Association of First-Week Nutrient Intake and Extrauterine Growth Restriction in Moderately Preterm Infants: A Regional Population-Based Study

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of first-week nutrition intake on neonatal growth in moderate preterm (MP) infants. Data on neonatal morbidity and nutrition intake on day of life 7 (DoL7) were prospectively collected from 735 MP infants (32^0/7–34^6/7 weeks gestational age (GA)). Multivariable regression was used to assess the factors associated with extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) defined as a decrease of more than 1 standard deviation (SD) in the weight z-score during hospitalization. Mean (SD) gestational age and birth weight were 33.2 (0.8) weeks and 2005 (369) g. The mean change in the weight z-score during hospitalization was −0.64 SD. A total of 138 infants (18.8%) had EUGR. Compared to adequate growth infants, EUGR infants received 15% and 35% lower total energy and protein intake respectively (p < 0.001) at DoL7. At DoL7, each increase of 10 kcal/kg/d and 1 g/kg/d of protein was associated with reduced odds of EUGR with an odds ratio of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.66–0.82; p < 0.001) and 0.54 (0.44–0.67; p < 0.001), respectively. Insufficient energy and protein intakes on DoL7 negatively affected neonatal growth of MP infants. Nutritional support should be optimized from birth onwards to improve neonatal weight growth.     

早产儿住院期间及出院后早期营养状况分析

目的 通过对早产儿能量和营养素摄入以及体格发育状况调查,了解早产儿出生早期和出院后能量和营养素摄入的特点以及与体重增长的关系。方法 选取2014年1月－2016年1月在汕头大学医学院第一附属医院新生儿重症监护室住院的141名早产儿为研究对象,计算住院期间恢复至出生体重所需的时间及恢复出生体重后体重增长速率;计算达到早产儿能量推荐摄入标准(RDIs)的时间,比较宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)与宫外发育迟缓(EUGR)的发生率;按照出生胎龄≥34 周或<34 周分为两组,分别比较两组之间体重增长情况、EUGR 的发生率;对所有新生儿出院后3个月内进行门诊随诊,比较不同喂养组发生EUGR的情况。结果 1)该组早产儿恢复至出生体重的中位时间为13.2 d,恢复至出生体重后体重增长速率中位数为16.7 g/(kg·d),达到RDIs的中位时间为10.6 d;2)出院时EUGR 的发生率明显高于出生时IUGR发生率(46.1% vs.17.7%,P<0.01),出院时胎龄<34 周组EUGR 的发生率高于胎龄≥34 周组(P<0.05);3)141名早产儿出院3个月时EUGR 的发生率与出院时相比差异无统计学意义(χ²＝0.05,P>0.05),出院后母乳+母乳强化剂喂养以及母乳+早产儿出院后配方奶PDF喂养的早产儿在出院3个月时EUGR发生率低于纯早产儿出院后配方奶、纯母乳、纯足月儿配方奶、母乳+足月儿配方奶喂养的早产儿(P<0.05),胎龄<34 周与胎龄≥34 周早产儿在出院3个月时EUGR 的发生率差异无统计学意义(χ²＝2.75,P>0.05)。结论 早产儿在生后早期容易出现EUGR,且不能在短期内改善,胎龄越小EUGR发生率越高,出院后以母乳加母乳强化剂或母乳加早产儿出院后配方奶喂养者EUGR发生率低。     

