烟台地区人群戊型肝炎感染情况的血清流行病学调查

目的 调查烟台地区人群血清中戊型肝炎感染情况,为制定戊肝控制策略提供科学依据.方法 采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,检测2 028名烟台市民的血清抗HEV-IgG,实验数据采用SPSS13.0软件分析.结果 人群抗-HEV IgG总阳性率为25.10％,其中女性感染率为22.87％,低于男性感染率27.52％,随着年龄增长,抗HEV-IgG阳性率逐渐增高.50～60岁达到最高,以农民的感染率最高,达到38.12％,其次为餐饮业为28.21％.结论 年龄、性别、地区分别是影响戊肝抗体阳性率的因素.     

上海市2006 — 2016年戊型病毒性肝炎的时空分布特征分析

  目的  了解上海市社区居民戊型病毒性肝炎（戊肝）亚临床感染现状及其影响因素,为戊肝的综合防治提供科学依据。  方法  于2018年5 — 12月采用多阶段概率比例随机抽样方法在上海市16个区32个社区抽取4 661名社区居民进行戊肝血清流行病学调查,并应用两水平多因素logistic回归模型分析社区居民戊肝亚临床感染的影响因素。  结果  上海市4 661名社区居民中,戊肝肝炎病毒HEV-IgG或HEV-IgM抗体阳性者1217例,戊肝亚临床感染率为26.11 %。两水平多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,男性、年龄 ≥ 5岁、离退休人员、偶尔喝生水、半年内做过肝炎检测和半年内吃过生鲜刺身是上海市社区居民戊肝亚临床感染的危险因素,外地户籍、接种戊肝疫苗情况不详和饭前便后经常洗手是上海市社区居民戊肝亚临床感染的保护因素。  结论  上海市社区居民戊肝亚临床感染率较高,性别、年龄、职业、户籍、喝生水情况、半年内做肝炎检测情况、接种戊肝疫苗情况、半年内是否吃过生鲜刺身和饭前便后是否经常洗手是该地区社区居民戊肝亚临床感染的主要影响因素。     

2005年海安县病毒性肝炎血清流行病学调查

目的:了解海安县人群病毒性肝炎各型感染状况,为制订病毒性肝炎防制策略和措施提供依据.方法:采用多级随机抽样方法,抽取3个村,分8个年龄组采集血样1 249人;应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测抗HAV-IgG、HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗HCV、抗HEV-IgG和抗HEV-IgM.同时调查小年龄组人群甲乙肝疫苗的接种情况.结果:海安县2～9岁儿童甲肝疫苗接种率为91.94%,2～13岁人群乙肝疫苗全程接种率为87.58%.居民抗HAV-IgG阳性率为87.72%,年龄很小就达到较高的阳性率.人群HBsAg和抗-HBs一项阳性率为49.35%,乙肝携带率为4.96%;人群戊肝感染率为56.66%,戊肝急性感染率为2.26%.调查人群中未发现抗HCV阳性者.结论:海安县人群戊肝感染水平较高,要在继续做好甲乙肝防制工作的基础上,积极开展戊肝防制工作.     

2012年江苏省重点地区职业人群布鲁氏菌病感染现况调查

目的了解江苏省重点地区职业人群布鲁氏菌病(布病)的感染现况及其危险因素。方法选择江苏省重点地区规模较大的3家屠宰厂和牲畜交易市场、饲养场各1家238名从业人员开展布病感染状况的横断面调查并分析其危险因素。结果调查发现感染者50例, 感染率高达21%(50/238), 感染率在性别、年龄、从业年限、工种上的差异均无统计学意义。危险因素分析结果显示屠宰是高危工种(RR=1.80, 95%CI:1.1～3.1), 其中从事家畜屠宰“放血”是高危岗位(RR=1.90, 95%CI:1.1-3.3), 进食前洗手是保护因素(RR=0.25, 95%CI:0.14。0.44)。结论江苏省家畜屠宰、交易、饲养等场所职业人群存在布病感染, 应采取相应控制措施。     

武汉地区戊型肝炎流行病学特点调查

目的调查武汉地区普通人群戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）感染的流行病学特点。方法2006年1—12月来武汉科技大学附属汉阳医院常规体检人员进行整群抽样并抽血,应用ELISA方法检测血清中戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）IgG水平,同时检测体检人员血清ALT水平,用统计学方法分析本地区普通人群HEV感染情况及特点。结果常规体检的3561人员中HEV总感染率为30．50％,HEV-IgG阳性率男性为37．92％,女性为23．31％;20岁以下人群阳性率〈1％,男性比女性感染率高,感染率随年龄上升而上升。HEV—IgG阳性人群ALT水平与HEV-IgG阴性人群无显著性差异。结论武汉地区男性和年长人群具有较高的HEV感染风险,20岁以下人群中HEV—IgG阳性率极低,学校等地方戊肝暴发的预防应引起高度重视。     

