双心房或单纯右心房射频消融术治疗成人先天性心脏病房间隔缺损合并心房颤动的对比研究

目的分析双心房射频消融术与单纯右心房射频消融术治疗成人先天性心脏病房间隔缺损合并心房颤动（房颤）的效果。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2012年12月47例房间隔缺损合并心房颤动接受房间隔缺损修补联合射频消融术治疗患者的临床资料,其中男20例,女27例;年龄35～76岁;房颤病程3个月至15年;持续性房颤18例,长程持续性房颤29例。合并二尖瓣轻度至中度以上关闭不全10例,三尖瓣轻度至中度以上关闭不全28例。根据手术方式不同将47例患者分为两组,单纯右心房消融组（n=19）：行房间隔缺损修补术＋单纯右心房射频消融术;双心房消融组（n=28）：行房间隔缺损修补术＋双心房射频消融术。对于二尖瓣、三尖瓣存在轻一中度以上反流者,术中同期行二尖瓣、三尖瓣成形术。所有患者术后3个月、6个月、12个月均接受24h动态心电图检查,1年后间断门诊随访。结果双心房消融组的体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间及术后住院时间较单纯右心房消融组略长,但两组术后早期并发症及恢复情况无明显差异。心脏复跳时,双心房消融组25例（89．3％）直接恢复窦性心律,3例为交界心律,无房颤心律。单纯右心房消融组14例（73．7％）直接恢复窦性心律,2例为交界心律,3例为房颤心律。出院时,双心房消融组28例（100％）均维持窦性心律;单纯右心房消融组15例（78．9％）维持窦性心律,4例房颤复发（P=0．045）。所有患者均得到随访,随访时间3～75个月,全组无死亡病例;房间隔无残余分流;2例出现二尖瓣轻一中度以上关闭不全,4例出现三尖瓣轻．中度以上关闭不全;双心房消融组术后2年累积窦性心律维持率为87．7％±6．7％,明显高于单纯右心房消融组的47．4％±11．5％（P=0．003）。结论对于成人房间隔缺损合并房颤,双心房射频消融术较单纯右心房射频消融术有更好的治疗效果,而且不会增加手术的风险。     

射频消融迷宫治疗心房纤颤

作者采用射频消融迷宫术治疗心房纤颤２０例,其中１９例合并风湿性二尖瓣病的患者,同时行瓣膜替换术,１例合并房间隔缺损患者进行修得。射频消融的路线采用小板井嘉夫的手术径路。术后１６例恢复窦性心律,占８０％,未恢复窦性心律的４例,２例为房颤,１例为房扑,另１例为结性心律。     

心瓣膜置换术同期双极射频消融治疗心房颤动

目的总结心内直视下射频消融改良迷宫手术治疗心房颤动(AF)的临床经验,探讨该手术方法的效果。方法2007年12月至2008年2月在心内直视手术下同期采用射频消融改良迷宫手术治疗AF患者11例,男3例,女8例;年龄22～65岁,平均年龄40.36岁。术前诊断为风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄11例,合并关闭不全5例,左心房血栓3例。采用Atricure双极射频消融系统,按照迷宫手术线路分别经房间沟路径行心内膜射频消融术,同期完成相应的心脏手术。结果手术均顺利完成,射频消融手术时间22～50min,平均30.55min。术后无死亡患者,术后当天有7例(63.64%)转为窦性心律。11例患者均顺利出院。出院后随访1个月以上,10例(90.91%)转为窦性心律。结论心内直视下射频消融改良迷宫手术治疗AF简单、有效,短期临床效果明显。     

直视下射频消融肺静脉口治疗风湿性心脏病心房颤动的临床观察

目的探讨心脏直视下射频消融肺静脉口治疗风湿性心脏病心房颤动(房颤)的临床疗效。方法对20例风湿性心瓣膜病伴房颤患者(治疗组),在瓣膜置换术中应用射频探针在左心房内行直视下围绕4个肺静脉口的环形线性消融及消融环最低点与二尖瓣环连线的直线消融,输出功率30～40 W,每次放电时间45～60 s。以20例单纯行瓣膜置换术的风湿性心瓣膜病伴房颤患者为对照组,两组均同时应用胺碘酮辅助治疗,比较两组治疗房颤的疗效。患者治疗后均获得随访,平均随访(24±3)个月。结果治疗组心脏复跳后19例转为窦性心律,住院期间房颤复发2例,随访中房颤复发1例,总有效率80%(16／20);对照组心脏复跳后16例为窦性心律,住院期间房颤复发7例,随访中房颤复发2例,总有效率35%(7/20)无心房穿孔、出血及房室传导阻滞等并发症。结论直视下射频消融肺静脉口治疗风湿性心脏病房颤有效率较高,方法简单,并发症少。     