胎龄≤34周的早产儿宫外发育迟缓发生情况及影响因素分析

目的 分析胎龄≤34周早产儿宫外发育迟缓(EUGR)发生率及其影响因素,为促进早产儿的生长发育提供参考。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月-2018年1月于南京市妇幼保健院分娩的315例胎龄≤34周早产儿临床资料,根据是否出现EUGR分为发育迟缓组与发育正常组,采用多因素Logistic回归分析早产儿宫外发育迟缓的影响因素。结果 迟缓组的出生体重(<1 500 g)、出生时胎龄(<28周)、出生头围(≤33 cm)、体重下降时间(>6 d)、母体妊娠高血压构成比以及最低体重、出院时体重均明显高于正常组(P<0.05),迟缓组的第一次母乳喂养时间、达到全肠道喂养的时间、静脉营养时间、微量喂养持续时间、败血症构成比、呼吸窘迫综合征构成比、喂养不耐受构成比均高于正常组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示出生体重<1 500 g(OR=1.719, 95%CI:1.115~2.652)、出生时胎龄<28周(OR=1.587, 95%CI:1.052~2.396)、达到全肠道喂养时间≥17 d(OR=1.835, 95%CI:1.144~2.943)是早产儿发生EUGR的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 胎龄≤34周早产儿EUGR的影响因素为出生体质量、出生时胎龄以及达到全肠道喂养时间,应尽早采取营养支持,降低EUGR风险。     

Plasma Retinoid Concentrations Are Altered in Pregnant Women

Vitamin A is vital to maternal–fetal health and pregnancy outcomes. However, little is known about pregnancy associated changes in maternal vitamin A homeostasis and concentrations of circulating retinol metabolites. The goal of this study was to characterize retinoid concentrations in healthy women (n = 23) during two stages of pregnancy (25–28 weeks gestation and 28–32 weeks gestation) as compared to ≥3 months postpartum. It was hypothesized that plasma retinol, retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), transthyretin and albumin concentrations would decline during pregnancy and return to baseline by 3 months postpartum. At 25–28 weeks gestation, plasma retinol (−27%), 4-oxo-13-cis-retinoic acid (−34%), and albumin (−22%) concentrations were significantly lower, and all-trans-retinoic acid (+48%) concentrations were significantly higher compared to ≥3 months postpartum in healthy women. In addition, at 28–32 weeks gestation, plasma retinol (−41%), retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4; −17%), transthyretin (TTR; −21%), albumin (−26%), 13-cis-retinoic acid (−23%) and 4-oxo-13-cis-retinoic acid (−48%) concentrations were significantly lower, whereas plasma all-trans-retinoic acid concentrations (+30%) were significantly higher than ≥3 months postpartum. Collectively, the data demonstrates that in healthy pregnancies, retinol plasma concentrations are lower, but all-trans-retinoic acid concentrations are higher than postpartum.     

357例极低出生体重儿宫外生长迟缓现状调查

目的 调查极低出生体重儿出生时宫内生长迟缓(IUGR)和出院时宫外生长迟缓(EUGR)发生率.方法 以2013版Fenton曲线为标准,对嘉兴市妇幼保健院2013年1月1日至2015年12月31日期间入院并达到出院标准的极低出生体重儿IUGR、EUGR发生率进行回顾性研究,并分层分析不同孕周、不同体重IUGR、EUGR发生率.结果 总共有357例患儿纳入研究,其中89例发生IUGR,发生率为24.9%;186例发生EUGR,发生率为52.1%,其中89例IUGR患儿均发生了EUGR.孕周≤28周、28+1~30周、30+1~32周、>32周,IUGR发生率分别为4.2%、1.8%、3.1%、88.2%,EUGR发生率分别为12.5%、28.3%、48.0%、96.8%,随着孕周的增加,IUGR和EUGR发生率均有增加趋势(χ2值分别为268.857、115.901,均P<0.001).出生体重≤1000g、1001~1250g、>1250g的患儿,IUGR发生率分别为6.1%、21.7%、30.0%,EUGR发生率分别为36.4%、55.0%、52.9%,随着出生体重增加IUGR发生率逐渐增加(χ2=9.656,P=0.008),而EUGR发生率增加趋势不明显(χ2=3.737,P=0.154).结论 其中IUGR患儿更易发生EUGR,需加强干预.     

