肠淋巴再灌注加剧SMAO休克多器官损伤的作用机制

目的： 探讨肠淋巴再灌注（MLR）加剧肠系膜上动脉闭塞性（SMAO）休克大鼠多器官损伤的作用机制。方法: Wistar雄性大鼠均分为4组：sham组,仅麻醉与手术;MLR组,夹闭肠系膜淋巴管（ML）1 h,再灌注2 h;SMAO组,夹闭肠系膜上动脉（SMA）1 h,再灌注2 h;MLR+SMAO：夹闭ML和SMA1 h,再灌注2 h。制备肝、肾、心、肺组织匀浆,检测自由基、一氧化氮（NO）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）、细胞膜泵活性。结果: SMAO组及MLR+SMAO组多个器官组织匀浆的MDA、NO含量及NOS、MPO活性均显著高于sham组及MLR组,且MLR+SMAO组肝、肾、心、肺组织匀浆的这些指标高于SMAO组;SMAO组及MLR+SMAO组有多个器官组织匀浆SOD和ATPase活性显著低于sham组及MLR组,MLR+SMAO组均低于SMAO组。结论: MLR加剧SMAO休克多器官损伤的作用机制与加剧自由基损伤、NO合成与释放、中性粒细胞扣押、降低细胞膜泵活性有关,肠淋巴途径在SMAO休克的发病学中具有重要作用。     

肠淋巴再灌注对肠系膜上动脉闭塞性休克多器官损伤的影响

目的：观察肠淋巴再灌注（MLR）对肠系膜上动脉闭塞性（SMAO）休克大鼠血压、存活率以及器官功能的影响。方法:Wistar雄性大鼠均分为4组：sham组，仅麻醉与手术；MLR组，夹闭肠系膜淋巴管（ML）1 h，再灌注2 h；SMAO组，夹闭肠系膜上动脉（SMA）1 h，再灌注2 h；MLR+SMAO：夹闭ML和SMA1 h，再灌注2 h。观察3 h期间平均动脉血压（MAP）变化后，观察肺、肝、肾、心肌功能和形态学变化。记录24 h存活率。结果:①sham、MLR、SMAO组大鼠24 h存活率（分别为100%、83.3%、66.7%）显著高于MLR+SMAO组（0%）。②夹闭SMA或ML前10 min，组间MAP无差异；SMAO组MAP在夹闭后多个时点显著高于MLR+SMAO和sham组；再灌注后，MLR和sham组MAP无明显变化，SMAO和MLR+SMAO组MAP迅速下降，后逐渐回升，SMAO组多个时点低于MLR和sham组，MLR+SMAO组在所有时点均低于MLR、sham和SMAO组。③MLR+SMAO组天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Cre）、乳酸脱氢酶-1（LDH-1）、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）均显著高于sham组、MLR组、SMAO组，且SMAO组的这些指标显著高于sham组、MLR组。形态学观察显示sham组与MLR组的肺、肝、心、肾结构基本正常，SMAO组各脏器有一定的组织学损伤，而MLR+SMAO组则可见炎症、出血、核浓缩、破碎等严重病变。结论:MLR可加剧SMAO休克多个器官损伤，肠淋巴途径在SMAO休克的发病学中具有重要作用。     

外源性一氧化碳抗大鼠肢体缺血再灌注所致肺损伤的实验研究

目的：观察外源性一氧化碳（CO）对大鼠肢体缺血再灌注（IR）所致肺损伤的作用及机制。 方法： 32只SD大鼠，随机分为4组(每组n=8)：对照组（control）、control+CO、IR和IR+CO组。复制大鼠双后肢缺血及再灌注后肺损伤模型。IR+CO和control+CO组在再灌注前1 h或相应时点置含2.5×10-8 CO的空气中，其余两组呼吸正常空气。观察大鼠肺组织学、肺组织中中性粒细胞（PMN）数目、丙二醛(MDA)含量、肺组织湿重和干重之比(W/D)以及动物生存情况等。应用一氧化碳血氧分析仪监测动脉血中碳氧血红蛋白(COHb)水平的变化；应用Western blotting检测肺组织中细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）表达的变化。 结果： IR组动物死亡率、肺组织中PMN数目、W/D、MDA含量和ICAM-1表达均显著高于control组；IR+CO组血内COHb水平显著高于IR组，而上述指标则均显著低于IR组、肺损伤减轻。 结论： 外源性CO可减轻肢体IR所致肺损伤，其机制可能与下调ICAM-1表达、抑制PMN在肺内聚集有关。     

