3mm处进行虚拟切割,记录断面上分支根管暴露情况.结果 上颌第一磨牙近颊根第二根管发生率为75.76%.近颊根发生分支根管为71.64%;近颊根分支根管发生率为72.73%.91.04%的分支根管发生于根尖1/3段,近颊根距根尖3mm处截面分支根管暴露率为12.12%.近颊根第一、第二根管口间的距离为(1.60±0.41)mm.结论 上颌第一磨牙根管系统解剖形态复杂,近颊根根管形态存在较大解剖变异.     

使用手术显微镜对上颌第一磨牙近中颊侧第二根管应用解剖的研究

目的：使用手术显微镜（operating microscope,OM）研究上颌第一磨牙近中颊侧第二根管口（MB2）形态和解剖位置关系，为根管治疗时寻找根管口提供解剖学依据。方法：采用UNIVERSA300/FS2012手术显微镜，观察110个上颌第一磨牙的MB2根管口形态及其发生率。结果：上颌第一磨牙的MB2出现率为38%；根管口的形态为圆形和卵圆形。结论：使用手术显微镜可以有效地发现MB2。     

上颌第二恒磨牙近中颊根第二根管的离体牙研究

目的研究上颌第二恒磨牙近中颊根第二根管（MB2）的发生情况,为提高上颌第二恒磨牙根管治疗的成功率提供解剖学基础。方法于山东地区收集离体上颌第二恒磨牙118颗,采用斜方型开髓洞型开髓,利用小号C型锉探查并疏通根管,记录MB2的发现率及扩通率;拍摄X线牙片,记录近中颊根的根管数目、形态和类型;在根管显微镜下观察并应用数显卡尺测量近中颊根主根管和MB2根管口之间的距离,确定根管口的位置;记录近中颊根的根尖孔数目,并测量解剖根尖孔至解剖根尖的距离。结果118颗上颌第二恒磨牙中,有58颗发现MB2,发现率为49.15%;其中48颗牙齿的MB2被扩通,扩通率为82.76%。108颗3根牙中,近中颊根的根管形态为Ⅰ型者有50颗,占46.30%;Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型者分别为14和34颗,占12.96%和31.48%。近中颊根主根管口与MB2根管口的平均距离为1.26 mm;近中颊根解剖根尖孔至解剖根尖的距离平均值为1.13 mm。结论山东地区上颌第二恒磨牙MB2的发现率较高,临床治疗中采用改良的斜方型开髓孔有利于发现MB2,用X线片确定工作长度时需要结合临床综合判断根尖孔的位置。     

上颌第一磨牙近中颊根三根管1例

上颌第一磨牙近巾颊根三根管较少见,本文介绍1例近中颊根存在3个根管的上颌第一磨牙,3个根管口相距约1.5 mm,根管长度基本正常.     

上颌第一恒磨牙髓室底及根尖孔的观察

目的 研究上颌第一恒磨牙的髓室底形态,根管口的形态,根管口及根尖孔的数目和位置分布。方法 106颗离体上颌第一恒磨牙,暴露其髓室底,并用苏木素将根尖区染色,用肉眼观察法结合用光滑髓针、15号根管扩大器等探查以明确根管口数,根尖孔数及其位置分布。结果 上颌第一恒磨牙的髓室类似一个底在颊侧的三角形,38.68%为三根管口,61.32%为四根管口,左右分布无差异,四根管口者含一个远中颊侧根管口,一个腭侧根管口,近中颊侧根管又分偏颊、偏腭侧两根管口;远中颊、腭根的根尖均为单孔,近中颊根的双根尖孔率为51.8%,61.54%的根尖孔为侧方开口。结论 上颌第一恒磨牙的开髓洞形应为偏向近中的圆三角形,近中颊根的双根管检出率较高。     

牙颌CT对上颌磨牙近中颊侧第二根管的影像学研究

目的：利用牙颌CT（PROMAX3D）研究活体上颌磨牙近中颊侧第二根管（MB2）口、髓腔形态及其解剖位置关系影像,为临床根管治疗提供可靠的影像学依据。方法：对上颌磨牙根管治疗的患者,使用牙颌CT进行扫描,感兴趣区重建完成之后在颊舌向、水平位以及3D影像上针对上颌磨牙根管数目、牙髓形态影像分析研究。结果：牙颌CT能够在水平位和3D影像上清晰地显示上颌磨牙近中颊侧第二根管的数目、根管口的形态,在颊舌向影像上清楚地显示MB2髓腔的形态及走向。结论：牙颌CT利用不同方向的影像,真实地显示了上颌磨牙近中颊侧第二根管口的形态和髓腔的走向,为临床根管治疗提供可靠的影像学依据,有效地指导了临床医师的治疗工作。     