深度水解配方奶对早产极低出生体质量儿肠内营养建立的影响

目的 探讨深度水解蛋白配方奶（extensively hydrolyzed protein formula,EHF）在早产极低出生体质量儿生后3周院内喂养的有效性和安全性,建立适宜的早产儿肠内营养方式。方法 选取2013年7月—2016年7月收治住院的60例胎龄<32周且出生体质量<1 500 g的早产儿为研究对象,根据喂养方式的不同分为深度水解蛋白配方奶组（EHF喂养组,即观察组,n=30）和标准早产儿配方奶喂养组（SPF喂养组,即对照组,n=30）,收集两组早产儿住院期间的资料,包括连续4周的生长发育测量指标、喂养不耐受情况、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎（necrotizing enterocolitis,NEC）、胆汁淤积症、恢复出生体质量时间、达完全肠内营养时间、出院体质量、出院时宫外生长迟缓（extrauterine growth restriction,EUGR）发生率、住院时间等指标,并进行比较分析。结果 观察组早产儿在体质量和身长增长、恢复出生体质量时间、住院时间以及颅内出血、支气管肺发育不良、贫血需要输注悬浮红细胞、出院时EUGR的发生率与对照组比较差异无统计学...     

Longitudinal Plasma Metabolomics Profile in Pregnancy—A Study in an Ethnically Diverse U.S. Pregnancy Cohort

Amino acids, fatty acids, and acylcarnitine metabolites play a pivotal role in maternal and fetal health, but profiles of these metabolites over pregnancy are not completely established. We described longitudinal trajectories of targeted amino acids, fatty acids, and acylcarnitines in pregnancy. We quantified 102 metabolites and combinations (37 fatty acids, 37 amino acids, and 28 acylcarnitines) in plasma samples from pregnant women in the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Fetal Growth Studies—Singletons cohort (n = 214 women at 10–14 and 15–26 weeks, 107 at 26–31 weeks, and 103 at 33–39 weeks). We used linear mixed models to estimate metabolite trajectories and examined variation by body mass index (BMI), race/ethnicity, and fetal sex. After excluding largely undetected metabolites, we analyzed 77 metabolites and combinations. Levels of 13 of 15 acylcarnitines, 7 of 25 amino acids, and 18 of 37 fatty acids significantly declined over gestation, while 8 of 25 amino acids and 10 of 37 fatty acids significantly increased. Several trajectories appeared to differ by BMI, race/ethnicity, and fetal sex although no tests for interactions remained significant after multiple testing correction. Future studies merit longitudinal measurements to capture metabolite changes in pregnancy, and larger samples to examine modifying effects of maternal and fetal characteristics.     

Energy Expenditure,Protein Oxidation and Body Composition in a Cohort of Very Low Birth Weight Infants

The nutritional management of preterm infants is a critical point of care, especially because of the increased risk of developing extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR), which is associated with worsened health outcomes. Energy requirements in preterm infants are simply estimated, so the measurement of resting energy expenditure (REE) should be a key point in the nutritional evaluation of preterm infants. Although predictive formulae are available, it is well known that they are imprecise. The aim of our study was the evaluation of REE and protein oxidation (Ox) in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) and the association with the mode of feeding and with body composition at term corrected age. Methods: Indirect calorimetry and body composition were performed at term corrected age in stable very low birth weight infants. Urinary nitrogen was measured in spot urine samples to calculate Ox. Infants were categorized as prevalent human milk (HMF) or prevalent formula diet (PFF). Results: Fifty VLBWI (HMF: 23, PFF: 27) were evaluated at 36.48 ± 0.85 post-conceptional weeks. No significant differences were found in basic characteristics or nutritional intake in the groups at birth and at the assessment. No differences were found in the REE of HMF vs. PFF (59.69 ± 9.8 kcal/kg/day vs. 59.27 ± 13.15 kcal/kg/day, respectively). We found statistical differences in the protein-Ox of HMF vs. PFF (1.7 ± 0.92 g/kg/day vs. 2.8 ± 1.65 g/kg/day, respectively, p < 0.01), and HMF infants had a higher fat-free mass (kg) than PFF infants (2.05 ± 0.26 kg vs. 1.82 ± 0.35 kg, respectively, p < 0.01), measured with air displacement plethysmography. Conclusion: REE is similar in infants with a prevalent human milk diet and in infants fed with formula. The HMF infants showed a lower oxidation rate of proteins for energy purposes and a better quality of growth. A greater amount of protein in HMF is probably used for anabolism and fat-free mass deposition. Further studies are needed to confirm our hypothesis.     