射频消融迷宫术治疗心房纤颤

作者采用射频消融迷宫术治疗心房纤颤２０例，其中１９例合并风湿性二尖瓣病的患者，同时行瓣膜替换术，１例合并房间隔缺损患者进行修复。射频消融的路线采用小板井嘉夫的手术径路。术后１６例恢复窦性心律，占８０％，未恢复窦性心律的４例，２例为房颤，１例为房扑，另１例为结性心律。射频消融迷宫术耗时短，仅增加钳闭主动脉时间平均２０．５分钟，无术后出血的潜在危险。但术后７～１０天之内，有１８例出现过房颤、房扑、房速等室上性心律失常，可能由于射频消融不均匀，干扰心房的心电活动所致。     

二尖瓣置换同期行改良迷宫双极射频消融术治疗房颤效果观察

目的观察16例二尖瓣置换同期行改良迷宫双极射频消融术治疗房颤的临床疗效。方法选择2010-03—2015-05间收治16例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣病变合并房颤者,在瓣膜置换同时采用双极射频消融系统,用改良迷宫手术路线治疗房颤。观察和记录术前、术后当日、出院后1、3、6个月常规心电图等指标变化。结果全组无手术死亡,术后即刻恢复窦性心律16例,转窦率100%。术后当日恢复窦性心律15例(93.8%),房颤1例。术后1个月窦性心律14例(87.5%),房颤2例。术后3、6个月窦性心律均为12例(75.0%),房颤4例。结论改良迷宫双极射频消融术治疗瓣膜病合并房颤,安全、简便、有效。     

心内直视下射频消融改良迷宫术治疗心房颤动

目的总结心内直视下射频消融改良迷宫手术治疗心房颤动的临床经验。方法2005年5月~2006年8月在心内直视手术同期采用射频消融改良迷宫手术治疗心房颤动30例,术前诊断风湿性心脏病26例,二尖瓣关闭不全3例,冠心病1例。手术采用CardioblateTM冲洗式射频消融系统,每例患者分别应用单极系统和双极系统,按照迷宫手术线路分别于左、右心房行心内膜射频消融手术,并切除左、右心耳,同期完成相应的心脏手术。结果手术均顺利完成,射频消融手术时间30.5±12.6min。术后死亡1例,其余29例顺利出院。术后当天21例患者(70.0%)转为窦性心律。29例患者出院后随访7.6±4.8个月,24例(82.8%)为窦性心律,5例(17.2%)为心房颤动或房室结性心律。结论心内直视下射频消融改良迷宫手术治疗心房颤动简单、有效,具有良好的临床应用前景。     

心内直视手术中射频消融改良迷宫术治疗心房纤颤

目的评价心内直视手术中射频消融（radiofrequency ablation,RFA）改良迷宫术（MazeⅢ）治疗心房纤颤（atrial fibrillation,AF）的手术疗效。方法2002年5月～2008年4月,102例风湿性心脏病（风心病）合并AF的患者接受心内直视手术,同时采用RFA改良迷宫手术,回顾性分析并随访比较手术前后心电图、超声心动图检查等指标。结果RFA改良迷宫术所需时间（15.2±4.3）min。全组无死亡。与RFA相关并发症包括：二次开胸止血1例（1.0%）,心包积液2例（2.0%）,Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞安置永久起搏器2例（2.0%）。术后12个月时,窦性心律恢复率79.4%（81/102）。其中左心房最大径≤55mm者12个月时窦性心律维持率明显高于左心房最大径〉55mm的患者[98.3%（57/58）vs54.5%（24/44）,χ2=29.265,P=0.000];房颤病程短于2年者12个月时窦性心律维持率明显高于病程长于2年者[100.0%（35/35）vs68.7%（46/67）,χ2=13.814,P=0.000]。结论心内直视手术中射频消融改良迷宫术治疗AF安全可行,临床效果好。     