DADLE对大鼠急性全脑缺血再灌注继发肺损伤的作用

 目的：通过建立大鼠急性全脑缺血再灌注模型,观察肺组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量及肺组织光镜、电镜病理变化,探讨δ阿片受体激动剂DADLE对急性肺损伤的保护作用。方法：SD大鼠30只随机分为假手术（sham）组、模型（I/R）组和DADLE处理组。采用改良的二血管阻断加低血压法建立全脑缺血再灌注模型。DADLE处理组（n=10）于再灌注前经左侧颈静脉注射DADLE 5 mg/kg,再灌注120 min后,取肺组织,光镜、电镜观察其病理学改变及检测肺组织SOD活性、MDA含量。右侧股动脉取血测定氧分压,计算氧合指数。结果：I/R组与 sham组比较,肺脏表现为肺泡间隔增宽,毛细血管扩张充血,肺胞腔内及血管周围中性粒细胞浸润,Ⅱ型上皮细胞表面微绒毛明显减少,肺胞腔及气管腔均有浆液渗出,大鼠肺组织SOD活性降低和MDA含量升高。DADLE处理组与I/R组比较肺脏充血减轻,肺组织损伤程度明显减轻,中性粒细胞浸润有所减少,SOD活性升高和MDA含量降低。DADLE处理组动脉血氧分压和氧合指数有升高趋势,与I/R组比较差异有统计学意义。结论：大鼠急性全脑缺血再灌注模型对肺有不同程度的损伤,DADLE可减轻急性肺损伤,对肺组织提供一定的保护作用。     

缺血预处理对肺再灌注损伤脂质过氧化的影响

目的：观察缺血预处理对在体兔肺常温缺血再灌注损伤脂质过氧化的影响。方法：采用阻断左肺门的肺缺血再灌注损伤模型。硫代巴比妥酸法及UFN13直接法测肺组织丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷航甘肽过氧化物酶（GSHpx)及肺组织光镜观察。结果：缺血再灌组左肺MDA较假手术组和缺血组为高,而SOD和GSHpx活性较低（P＜0．01）,肺组织损伤较重。与缺血再灌组比较,缺血预处理 缺血再灌组有较低的MDA含量和较高的SOD与GSHpx活性（P＜0．05）,肺损伤亦较轻。结论：缺血预处理可减轻兔肺常温缺血再灌注诱导的脂质过氧化反应。     

肠淋巴再灌注对SMAO休克大鼠多器官ICAM-1、RAGE的作用

目的:观察肠淋巴再灌注(MLR)对肠系膜上动脉闭塞性(SMAO)休克大鼠肺、心肌、肾、肝组织细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)、晚期糖基化终末产物受体(RAGE)含量的影响,探讨MLR加剧SMAO休克大鼠器官损伤的作用机制。方法:Wistar大鼠24只,随机均分为假手术组(Sham组)、MLR组、SMAO组和SMAO+MLR组,后三组大鼠分别夹闭肠系膜淋巴管和/或肠系膜动脉1h、再灌注2h。Sham组不夹闭。各组于相应时间点留取固定位置的肺、心肌、肾、肝组织,制备组织匀浆;应用酶联免疫方法检测各组织匀浆ICAM-1、RAGE含量。结果:Sham组和MLR组各指标无统计学差异;SMAO组和SMAO+MLR组肺、肾、心肌、肝组织ICAM-1、RAGE的含量均显著高于MLR组和Sham组(P均<0.01);SMAO+MLR组肺、肾、心肌、肝组织ICAM-1与RAGE含量显著高于SMAO组(P均<0.01)。结论:MLR加剧SMAO休克大鼠多器官损伤的作用机制与各器官组织ICAM-1、RAGE水平升高有关。     

肠淋巴再灌注加重肠系膜上动脉闭塞性休克大鼠的脑损伤

目的:观察肠淋巴再灌注(MLR)对肠系膜上动脉闭塞性(SMAO)休克大鼠脑组织形态学以及神经递质的影响;从氧自由基、一氧化氮(NO)、中性粒细胞、膜泵、能量代谢等方面揭示其机制。方法:24只Wistar雄性大鼠均分为4组:sham组,仅麻醉与手术;MLR组,夹闭肠系膜淋巴管(ML)1h,再灌注2h;SMAO组,夹闭肠系膜上动脉(SMA)1h,再灌注2h;MLR+SMAO:夹闭ML和SMA1h,再灌注2h。再灌注2h后,选择固定位置留取脑组织,制备病理切片,观察形态学;同时制备脑组织匀浆,检测乙酰胆碱转移酶(ChAT)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、多巴胺(DA)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)以及乳酸(LA)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、NO、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、细胞膜泵(ATPase)及三磷酸腺苷(ATP)水平或活性。结果:Sham与MLR组大鼠脑组织结构基本正常;SMAO组大鼠可见神经元有坏死、变性,偶见肿胀;MLR+SMAO组神经元损伤情况较SMAO组重。SMAO与MLR+SMAO组脑匀浆MDA、NO、LA含量、AChE、NOS与MPO活性均显著高于、ChAT活性与DA、NE含量显著低于MLR与sham组,且MLR+SMAO组脑匀浆MDA、NO含量、AChE、NOS与MPO活性均显著高于SMAO组;SMAO组脑匀浆SOD、Na+-K+-ATPase活性显著低于sham与MLR组、Mg2+-ATPase活性、ATP含量显著低于MLR组;MLR+SMAO组脑匀浆的SOD、Na+-K+-ATPase、Ca2+-ATPase、Mg2+-ATPase及Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase活性均显著低于sham与MLR组,且DA含量、Ca2+-ATPase、Mg2+-ATPase及Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase活性、ATP含量均显著低于SMAO组。结论:MLR加重SMAO休克大鼠的脑损伤、降低脑组织DA水平、增高AChE活性,其机制可能与MLR加重或增加脑组织氧自由基损伤、NO合成与释放、中性粒细胞扣押、能量代谢障碍及降低脑组织细胞膜泵活性等因素有关。     