低出生体重儿宫外发育迟缓相关因素及干预的临床研究

目的:探讨低出生体重儿(LBW)宫外生长发育迟缓(EUGR)的相关因素,为LBW制定更合理的营养支持策略提供指导。方法:对2004年1月～2009年3月杭州市余杭区妇幼保健院住院的52例LBW进行体重的监测,并将其与中国15城市不同胎龄新生儿体重百分位数标准进行比较,统计LBW住院期间并发症的发生情况,应用多因素回归分析法,提出与EUGR有关的高危因素。结果:①52例LBW,出生时宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)的占36.54%,出院时存在EUGR的占73.08%,EUGR的发生率明显高于IUGR,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。②Logistic回归分析表明,EUGR有关的高危因素包括胎龄、出生体重、开奶日龄、疾病与并发症及是否合理应用肠外营养。结论:LBW发生EUGR的发生率很高,早期胃肠道喂养,防治各种并发症及积极合理的肠外营养,有助于减少EUGR的发生。     

The Efficacy of Fish as an Early Complementary Food on the Linear Growth of Infants Aged 6–7 Months: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Fish is a good animal-source protein for growth and development. The main objective of the study was to assess the efficacy of fish during the early complementary feeding period on infants’ linear growth in the Samfya district of the Luapula Province of Zambia in 6 months randomised controlled trial. The study was conducted from April 2019 to January 2020. Infants aged 6–7 months (N = 238) were assigned to either the intervention (treatment) group or control (placebo) group to receive fish powder or sorghum powder, respectively. Participants were followed on a weekly basis to distribute the powder and record compliance/usage and any morbidities. Anthropometric measurements were taken monthly. A linear mixed-effects model showed that fish powder improved linear growth among infants over all the 6 months of the intervention period. The fish powder increased length-for-age z scores by 1.26 (95% CI: 0.94–1.57) and weight-for-age z score by 0.95 (95% CI 0.6–1.23). The addition of fish powder to the infant’s usual food during the early complementary feeding improves the infant’s linear growth outcome.     

不同喂养方式对极低出生体质量儿胃肠功能影响的比较

目的:探讨经幽门喂养(TP)和经胃管喂养(IG)对极低出生体质量儿胃肠功能的影响,以制订合理的早期肠内营养(EEN)方案。方法:将60例极低出生体质量儿随机分为TP组和IG组,每组各30例。观察两组病儿呼吸暂停发生频率、体质量增长速度、达出生体质量时间、喂养不耐受时间、达TEN时间、宫外发育迟缓(EUGR)发生率以及胃动素、胃泌素、住院时间、喂养相关并发症、坏死性小肠结肠炎和肠穿孔等指标。结果:TP组病儿喂养不耐受时间和达TEN时间均明显低于IG组(P0.05),呼吸暂停发生频率明显低于IG组(P0.01)。两组病儿的体质量增长速度、出院时EUGR发生率、并发症坏死性小肠结肠炎和住院时间均无显著性差异(P0.05)。两组病儿胃动素和胃泌素水平出生后第8天与喂养前比较有显著性差异(P0.01),且胃动素水平TP组明显高于IG组,差异有显著性统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:TP可用于胃管喂养耐受性差或反复出现呼吸暂停的极低出生体质量儿,在进行喂养时应针对不同情况制订个体化方案。     

From Mum to Bum: An Observational Study Protocol to Follow Digestion of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Glycoproteins from Mother to Preterm Infant