心内膜合并心外膜改良迷宫射频消融治疗心房纤颤

目的评价心内膜合并心外膜改良迷宫射频消融治疗心房纤颤的疗效。方法对295例房颤患者进行射频消融,185例进行心内膜加心外膜消融,另110例行心内膜消融。其中男124例,女171例;年龄19—77岁,平均（52±11）岁。90．8％（268／295）患者为风湿性病变。瓣膜手术289例,19例合并冠状动脉旁路移植术。结果手术死亡10例（3．4％）,其中4例死于低心排综合征,5例死于多器官功能衰竭,1例死于脑疝。随访3～47个月,平均（28±5）个月。随访每组各有1例死亡,均死于神经系统并发症。全组术后窦性心律占77．3％（228／295）,其中心内膜组70．9％（78／110）;心内膜加心外膜组81．1％（150／185）（P〈0．05）。最近随访的259例,窦性心律191例,占73．7％,其中心内膜组66．0％（64／97）,心内膜加心外膜组78．4％（127／162）（P〈0．05）。组织学可见心内膜组心肌细胞凝固性坏死灶集中在心内膜侧,近心外膜的坏死灶减少。而心内膜加心外膜组可见病灶分布组织全层,局部有炎症细胞浸润,心肌细胞网状结构破坏消失。结论心内膜合并心外膜射频消融是一种简易、安全、有效的治疗房颤的外科方法,而且效果优于心内膜消融。     

经右胸微创二尖瓣置换同期双心房射频消融术的临床分析

目的总结对二尖瓣置换同期双心房射频消融患者实施右侧微创手术的优点及疗效。方法纳入2009月10月至2012年10月中国医科大学附属第一医院收治的二尖瓣病变合并心房颤动（房颤）患者8例,男4例、女4例,年龄34~67（52.4±17.5）岁。经右胸微创切口行二尖瓣置换同期双心房射频消融术,观察其疗效。结果全部患者无院内死亡,无术中转常规手术切口病例。置换生物瓣2例,机械瓣6例。手术时间（207.9±18.1）min,体外循环时间（81.7±23.9）min,胸腔引流量（126.7±34.5）ml。术后第3 d房颤心律1例,出院时均为窦性心律。随访时间（18.3±7.4）个月,房颤复发1例,心功能分级（NYHA）Ⅰ级7例,Ⅱ级1例。结论经右胸微创二尖瓣置换同期双心房射频消融术可以同时保证治疗效果并美容,值得在二尖瓣病变合并房颤手术中推广。     

应用射频迷宫术治疗心房纤颤

１９９４年１０月于１９９５年８月采用射频迷宫术先天性继发孔房缺合并心房纤颤１例，瓣膜替换术的治疗风湿性二尖瓣病变合并心房纤颤９例。术后房颤全部消失，呈窦性心律６例，结性心律３例，心房扩动１例。作者认为，此方法操作简单易行，效果确实，手术时间短，避免了心脏多处切口，渗血少，术后平顺，无近期并发症。     

Long-term results of irrigated radiofrequency modified maze procedure in 200 patients with concomitant cardiac surgery: six years experience

BACKGROUND: The Cox maze procedure is considered an effective surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation in patients with and without organic heart disease. Radiofrequency energy offers an alternative to the complex surgical maze procedure. We used the radiofrequency modified maze III procedure in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing elective concomitant cardiac surgery. This study evaluated the long-term results of the irrigated radiofrequency ablation to create linear lines of conduction block endocardially. METHODS: Between November 1995 and June 2001, 200 patients with mainly structural heart disease and chronic atrial fibrillation underwent intraoperative radiofrequency linear ablation in both atria with concomitant cardiac surgery. RESULTS: The in-hospital mortality rate was 3.5% (7 patients) and during the mean follow-up of 40 months (range, 12 to 80) 27 patients (13.5%) died. Eight patients (4%) were lost from follow-up and complete data were available in 158 survivors. Sinus or atrial rhythm was present in 116 patients (73.4%) and an atrial driven rhythm in 10 patients (6.3%) with an atrioventricular pacemaker. Atrial fibrillation or flutter was documented in 32 patients (20.3%). Antiarrhythmic drugs were used in 49% of survivors who were free of atrial fibrillation or flutter. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative radiofrequency endocardial ablation is an effective technique to eliminate atrial fibrillation with promising long-term results.     