血吸虫病兔肠系膜上动脉夹闭休克时内脏超氧化物歧化酶的变化

本实验在血吸虫病兔肠系膜上动脉夹闭休克(SMAO)模型上,测定内脏SOD活力(n=10),并与正常兔合并SMAO组(n=7)和假手术组(n=6)对照。旨在探讨自由基反应及肝脏在多器官功能衰竭(MOF)中的作用。病理检查提示,血吸虫病兔合并SMAO组内脏有明显损伤。SOD活力测定:血吸虫病兔与正常兔合并SMAO时内脏SOD明显低于假手术组(P<0.01)。血吸虫病兔合并SMAO组肝、肺、胃SOD明显低于正常兔合并SMAO组,分别为2541/2993、1235/1656、1072/1578,(P<0.01),肾无显著性差异(1500/1558)。本研究表明,自由基反应是休克并发MOF的原因之一,合并有血吸虫肝病时更易发生MOF。     

一氧化氮在失血性休克再灌注损伤中的作用及牛磺酸的影响

目的:探讨一氧化氮(NO)在失血性休克再灌注损伤中的作用及牛磺酸的影响。方法:新西兰种兔24只随机分为3组(n=8):对照组、休克组、牛磺酸治疗组。采用失血性休克-再灌注损伤模型。连续观察休克前、休克1.5h、再灌注1h、2h、3h时血浆一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性、一氧化氮代谢产物(NO^-₂／NO^-₃)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性的动态变化。结果:①休克组再灌注各时限血浆NOS活性、NO^-₂／NO^-₃含量、MDA含量、LDH活性显著高于休克前及休克1.5h;SOD活性显著低于休克前及休克1.5h。②休克组再灌注3h时心、肺组织NOS活性、NO^-₂／NO^-₃含量、MDA含量显著高于对照组;SOD活性显著低于对照组。③牛磺酸(40mg·kg^-1, iv)可减轻再灌注各时限上述指标的变化。④血浆、心肺组织中NO^-₂／NO^-₃含量与MDA含量均呈正相关。结论:NO介导了休克再灌注损伤, 大量释放的NO参与休克再灌注损伤的脂质过氧化反应, 牛磺酸的拮抗作用可能与减少NO的生成、抗脂质过氧化有关。     

肠缺血后处理抑制大鼠肠缺血再灌注所致的急性肺损伤

目的： 研究肠缺血后处理对大鼠肠缺血再灌注（I/R）所致急性肺损伤的影响及机制。 方法： 40只SD大鼠随机分为5组（n=8）：假手术组（对照组）,仅分离而不阻断肠系膜上动脉（SMA）;肠I/R损伤组,阻断SMA 1 h后再灌注1 h;缺血预处理（IPC）组,在长时间阻断SMA前预先阻断SMA 10 min然后开放 10 min;缺血后处理（IPo）组,在阻断SMA 1 h后连续进行3个循环的开放 SMA 30 s /阻断SMA 30 s (总时间为3 min),然后开放1 h;延迟后处理（delay）组,在再灌注3 min （IPo的总时间）后行3个循环的 30 s 缺血/ 30 s再灌注的缺血后处理,余同IPo组。监测平均动脉压（MAP）,于再灌注1 h 后取肺组织光镜下观察肺形态学的变化,检测血清及支气管肺泡灌洗液蛋白含量并计算肺通透性指数,称肺湿重及干重并计算肺含水率,检测肺组织丙二醛（MDA）的含量,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）及髓过氧化物酶（MPO）的活性,检测血清TNF-α及IL-6的浓度。结果： 缺血后处理与预处理都能显著改善肺损伤,显著降低肺通透性指数及肺含水率,同时降低血浆TNF-α与IL-6的浓度、肺组织MDA含量及MPO活性,升高SOD活性。后处理被延迟3min后,其肺保护作用消失,且不能显著改变上述指标。 结论： 缺血后处理与预处理都具有抗肠I/R后肺损伤的作用,可能与其清除氧自由基、抑制中性粒细胞的肺内聚集及炎症细胞因子的释放有关;而且,再灌注早期后处理对肺的保护作用最关键。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.