The nutritional requirements of preterm infants are challenging to meet in neonatal care, yet crucial for their growth, development and health. Aberrant maturation of the gastrointestinal tract and the microbiota could affect the digestion of human milk and its nutritional value considerably. Therefore, the main objective of the proposed research is to investigate how the intestinal microbiota of preterm and full-term infants differ in their ability to extract energy and nutrients from oligosaccharides and glycoproteins in human milk. This pilot study will be an observational, single-center study performed at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Isala Women and Children’s Hospital (Zwolle, The Netherlands). A cohort of thirty mother–infant pairs (preterm ≤30 weeks of gestation, n = 15; full-term 37–42 weeks of gestation, n = 15) will be followed during the first six postnatal weeks with follow-up at three- and six-months postnatal age. We will collect human milk of all mothers, gastric aspirates of preterm infants and fecal samples of all infants. A combination of 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, proteomics, peptidomics, carbohydrate analysis and calorimetric measurements will be performed. The role of the microbiota in infant growth and development is often overlooked yet offers opportunities to advance neonatal care. The ‘From Mum to Bum’ study is the first study in which the effect of a preterm gut microbiota composition on its metabolic capacity and subsequent infant growth and development is investigated. By collecting human milk of all mothers, gastric aspirates of preterm infants and fecal samples of all infants at each timepoint, we can follow digestion of human milk from the breast of the mother throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the infant, or ‘From Mum to Bum’.     

口服红霉素在极低出生体重早产儿喂养不耐受的治疗作用

【目的】 评价口服不同剂量红霉素对早产儿喂养不耐受(feeding intolerance,FI)的治疗效果及可能存在的副作用,尤其对极低出生体重早产儿FI的治疗作用。 【方法】 选取2008年1月1日-2010年3月31日在16家三甲医院新生儿科住院并诊断为FI的早产儿,随机分为3组:红霉素大剂量组(第8~10日龄起口服红霉素 12.5 mg/kg,q8 h,疗程7~10 d)、红霉素小剂量组(口服红霉素5 mg/kg,给药方法同上)、对照组(完全不用胃肠动力调节药物)。比较各项喂养相关指标、宫外生长迟缓发生率等,并评估药物副作用。 【结果】 入组极低体重儿46例,大剂量组11例,小剂量组22例,对照组13例。两治疗组肠内热卡达基础热卡的日龄及体重开始增长时肠内热卡比例较对照组明显改善,大剂量组体重宫外生长迟缓发生率较对照组明显降低。所有治疗组患儿随访6个月均未见明显红霉素副作用。 【结论】 本研究中选取的两种剂量红霉素口服对极低出生体重早产儿FI均有一定治疗作用,大剂量略优于小剂量。所采用的红霉素治疗方案未见明显副作用。     

Optimal gestational age and birth-weight cutoffs to predict neonatal morbidity.

BACKGROUND: Gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) criteria are used to identify newborns at risk for neonatal morbidity. Currently, preterm is GA less than 37 weeks; low birth weight is BW less than 2,500 grams; and small for gestational age (SGA) is BW less than the tenth percentile weight for the infant's GA. The optimal classification system balances the misclassification cost of false negatives against the cost of false positives. OBJECTIVE: To calculate the relative misclassification costs implied by the current 37-week and 2,500-gram cutoffs, and to test the validity of the current definition of SGA as a predictor of term morbidities. METHODS: GA, BW, and morbidity information were collected for 22,606 infants born between July 1981 and December 1992. Using this dataset, logistic regression coefficients were obtained modeling GA or BW as predictors of morbidities associated with prematurity. For a subset of 18,813 infants with GAs between 37 and 41 weeks, coefficients were obtained modeling both GA and BW as independent predictors of term morbidities. The logistic regression coefficients were used to calculate optimal birth weight, gestational age, and birth-weight-for-gestational-age cutoffs. RESULTS: The current definitions of low birth weight and preterm imply that it is 18 to 28 times more costly to misclassify a sick infant as low-risk than to misclassify a well infant as high-risk. CONCLUSIONS: Gestational age alone is better than birth weight alone at predicting preterm morbidities. No birth-weight cutoff can adequately predict term morbidities. A single weight-percentile cutoff for all gestational ages should not be used to identify newborns at high risk for neonatal morbidity.     