上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管口的解剖定位

目的　寻找上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管 (MB2 )根管口的定位规律。方法　收集离体上颌第一、二磨牙共 5 5 0颗。根管显微镜 (DOM)下探查根管口 ,拍摄髓底图片 ,测量髓底一系列参数 ,分析MB2根管口定位规律。结果　DOM下MB2发现率在上颌第一磨牙和第二磨牙分别为 78.2 4 %和 4 1.32 %。MB2根管口位于MB P根管口连线的近中 ,与该连线的垂直距离在上颌第一磨牙和第二磨牙分别为 0 .6 6mm和 0 .6 3mm ;距近颊根主根管 (MB)根管口距离分别为 1.32mm和 1.2 1mm。结论　建议临床医生在探查上颌磨牙髓底时 ,可在MB P根管口假想连线的近中、距其 0 .5～ 1.0mm ,距MB根管口 1.0～ 2 .0mm ,使MB MB2根管口间假想的、微凸向近中的弧形连线与近中边缘嵴平行处寻找MB2根管口。     

上颌磨牙近中颊根的寻找和扩通

目的：寻找并尽量扩通上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管，统计其发生率及通畅率。方法：离体上颌磨牙11颗，开髓、拔髓，寻找并尽量扩通近中颊根第二根管即MB2，根管预备、充填，拍片。统计其发生及发现率。临床上对146颗上颌磨牙开髓、拔髓，寻找并尽量扩通近中颊根第二根管即MB2，根管预备，充填，拍片。结果：离体牙10颗，上颌第一磨牙近中颊根第二根管发现率为60％，通畅率为50％。94颗上颌第一磨牙，近中颊根第二根管发现率为44.68％.通畅率为29.78％，52颗上颌第二磨牙，发现率为11.53％，通畅率为7.69％。结论：上颌第一磨牙近中颊根第二根管的发生率较高，其寻找、定位及扩通尽管有一定的困难，临床医生仍应注意寻找，以提高上颌磨牙根管治疗的成功率。     

上颌第一磨牙近中颊根第二根管的临床研究现状

上颌磨牙近中颊侧根管研究大多集中在近中颊根第二根管(MB2)根管口的寻找、发现率、近中颊根的形态方面,关于其临床治疗方面的研究报道甚少,本文从MB2的临床发现率、根管口定位、疏通、预备和充填等方面对MB2在临床上的研究现状作一综述。     

上颌第一恒磨牙近中颊根第二根管口的定位研究

目的通过上颌恒磨牙近颊根与髓底参数的测量研究寻找近颊根(MB2)根管定位的方法,为上颌磨牙四边形髓腔入口的制备提供依据.方法选取新鲜拔除的上颌第一恒磨牙36颗,沿髓底平面截除牙冠,测量髓底参数,记录近中颊根根面外形,于MB1与MB2根管中插针示折摄X-线片,记录根管分型,将所得资料进行统计学分析.结果上颌第一恒磨牙近颊根根管分型与根形相适应2-1型根管的近颊根多为扁斜根(85.71%),2-2型根管的近颊根多为宽扁根(80%).MB1-MB2根管口距离在1～3 mm之间,平均距离为1.93 mm.2-1型与2-2型根管其MB1与MB2根管口的平均距离无显著性差异(P>0.05).MB1与MB2根管口至近颊根近中根面颈缘的垂直距离无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论临床医生可采用改进的四边形髓腔入口,在MB1根管口的腭侧、近中方向距MB1根管口1～3 mm 处,沿经过MB1根管口的与近中颈缘平行的直线上寻找MB2根管口.     

上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管的研究现状

通过回顾上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管发生率、分类、解剖特点及其定位和扩通的研究现状，为完善上颌磨牙根管治疗提供参考。     

218颗上颌第一恒磨牙根管的临床观察

作者通过临床治疗对２１８颗上颌第一恒磨牙的根管系统、根管数目、工作长度、根管口分布位置的规律进行观察分析，２１８颗患牙中男性９７颗，女性１２１颗。患者年龄１３～７６岁。近中颊根有２个根管的２８颗，占１２．８４％；根管数目与性别和牙位无显著关系，且随着年龄增长有所减少。从而提出对上颌第一恒磨牙进行牙髓治疗时，应注意根管系统的变异；改进开髓洞形，掌握查找近中颊根第二根管方法，以免遗漏根管。     