浙江省农村人群戊型肝炎感染状况的研究

目的　调查浙江省农村地区戊型肝炎的感染情况、流行特征及牲畜的饲养情况与戊型肝炎病毒感染的关系。方法　 2 0 0 3年 ,在浙江省北部农村地区以整群抽样的方法普查某行政村 85 0名 7岁以上健康人群 ,用ELISA法检测该人群中HEV -IgG ,HEV -IgM抗体水平 ,同时调查相关的危险因素。 结果　在调查的 85 0名健康人群中 ,抗HEV -IgG ,抗HEV -IgM阳性者分虽为 394例和 2 6例 ,人群总感染率分别为 4 6 35 %和 3 0 6 %。在 394例抗HEV -IgG阳性者中有男性 2 2 2例 ,女性为 172例 ,男女的感染率分别为 5 3 6 2 %和 39 4 5 % ,HEV感染和性别明显相关 (P <0 0 0 1)。戊肝感染可见于各个年龄段 ,但流行分布不平衡 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 0 0 1)。随着年龄的增长感染率有上升的趋势 ,但是到 4 5～ 5 5岁年龄组戊肝感染率保持在一个稳定水平。 2 5岁以下及以上人群的感染率分别为15 2 2 %和 5 2 88%。结论　浙江省农村地区的戊型肝炎病毒感染率明显高于国内已报道其他地区。戊型肝炎病毒感染与性别年龄显著相关 ,男性戊肝病毒感染率高于女性 ,随着年龄的增长感染率也上升 ,到一定年龄达到稳定水平。     

戊肝患者及其密切接触者血清标志物检测结果分析

[目的]探讨戊肝患者及其密切接触者血清抗体的携带现状以及HEV与HBV重叠感染状况.[方法]用酶联免疫吸附试验(EUSA)法对94例戊肝患者及其密切接触者人群血清标本开展抗HAV-IgM、HBsAg、抗-HBs、HBeAg、抗-HBe、抗-HBc、抗-HCV、抗HEV-IgM、抗HEV-IgG检测,对两组研究对象实验室检测结果用X2检验进行统计分析.[结果]病例组抗HEV-IgM和抗HEV-IgG阳性率分别为27.66%和89.36%,密切接触者组抗HEV-IgM和抗HEV-IgG阳性率分别为4.94%和64.20%,两组人群抗HEV-IgM和抗HEV-IgG阳性率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).病例组与密切接触者组伴HBV感染率分别为34.04%和30.86%,差异无统计学意义(X2=0.20,P=0.65). [结论]戊肝密切接触者有较高的抗HEV-IgM和抗HEV-IgG阳性率,戌肝患者与密切接触者人群相比耒显示出较高的HBV感染率.     

安徽某市吸毒人群HEV感染的现况调查分析

目的了解吸毒人群戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)感染情况,分析此人群高危行为方式与HEV感染之间的联系,为预防和控制戊型肝炎提供依据。方法采用横断面研究,从戒毒所和美沙酮门诊选择379名吸毒者,调查其吸毒行为方式、性行为特点,用ELISA法检测HEV-IgG抗体,分析吸毒人群戊型肝炎感染的影响因素。结果调查人群静脉注射吸毒的比例为52.8%,吸毒人群戊肝感染率为8.4%,40岁以上年龄组人群HEV感染率为16.3%,高于其他年龄组感染率(χ2=10.580,P=0.005);吸食海洛因的人群HEV感染率为12.0%,高于吸食冰毒人群的3.4%和吸食其他毒品人群的6.3%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.542,P=0.014);静脉吸毒人群的感染率为12.5%,高于非静脉吸毒人群的3.9%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.015,P=0.003)。结论静脉注射吸毒和年龄因素可能是吸毒人群HEV高感染的重要因素。     

不同人群戊型病毒性肝炎血清流行病学研究

目的 了解不同人群戊型病毒性肝炎（戊肝）感染状况.方法 采用整群随机抽样方法,对杭州市拱墅区和桐庐县普通人群1483人及猪牛养殖户、屠宰人员、销售人员和宠物饲养人员等重点人群393人开展个案调查并采集血样,应用ELISA法检测戊肝抗体.结果 杭州市人群戊肝标化阳性率为36.87%,男女阳性率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.不同年龄组阳性率差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,50岁组阳性率最高为53.93%.农村人群标化阳性率46.89%高于城市人群29.63%.猪牛养殖户及销售人员等重点人群的阳性率均高于普通人群（P＜0.05）,并随工作年限的增长,阳性率上升.结论 与猪牛接触密切的重点人群戊肝感染率高于普通人群.     