Implementation of an infant male circumcision programme,Pakistan

ObjectiveTo retrospectively review outcomes of a health provider-led infant circumcision programme in Pakistan.MethodsBased on World Health Organization guidelines, we trained surgical technicians and midwives to perform circumcisions using the Plastibell device at two Indus Health Network facilities. Programme tools include a training manual for health providers, information brochures for families, an enrolment form and standardized forms for documenting details of the procedure and outcomes. Infants aged 1–92 days were eligible for the study. Health workers contacted families on days 1 and 7 after the procedure to record any adverse events. We compared the characteristics of infants experiencing adverse events with infants facing no complications using multivariate logistic regression.FindingsBetween August 2016 and August 2018, 2822 circumcised male infants with mean age 22.8 days were eligible for the study. Of these, 2617 infants (92.7%) were followed up by telephone interviews of caretakers. Older infants were more likely to experience adverse events than infants circumcised between 1–30 days of age: 31–60 days: adjusted odds ratio, aOR: 2.03; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.31–3.15; 61–92 days: aOR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.13–4.05. Minor adverse events (100 infants; 3.8%) included failure of the bell to shed (90 infants) and minimal bleeding (10 infants). Major adverse events (eight infants; 0.3%) included bleeding that required intervention (four infants), infection (three infants) and skin tear (one infant).ConclusionStandardized training protocols and close monitoring enabled nonphysician health providers to perform safe circumcisions on infants aged three months or younger.     

Timeliness of immunisations in preterm infants in the Netherlands

BackgroundIn the Netherlands, preterm infants receive the immunisations at the same chronological age as recommended for term infants without correction for gestational age (GA). The aim of this paper was to describe the timeliness of the routine Dutch national immunisation schedule in preterm infants in their first year of life and to evaluate possible determinants of delay.MethodsPreterm infants were prospectively recruited between October 2015 and October 2017 and stratified according to GA (<28, 28–32 and 32–36 weeks). Data from the baseline parental questionnaire, monthly parental questionnaires and medical records were used to determine the immunisation age and proportion of infants timely receiving the first immunisations (between 42 and 63 days). Results were compared between the GA and birth weight (BW) groups. Determinants associated with timeliness of immunisation were studied by multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsTimely start of immunisation occurs in 60.5% of preterm infants in the Netherlands. The proportion of infants receiving the first immunisation on time was lowest for the group with GA <28 weeks (37%). The mean age of the first immunisation across all GA groups was 62.7 days (range 33–118) and differed significantly between GA group <28 weeks and the other two GA groups of 28–32 and 32–36 weeks (p < 0.001). Similar results were seen when stratified by BW. Multivariate analysis showed that low socioeconomic status (SES) and prolonged hospitalisation beyond 37 weeks each negatively influenced timeliness of the first immunisation.ConclusionThese findings indicate that start of immunisations was often delayed in prematures and differs for different GA groups, being lowest (37%) in infants <28 weeks GA. Lower SES and prolonged hospital stay beyond 37 weeks GA are important determinants of timeliness. Efforts to improve timeliness should focus most on counselling parents in lower SES.     

The Impact of Restricted versus Liberal Early Fluid Volumes on Plasma Sodium,Weight Change,and Short-Term Outcomes in Extremely Preterm Infants

The optimal fluid requirements for extremely preterm infants are not fully known. We examined retrospectively the fluid intakes during the first week of life in two cohorts of extremely preterm infants born at 22–26 weeks of gestation before (n = 63) and after a change from a restrictive to a more liberal (n = 112) fluid volume allowance to improve nutrient provision. The cohorts were similar in gestational age and birth weight, but antenatal steroid exposure was more frequent in the second era. Although fluid management resulted in a cumulative difference in the total fluid intake over the first week of 87 mL/kg (p < 0.001), this was not reflected in a mean weight loss (14 ± 5% at a postnatal age of 4 days in both groups) or mean peak plasma sodium (142 ± 5 and 143 ± 5 mmol/L in the restrictive and liberal groups, respectively). The incidences of hypernatremia (>145 and >150 mmol/L), PDA ligation, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and IVH were also similar. We conclude that in this cohort of extremely preterm infants a more liberal vs. a restricted fluid allowance during the first week had no clinically important influence on early changes in body weight, sodium homeostasis, or hospital morbidities.     

