脑弥漫性轴索损伤30例救治体会

目的总结脑弥漫性轴索损伤（DAI）的临床表现、诊断及治疗经验。方法分析回顾30例DAI的临床资料。结果交通事故占97％，伤后持续昏迷无中间清醒期，常无神经定位体征，影像学资料显示颅内胼胝体、灰白质交接处等点片状出血。非手术治疗为主要手段。结论DAI的诊断需结合受伤机制、临床表现以及头颅CT检查综合分析。早期诊断及用药，加强对症处理，能提高DAI的救治成功率。     

弥漫性轴索损伤48例临床观察及护理

弥漫性轴索损伤(diffuse axonal injury，DAI)是指由外力，主要为交通事故、坠落或打击等直接造成的脑白质广泛损伤，按DAI诊断标准①创伤后持续昏迷超过6h；②CT示脑组织撕裂、出血或正常；③颅内压正常但临床状况差；④无明确脑结构异常的创伤后持续植物状态；⑤创伤后弥漫性脑萎缩；⑥尸检见DAI病理征(脑白质、基底节、脑干等处，有点     

弥漫性轴索损伤在重型脑损伤中的意义

在15例闭合性脑损伤尸检中,病理诊断弥漫性轴索损伤(DAI)5例。根据病理研究结果和文献报道,分析了530例急性脑外伤病人脑CT表现,发现DAI61例。其CT表现为大脑皮髓质交界处、基底节内囊区域、胼胝体、脑干或小脑有一个或多个直径≤2cm的出血灶,脑室内出血及急性弥漫性脑肿胀。本文把DAI分为高颅压型和非高颅压型,后者又分的脑干损伤型和局灶性损伤型。这种分型对指导治疗和判断预后均有重要意义。DAI预后较差,是目前脑外伤病人死亡率高的重要原因之一。     

脑弥漫性轴索损伤的特点及临床诊断

目的　探讨脑弥漫性轴索损伤 (DAI)的特点及临床诊断标准。　　方法　对 58例DAI患者行头颅CT检查 ,其中 3 9例同时行MRI,并分析其临床特点。　　结果　 75 9?I由交通事故致伤 ;患者伤后立即并持续昏迷 ;70 7%的病人无明显颅压增高 ;CT检查 63 8%有异常发现 ,MRI的诊断价值比CT高 ;DAI病变 89 7%在脑的深部及中轴结构 ;该病预后差 ,病死率为 53 5%。　　结论　根据临床特点、CT和MRI检查结果提出DAI的临床诊断标准     

第四脑室蛛网膜囊肿的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨第四脑室蛛网膜囊肿诊治及手术治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析2例第四脑室蛛网膜囊肿患者的临床表现、CT和MRI检查以及手术资料。结果 2例均经手术和病理证实为第四脑室蛛网膜囊肿，采用枕下正中开颅＋显微镜下蛛网膜囊肿切除术，术后患者临床症状消失，CT和MRI复查囊肿消失，脑室恢复正常。结论 第四脑室蛛网膜囊肿诊断依赖于临床表现、CT或MRI检查，容易漏诊，显微手术切除囊肿效果较好。     

磁敏感加权成像对弥漫性轴索损伤的诊断价值

目的：探讨磁敏感加权成像（SWI）对弥漫性轴索损伤（DAI）的诊断价值。方法对28例临床诊断DAI病例常规行TSE，液体衰减反转恢复（FLAIR）序列和磁共振扩散加权成像（DWI）及SWI扫描。结果SWI可显示23例DAI的颅内微小出血灶，表现为点状、条索状、类圆形或串珠状的低信号影，检出率82.1％，常规TSE序列检出率25.0％（7/28），FLAIR序列检出率42.8％（12/28），DWI序列检出率57.1％（16/28）。结论SWI能敏感地检出外伤后弥漫性轴索损伤患者的脑内小出血灶。     