杭州市戊肝血清流行病学调查及流行特征分析

目的：分析杭州市戊型病毒性肝炎发病及人群感染情况。方法：根据法定传染病系统分析杭州市2004—2011年戊肝疫情资料;采用整群随机抽样方法,抽取拱墅区和桐庐县的健康人群1483人,应用ELSA法检测戊肝抗体。结果：2004年至2011年,共报告戊肝病例3490例,发病率（4．19～8．10）／10万,死亡3例,年发病率逐年上升,疫情以散发病例为主。发病年龄以30岁以上年龄组为主,男女平均发病率性别比为2．35：1,职业以农民较多,春季是流行季节。血清流行病学调查显示,全市人群标化感染率为36．87％,50岁组感染率最高,农村人群感染高于城市人群,男女性别之间感染率无差异。结论：戊肝发病呈逐年上升趋势,应加强戊肝的监测与防治工作。     

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infection, rural southern People's Republic of China

Genotype 4 hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the dominant cause of hepatitis E in the People's Republic of China; swine are the principal reservoir. Our study was conducted in 8 rural communities of southern China, where families keep pigs near their homes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 23 of 24 concurrent virus isolates from this region are genotype 4 strains. Among the study populations, immunoglobulin G anti-HEV seroprevalence accumulated with age at approximately equal to 1% per year for persons < or =60 years of age. After age 30 years, seroprevalence increased at higher rates for male than for female study participants. The overall seroprevalence was 43% (range 25%-66%) among the communities. Infection rates were higher for participants between 25 and 29 years of age. The results suggest that HEV infection probably has been endemic in southern China for at least 60 years, with swine being the principal reservoir of human HEV infection in recent years.     

成都地区体检人群幽门螺杆菌感染状况及其危险因素调查

目的了解成都地区体检人群中幽门螺杆菌(H pylori)感染的状况及危险因素,为制订正确有效的预防措施提供依据。方法纳入进行14C呼气试验检测的体检者共8 365人,如14C呼气试验检测阳性即认为有H pylori感染。随机抽取500人进行问卷调查,问卷内容包括一般资料、社会经济卫生状况、生活习惯相关的危险因素、消化不良症状和发生频率、个人和家族疾病信息等37个可能与H pylori感染、传播有关的问题,对取得的参数进行比较,分析H pylori感染的危险因素。结果成都地区体检人群H pylori总的感染率为53.13%(4 444/8 365);男性H pylori感染率高于女性(54.10%vs 51.72%,P=0.032);30岁以上人群H pylori感染率均超过50%;随着年龄增加,H pylori感染率逐渐增加,50~60岁组达高峰,60岁以上人群H pylori感染率逐渐下降。完成合格调查问卷497份,问卷调查结果显示经常生吃大蒜及偶有呕吐症状的人群H pylori感染率更高(P﹤0.05);社会经济卫生状况与H pylori感染关系不大;自觉有消化道症状人群H pylori感染率并不明显高于无消化道症状人群(P﹥0.05);有无胃病病史及家族史,H pylori感染率差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示生吃大蒜、自觉有呕吐症状是H pylori感染的重要危险因素。结论成都地区体检人群中H pylori感染率较高。生吃大蒜及自觉有呕吐症状人群是H pylori感染高危人群。     

Viral hepatitis C infection among Egyptians the magnitude of the problem: epidemiological and laboratory approach