极早早产儿早期持续鼻饲输注喂养预防早产儿喂养不耐受

目的：探讨早期持续鼻饲输注喂养能否降低胎龄为25-28周的极早早产儿喂养不耐受的发病率。方法：将2009年12月-2011年12月本科孕龄25-28周的极早早产儿在生后24h内随机分配到早期持续鼻饲输注喂养组（简称持续喂养组,共29名）或早期间歇推注喂养组（简称间歇喂养组,共30名）,观察两组喂养不耐受发生率。结果：持续喂养组婴儿喂养不耐受发生率为6．9％,间歇喂养组为53-3％．两组比较差异有统计学意义[OR=0．065;95％CI（0．013,0．323）;P=0.000]。结论：早期持续鼻饲输注喂养较早期间歇推注喂养更能降低胎龄25-28周的极早早产儿喂养不耐受的发病率。     

Monitored Supplementation of Vitamin D in Preterm Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Appropriate supplementation of vitamin D can affect infections, allergy, and mental and behavioral development. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of monitored vitamin D supplementation in a population of preterm infants. 109 preterm infants (24 0/7–32 6/7 weeks of gestation) were randomized to receive 500 IU vitamin D standard therapy (n = 55; approximately 800–1000 IU from combined sources) or monitored therapy (n = 54; with an option of dose modification). 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations were measured at birth, 4 weeks of age, and 35, 40, and 52 ± 2 weeks of post-conceptional age (PCA). Vitamin D supplementation was discontinued in 23% of infants subjected to standard treatment due to increased potentially toxic 25(OH)D concentrations (>90 ng/mL) at 40 weeks of PCA. A significantly higher infants’ percentage in the monitored group had safe vitamin D levels (20–80 ng/mL) at 52 weeks of PCA (p = 0.017). We observed increased vitamin D levels and abnormal ultrasound findings in five infants. Biochemical markers of vitamin D toxicity were observed in two patients at 52 weeks of PCA in the control group. Inadequate and excessive amounts of vitamin D can lead to serious health problems. Supplementation with 800–1000 IU of vitamin D prevents deficiency and should be monitored to avoid overdose.     

Inadequate Content of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) of Donor Human Milk for Feeding Preterm Infants: A Comparison with Mother’s Own Milk at Different Stages of Lactation

A cross-sectional single-center study was designed to compare the fatty acids profile, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels, between milk banking samples of donor human milk and mother’s own milk (MOM) for feeding preterm infants born before 32 weeks’ gestation. MOM samples from 118 mothers included colostrum (1–7 days after delivery), transitional milk (9–14 days), and mature milk (15–28 days and ≥29 days). In the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) group, the levels of α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n3) and DHA (C22:6 n3) showed opposite trends, whereas α-linolenic acid was higher in donor human milk as compared with MOM, with increasing levels as stages of lactation progressed, DHA levels were significantly lower in donor human milk than in MOM samples, which, in turn, showed decreasing levels along stages of lactation. DHA levels in donor human milk were 53% lower than in colostrum. Therefore, in preterm infants born before 32 weeks’ gestation, the use of pasteurized donor human milk as exclusive feeding or combined with breastfeeding provides an inadequate supply of DHA. Nursing mothers should increase DHA intake through fish consumption or nutritional supplements with high-dose DHA while breastfeeding. Milk banking fortified with DHA would guarantee adequate DHA levels in donor human milk.