A prospective, single-center clinical trial of a modified Cox maze procedure with bipolar radiofrequency ablation

OBJECTIVE: The Cox maze III procedure has excellent long-term efficacy in curing atrial fibrillation. It has not been widely practiced because it is technically challenging and requires prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass. The aim of this study was to examine a simplified Cox maze III procedure that uses bipolar radiofrequency energy as an ablative source. METHODS: Beginning January 2002, a total of 40 consecutive patients underwent a modified Cox maze III procedure with bipolar radiofrequency energy. Nineteen had a lone maze procedure and 21 had a maze procedure plus a concomitant operation. One month after the operation, the first 8 patients were investigated with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Patients were followed up monthly with clinical examination and electrocardiography. RESULTS: There was no operative deaths. The crossclamp times were 47 +/- 26 minutes for the modified lone Cox maze III procedure and 92 +/- 37 minutes for the Cox maze III procedure plus concomitant procedures. These were significantly shorter than our previous times for the traditional Cox maze III procedure (93 +/- 34 minutes and 122 +/- 37 minutes, respectively, P <.05). Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging showed no evidence of pulmonary vein stenosis, and atrial contractility was preserved in all patients. There were no late strokes. At 6-month follow-up, 91% of patients (21/23) were in sinus rhythm. CONCLUSIONS: Bipolar radiofrequency ablation can be used to replace the surgical incisions of the Cox maze procedure. This energy source did not result in pulmonary vein stenosis. The modification of the Cox maze III procedure to use bipolar radiofrequency ablation simplified and shortened this procedure without sacrificing short-term efficacy.     

The radiofrequency modified maze procedure. A less invasive surgical approach to atrial fibrillation during open-heart surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with mitral valve disease and suffering of atrial fibrillation of more than 1 year's duration have a low probability of remaining in sinus rhythm after valve surgery alone. Intraoperative radiofrequency ablation was used as an alternative to simplify the surgical maze procedure. METHODS: Seventy-two patients with mitral valve disease, aged 63+/-11 years ranging from 31 to 80 years, underwent valve surgery and radiofrequency energy applied endocardially, based on the maze III procedure to eliminate the arrhythmia. The right-sided maze was performed on the beating heart and the left-sided maze during aorta cross-clamping. RESULTS: Surgical procedures included mitral valve repair (n=38) or replacement (n=34) and in addition tricuspid valve repair (n=42), closure of an atrial septal defect (n=2) and correction of cor triatriatum (n=1). The left-sided maze needed 14+/-3 min extra ischemic time. There were two in-hospital deaths (2.7%) and three patients (4.2%) died during follow-up of 20+/-15 months. Among 67 surviving patients, 51 patients (76%) were in sinus rhythm, two patients (3%) had an atrial rhythm and eight patients (12%) had persistent atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Four patients had a pacemaker implanted, in one patient because of sinus node dysfunction. Doppler echocardiography in 64 patients demonstrated right atrial contractility in 89% and left atrial transport in 91% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation is an effective and less invasive alternative for the original maze procedure to eliminate atrial fibrillation.     

A technique for off-pump ablation of atrial fibrillation on beating heart using the epicardial radiofrequency approach

Recently ablation surgery for atrial fibrillation, so-called maze procedure, has become popular. However, this procedure usually needs cardiopulmonary bypass. Here we describe 3 patients for whom the simple, new procedure in which epicardial radiofrequency ablation is sucessfully done without cardiopulmonary bypass prior to concomitant cardiac operation. Our modified maze procedure consists of isolation of pulmonary veins using the FLEX 7 radiofrequency ablation device (COBRA). Following the surgery, all patients quickly attained regular sinus rhythm. We believe our procedure would be especially useful for patients for whom concomitant cardiac procedure can be done on beating heart.     

Intraoperative radiofrequency ablation of the atrium: effectiveness for treatment of supraventricular tachycardia in congenital heart surgery

BACKGROUND: Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is common in surgical patients with congenital heart disease. Ablation and maze operations have been shown to be effective in treating SVT, but these procedures can be complex and time-consuming because of variable anatomy and a thickened right atrium. To simplify and shorten these procedures, we used a long, flexible radiofrequency probe capable of producing long ablation lines quickly and effectively. We report the initial results with this procedure. METHODS: Six patients aged 6 weeks to 40 years with refractory SVT were referred for reoperation for repair of complex congenital heart disease (transposition of the great vessels, Ebstein's anomaly, single ventricle, tetralogy of fallot). Intraoperative radiofrequency ablation was performed in the right atrium for refractory SVT as an adjunct to surgical reconstruction (redo Fontan, right atrial reduction plasty, right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction, tricuspid repair). Lesions were made with a radiofrequency probe using temperatures of 70 degrees C for 60 seconds. Lesions were placed between the coronary sinus and the tricuspid valve, between the tricuspid valve and the inferior vena cava, between the atrial septal defect and the superior and inferior vena cava in patients with intraatrial reentry tachycardia/atrial flutter, and at the location of the accessory pathway in a patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The long, flexible probe has multiple independently controlled segments allowing ablation lesions that conform to the atrial morphology. RESULTS: An average of five intraoperative radiofrequency ablation lesions per patient were made. Average time for ablation was 14 minutes. With up to 25 months' follow-up, 5 patients are in sinus rhythm, and 1 is in a paced atrial rhythm. The patient with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome showed no preexcitation after operation. No complications resulting from intraoperative radiofrequency ablation were encountered. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative radiofrequency ablation in the atrium is a safe, effective, and expeditious procedure for control of SVT in patients undergoing reoperation for congenital heart disease with refractory SVT.     

Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation using the epicardial radiofrequency approach: mid-term results and risk analysis

BACKGROUND: The minor technical and time requirements with respect to the maze operation combined with a comparable efficacy has led to an increasing popularity of left atrial approaches to treat atrial fibrillation. We report our experience with a left atrial procedure based on extensive use of epicardial radiofrequency ablation in an effort to minimize cardiac arrest time. METHODS: A total of 132 consecutive patients with atrial fibrillation (121 chronic, 11 paroxysmal) undergoing open heart surgery had combined intraoperative ablation. An original set of left atrial lesions was performed using a radiofrequency linear catheter. Most of the ablations were performed epicardially before aortic cross-damping. Patients with contraindications to the epicardial approach had the whole lesion set performed endocardially. RESULTS: The mean cardiac arrest time spent for open heart ablations was significantly shorter (5.2 +/- 0.9 minutes with modem catheters) when the epicardial approach was used (107 of 132 patients, 81%). Hospital mortality was 0.8%. Freedom from atrial fibrillation was 77% 3 years after the operation. Of all the variables analyzed, only age at surgery and early postoperative arrhythmias increased the risk of recurrent atrial fibrillation. Overall 3-year survival was 94%. The 3-year actuarial freedom from stroke was 98%. No patient required implantation of a permanent pacemaker. Atrial contractility was recovered in all patients with stable sinus rhythm. CONCLUSIONS: Left atrial radiofrequency ablation allows recovery of sinus rhythm and atrial function in the great majority of patients with atrial fibrillation who undergo open heart surgery. The epicardial radiofrequency approach is a safe and effective means to cure atrial fibrillation with negligible technical and time requirements.     

How effective is bipolar radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation during concomitant cardiac surgery?

A best evidence topic in cardiothoracic surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was whether, in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, concomitant bipolar radiofrequency ablation had an acceptable success rate to justify the additional procedure. Altogether 263 papers were found using the reported search, of which 12 represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. The consensus in the literature was that bipolar radiofrequency ablation was highly successful in restoring sinus rhythm. One meta-analysis of six non-randomized studies demonstrated that 76% of patients were in sinus rhythm compared with 16% in atrial fibrillation 3 months postoperatively. One randomized controlled trial found that the sinus rhythm conversion rate for any maze procedure was highly significant compared with the control group (P?=?0.001). Another found that Cardioblate radiofrequency ablation was significantly better at restoring sinus rhythm at 1 year (75 vs 39% control, P?=?0.019). Prospective studies showed a similar rate of sinus rhythm return at 1 year (89%). Notably some studies demonstrated a significant reduction in the New York Heart Association class when sinus rhythm was restored compared with those remaining in atrial fibrillation (P?相似文献   

Concomitant irrigated monopolar radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation in adults with congenital heart disease

Atrial fibrillation is the most frequent form of atrial arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease. Some serious complications are related with the presence of atrial fibrillation after surgery. Because of the complexity and the risk of bleeding, the Maze III procedure has been largely replaced by alternative energy sources. Our experience in using irrigated monopolar radiofrequency ablation to treat atrial fibrillation in adults with congenital heart disease is reported. Seven patients with congenital heart disease and atrial fibrillation underwent irrigated monopolar radiofrequency ablation. All patients were confirmed in permanent fibrillation preoperatively. Six were adult atrial septal defect patients and one was an adult patent ductus arteriosus patient. All patients survived the procedure and discharged in sinus rhythm. There were no complications related to radiofrequency ablation. The time of ablation ranged from 17 to 22 min (average 19.5 min). Follow-up ranged from 3 to 48 months. One patient with mitral valve replacement (MVR) died of cerebral hemorrhage 13 months after surgery. The last electrocardiogram showed that six patients were in sinus rhythm and one patient in junctional rhythm. Irrigated monopolar radiofrequency ablation is an easy, effective, safe and economic concomitant operation to eliminate atrial fibrillation in adult patients with congenital heart defect and atrial fibrillation.