This study examines the relative importance of risk factors for viral hepatitis C infection and estimates the magnitude of HCV problem among Egyptians. It is a continuation of a recently performed cross-sectional study conducted on more than 5000 Egyptians. Serum samples (1945) were analyzed for liver enzymes (SGPT and SGOT) to evaluate the status of liver affection. One hundred and sixty nine samples (103 confirmed HCV seropositives and 66 seronegative) were analyzed for PCR HCV RNA to estimate the frequency of HCV viraemia among those individuals. Rates for HCV seropositivity by ELISA test in mass screening were corrected using predictive value of a positive test at prevalence between 5-50%. Attributable risk and population attributable risk estimates were calculated for those significant factors in logistic regression analysis. Overall number of HCV infected individuals was estimated for age groups of 15-65 years and the numbers of HCV related liver complications were estimated. HCV PCR RNA was positive for 50% of ELISA-seropositive samples and for 13.8% of the seronegative samples. However, only 5% of those individuals with HCV seropositivity and 3.7% of those with PCR RNA positivity Showed SGPT serum levels above 1.5 normal. The overall age, sex and urban/rural adjusted rate of true HCV seropositivity is estimated to be 15.6% among working Egyptians between 15-65 years. Attributable risk due to injections for the treatment of bilharziasis is estimated to be 47% (95% CL = 38%-55%) among exposed males. Blood transfusion was estimated to be responsible for 87% (95% CL = 57%-96%) of cases among previously transfused females. Population attributable risk for injections for treatment of bilharziasis among working urban and rural males is estimated to be 15% and 11% respectively. Blood transfusion and sharing contaminated needles contributed by 24% of cases (for each) among working urban females. Previous hospitalization contributed by 36% of cases among working rural females and by 10% among working urban males. As for the national estimate of cases of HCV seropositivity we estimated more than 5 million individuals with an expected number of chronic hepatitis of varying degrees of 3.5 millions. HCV viraemia with high probability for transmission is present in more than 50% of those individuals and liver cirrhosis cases expected to develop within an average of 20 years of infection are in the range of 350-700 thousand cases. The major proportions of population attributable risk are due to other undefined risk factors associated with age, male sex, living in rural areas and in lower and upper Egypt. Further research is needed to elucidate those factors prevailing in these areas, associated with increased risk of HCV infection.     

Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infection in the general population and selected groups in South-Western Greece

Greece is a country of intermediate endemicity for hepatitis B and low endemecity for hepatitis C with a downward trend during the last years. In the present study we investigated the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the region of South-Western Greece and tried to identify the most important risk factors of transmission. This is a unique epidemiological study, as it is the first community based study in the general population of Greece, with a methodological approach based on multi-staged random sampling. The prevalence of HBV infection seems to be decreasing with a 22.6% rate of HBV markers and a 2.1% rate of chronic HBV carriers. We found male sex, old age and intrafamiliar exposure as the major independent risk factors of HBV transmission, while sexual contact, absence of condom prophylaxis and living in rural areas seem to have also a significant impact for HBV infection. No relation was found between HBV transmission and working in health care facilities, pre-existing hospital admissions and history of transfusion. The prevalence of anti-bodies to the HCV was found 0.5%, even lower than the rate reported in the Mediterranean region. Parenteral exposure was the main risk factor for the transmission of HCV infection.     

福建省人群丙型肝炎感染率及危险因素分析

目的通过血清流行病学调查,探索福建省丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染率及其相关危险因素。方法采用多阶段抽样方法,通过横断面调查,获取HCV流行现状及危险因素基础资料;用间接ELISA法检测HCV抗体,分析人群抗-HCV阳性率及发展趋势。结果福建省人群抗-HCV阳性率为0.71%;地区与性别分布差异无统计学意义;随着年龄增长,抗-HCV阳性率有增加趋势,≥50岁组抗-HCV阳性率（1.81%）远高于〈50岁组（0.54%）。肝病史、针具共用及足浴店修脚史与HCV感染相关。结论福建省人群抗-HCV阳性率与1992年相比呈下降趋势,但HCV防治形势不容乐观。     

深圳市一般人群庚型肝炎病毒感染状况分析

目的：探讨深圳市一般人群中庚型肝炎病毒（HGV）感染情况及其影响因素，方法：采用随机抽样法选取研究对象，并用酶联免疫反应法（ELISA）检测该人群中抗－HGV抗体。对其中抗体阳性用逆转录PCR（RT－PCR）检测血清中HGV RNA。结果：一般人群中抗－HGV阳性率为9．33％，HGV RNA阳性为2．33％，男女HGV RNA阳性率分别为2．45％和2．20％，年龄组间HGV RNA阳性率差异无显。单因素和logistic回归分析未显示肝炎病史，近期手术史、注射史，拔牙史及乙型肝炎疫苗接种史等因素与HGV感染有关，HBsAg，抗－HBs和抗－HBc与HGV感染无统计学意义。不同职业人员中以中学生及教师的HGV RNA阳性率较高，结论：深圳市一般人群中HGV感染率较高，但其流行因素尚待进一步研究。     