Prevalence of a second canal in the mesiobuccal root of permanent maxillary first molars from an Indonesian population

A sample of 308 extracted human permanent maxillary first molars from an Indonesian population was randomly selected. A rhomboid access cavity was made in all teeth in anticipation of identifying a second mesiobuccal canal (MB2). Ultrasonic tips were used to open the subpulpal groove to locate the second canal in the mesiobuccal root. Dentin was carefully removed from the trifurcation area at the expense of the mesial wall. If a second canal was located, a 0.8 C+ file was inserted into it until the file reached the apex. The prevalence of a second canal in the mesiobuccal root of the permanent maxillary first molar was 68.5% (95% CI: 63.1%-73.4%) in this population. Sections of the mesial root showed that the MB2 was a separate canal in 52.6% of the sample and a joined canal in 47.4%. The mean (SD) distance between MB1 and MB2 was 1.55 (0.66) mm. The data obtained from this study provide theoretical and experimental evidence to aid in the clinical management of the MB2 canal and may increase the success rate for root canal treatment of the maxillary first molar.     

Canal configuration in the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar: a descriptive study

This study investigated the morphology of the mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar. One hundred ten extracted maxillary first molars were accessed. The first and second mesiobuccal canals were exposed, soaked in black India ink, decalcified, dehydrated, and made transparent. The configurations of the root canals in the mesiobuccal root were studied under magnification (2.6x) and classified according to Weine's four types of root canal configurations. Under the conditions of this study, a high percentage of second mesiobuccal canals were revealed.     

离体上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管出现率的研究

目的运用透明标本观察法、螺旋CT薄层扫描技术和牙根硬组织切片观察法研究中国人离体上颌第一、二磨牙近中颊根第二根管（MB2）的出现率。方法分别收集离体上颌第一磨牙216例、第二磨牙334例，均随机分为两组：A组制成透明标本；B组标本经螺旋CT扫描后，自根尖开始每隔1mm横切牙根。所有离体牙标本均在牙科手术显微镜下观察并记录近中颊根的根管数目。结果透明标本观察法所得的上颌第一、第二磨牙MB2出现率分别为81．48％和49．70％；螺旋CT扫描技术所得的结果分别为77．78％和47．31％；牙根硬组织切片法所得的结果分别为88．89％和53．89％。上颌第一磨牙MB2出现率高于第二磨牙，其差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。同一牙位不同实验方法间的结果差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论上颌第一、二磨牙MB2出现率高，提示临床医师应努力探查该根管，以提高上颌磨牙根管治疗的成功率。     

Evaluating the potential key factors in assessing the morphology of mesiobuccal canal in maxillary first and second molars

The purpose of this study was to provide further information on the morphology of the root canals and pulp chambers of 100 maxillary first and 100 maxillary second molars, with particular reference to the anatomical relationship of the root canal patterns and the distance between mesiobuccal (MB) and mesiolingual (ML) orifices. Each transverse section was digitally imaged to measure the interorificial distance using a stereomicroscope. The angles of primary curvatures were determined in both buccolingual (clinic view, CV) and mesiodistal (proximal view, PV) directions and the canal configuration of the MB root was classified according to the Weine classification. The rhomboidal pulp chamber floor morphology predominated in each tooth type. The mean interorificial distance in both maxillary first and second molars was significantly shorter in type II compared with type III (P < 0.05). The interorificial distance was correlated with the primary curvature of MB canal in PV in maxillary first molars (P < 0.05), whereas the primary curvature of ML canal in CV was correlated with the primary curvature of ML canal in PV in maxillary second molars (P < 0.01). The evaluation of interorificial distance in both types of maxillary molars and the curvature of ML canal in CV in maxillary second molar can give valuable information to the clinician.     

C-shaped root canal in a maxillary first molar: a case report

AIM: This case report presents an unusual C-shaped root canal system in a maxillary first molar tooth. SUMMARY: Although C-shaped root canals are most frequently seen in the mandibular second molar, they may also appear in maxillary molars. A literature search revealed only a few case reports of C-shaped root canal systems in maxillary molars. The present case describes a C-shaped canal in the buccal root of a maxillary first molar. The endodontic access cavity displayed two canal orifices, one leading to the canal system in the buccal root, the other into the palatal root canal system. In the buccal root, what appeared to be the mesial and distal canals joined to form a single C-shaped canal. KEY LEARNING POINTS:--Careful examination of radiographs and the internal anatomy of teeth is essential.-- The location and morphology of root canals should be identified at high magnification under the microscope.