泉州市居民乙肝病毒感染现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解福建省泉州市常住居民乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染现状及其影响因素,为采取干预措施提供参考依据.方法采用分层随机抽样方法对在福建省泉州市晋江、南安和安溪抽取的1～59岁常住居民共2 608人进行问卷调查和血清学检测.结果 福建省泉州市1 ～59岁常住居民的HBV感染率为64.03％;不同年龄、职业、学历及居住地区常住居民HBV感染率间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01);乙肝疫苗接种率为21.89％;其中1～4、5～14和15～59岁年龄组乙肝疫苗接种率分别为93.33％、60.14％和4.99％,不同年龄组接种率差异有统计学意义(x2=1 371.79,P＜0.001);接种乙肝疫苗居民的HBV感染率为13.66％,低于未接种乙肝疫苗居民的78.15％(x2=805.48,P＜0.001);多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果表明,口腔诊疗史和理发室修面剃须史是泉州市常住居民HBV感染的危险因素;乙肝疫苗接种史和年龄是泉州市常住居民HBV感染的保护因素.结论泉州市HBV感染率较高;有口腔诊疗史和经常在理发室修面剃须的居民HBV感染的危险性较高,实施乙肝免疫接种是预防控制HBV感染的重要措施.     

吸毒人群中甲肝病毒感染及其影响因素

目的　了解吸毒人员中甲型肝炎病毒 (HAV)的感染状况及其影响因素 ,为防制甲肝提供科学依据。方法　采用现况研究 ,通过整群抽样 ,以问卷的方式收集吸毒人员有关资料并采集血标本。用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA法 ) ,检测血清中抗 -HAV。采用SPSS 10 0软件进行统计学分析。结果　 772名吸毒人员中检出阳性 5 14人 ,总感染率为 6 6 5 8% ;单因素分析 :不同地区 (χ2 =13 4 7,P <0 0 5 )、不同文化程度 (χ2 =7 36 ,P <0 0 5 )、不同婚姻状况 (χ2 =6 0 2 ,P <0 0 5 )甲肝病毒感染率有显著性差异。多因素分析 :吸毒人员中甲肝的感染与地区 ,文化程度 ,婚姻状况 ,与他人共用餐具等情况有关。结论　吸毒人群是甲型肝炎病毒感染的高危人群。甲型肝炎的影响因素有地区、文化程度、婚姻状况、与他人共用餐具等     

河北地区TT病毒感染与不同型别病毒性肝病的关系

目的分析健康人群及肝病患者TTV感染状况。方法采用TTV（N22）区核苷酸序列设计引物，建立半巢式聚合酶链反应（Semi—nested PCR）方法，对309例7种不同人群血清检测TTV DNA。结果TTV在非甲一非戊型肝炎、肝硬化患者、丙型肝炎、急性甲型肝炎、急性乙型肝炎、慢性乙型肝炎和健康人群中感染率分别为75．00％（15／20）、75．00％（27／36）、61．90％（13/21）、58．06％（18／31）、52．78％（38／72）、45．61％（26／57）和38．89％（28／72）。肝硬化患者及非甲非戊型肝炎感染率明显高于健康人群（P〈0．01），也明显高于急、慢性乙型肝炎患者（P〈0．05）。21～30岁年龄组TTV感染率（39．06％）显著低于51～60岁年龄组感染率（68．75％）（P〈0．01），其他年龄间无差异。急性甲型肝炎、急性乙型肝炎和慢性乙型肝炎与丙型肝炎之间无统计学意义，性别之间亦无统计学意义。结论TTV在河北地区健康人群及肝病患者中有较高的感染率，TTV感染与不明原因ALT升高有一定的关系。     

Genotype analysis of hepatitis E virus from sporadic hepatitis E cases in northern China

Hepatitis E is an important public health problem in many countries. However, there is no definite conclusion about the zoonotic reservoir, transmission patterns and risk factors of hepatitis E in the human population. The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiological and viral genotype characteristics of hepatitis E cases in northern China. Surveillance was conducted in two hospitals in Liaoning and Hebei province from July 2010 to June 2012. Out of a total of 116 diagnosed patients, 88 (75.9%) were male and 28 (24.1%) were female and most (73%) were in the age group 40–70 years. In both hospitals, cases were diagnosed more frequently in March than in other months. HEV RNA was amplified from 41 patients and characterized by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Most of the isolates (37 strains, 90.3%) were genotype 4, including subgenotypes 4a, 4b, 4d, 4h, 4i and a new subgenotype. One subgenotype 3a strain was isolated from Baoding, Hebei province. Three genotype 1b strains were found from patients in Jinzhou, Liaoning province. Most of the genotype 4 strains and the genotype 3 strains were phylogenetically related to known swine isolates. In conclusion, the finding that HEV infects mostly middle-aged and elderly men and that the incidence spiked in March may reflect the zoonotic transmission characteristics of HEV infection. Pigs, but not rabbits, were the important reservoirs in this area, because genotype 4 HEV was found to be responsible for the majority hepatitis E cases. However, genotype 1 is still present in northern China. Also, the first isolation of genotype 3 HEV in this area indicates that alternative routes of HEV transmission might exist.