婴儿晚发型维生素K缺乏症颅脑CT表现

目的 探讨婴儿晚发型维生素K缺乏症颅脑CT表现特征，提高定性诊断水平。方法 本文回顾性分析35例维生素K缺乏症颅脑CT表现，并对临床表现和CT所见进行整理分析。结果 (1)以硬膜下血肿和蛛网膜下腔出血较多，而脑实质和脑室出血较少，多部位出血占68．6％，硬膜下血肿多累及枕部，内缘不光滑；(2)一例或两侧大脑半球明显水肿(71．4％)而基底节正常；(3)多部位出血，明显脑水肿和伴有脑疝者预后不良。结论 作者认为累及枕部的硬膜下血肿和蛛网膜下腔出血伴大脑半球广泛水肿，而基底节正常的CT表现是本病颅内出血特征性表现，有一定的定性诊断价值。     

脑弥漫性轴索损伤的CT及临床：（附382例分析）

目的探讨脑弥漫性轴索损伤（ＤＡＩ）的ＣＴ及临床特征诊断正确性。方法对３８２例ＤＡＩ的临床及ＣＴ改变特点作回顾性分析。结果“脑剪应力伤”是ＤＡＩ的病理改变核心。轴索神经微丝断裂病人伤后即刻昏迷并呈持续状态，ＧＣＳ计分≤８是ＤＡＩ临床特点。弥漫性脑密度减低伴散在性小点片状出血灶，脑室变小，脑池变形或消失是ＤＡＩ特征性ＣＴ表现。结论ＣＴ检查是诊断ＤＡＩ有效非创伤性方法，典型临床及ＣＴ表现是诊断ＤＡＩ的依据。     

继发性高血压脑室出血148例CT分型及临床分析

目的 探讨继发性高血压脑室出血的CT分型对临床治疗的指导价值.方法 回顾分析148例继发性高血压脑室出血患者的CT资料及治疗结果,依据资料进行CT分型,采用不同的治疗方法.结果 CT分型:Ⅰ型52例:壳核或丘脑出血＜25ml,破入一侧脑室或其他脑室,无铸型,环池无受压.Ⅱ型59例:壳核或丘脑出血＞25ml,破入侧脑室或其他脑室,环池受压.Ⅲ型29例:壳核或丘脑出血,致侧脑室及全脑室系统血液铸型,环池积血或环池受压消失.Ⅳ型8例:脑桥及小脑出血,破入第Ⅲ-Ⅳ脑室并梗阻性脑积水.148例病人,早期病死率24.5%.结论 CT分型对继发性高血压脑出血具有较高的临床指导价值.     

62例脑弥漫性轴索损伤的临床诊断与治疗

目的探讨脑弥漫性轴索损伤（DAI）的诊断标准、治疗和预后。方法回顾性分析62例DAI病人的l临床资料。结果本组62例DAI患者中93．55％（58／62）为交通事故致伤，6．45％（4／62）为坠落伤；按GOS标准：良好16例，中残9例，重残7例，植物生存8例，死亡20例，2例好转后放弃治疗。结论除目前的CT诊断标准外，基底池、四叠体池和环池结构不清并蛛网膜下腔出血也应成为DAI的影像学诊断标准之一；在康复期，高压氧治疗是一种有效的方法；病人的预后与入院时GCS评分、瞳孔改变、年龄及脑出血灶部位等有关，高血糖也是影响预后的重要因素之一。     

Homocystinuria accompanied with cerebral deep venous thrombosis--a case report

Homocystinuria is an inborn error of methionine metabolism, of which cause is mainly deficiency of cystathionine synthetase. The major clinical manifestations of homocystinuria are mental retardation, seizures, ectopia lentis, skeletal deformities and occlusive vascular disease. A case of homocystinuria accompanied with deep cerebral venous thrombosis was reported. A 29-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with unconsciousness and tetraparesis on December 7, 1984. She was diagnosed as homocystinuria due to cystathionine synthetase deficiency at 13-year-old. Amino acid analysis of serum revealed homocystinaemia (1.37 mg/dl, normal 0), hypermethioninaemia (1.27 mg/dl, normal 0.2-0.48) and low cystathionine content. CT scan revealed intraventricular hemorrhage and diffuse low density in basal ganglia and white matter. Cerebral angiograms showed that deep cerebral veins and superior sagittal sinus can not be recognized clearly in any phase, and Sylvian veins are opacified markedly. It is suggested that intraventricular hemorrhage, and low density area in basal ganglia and white matter is due to hemorrhagic infarction by venous thrombosis of internal cerebral vein. The major clinical manifestations of homocystinuria result from the elevated plasma homocysteine level. The excitotoxic effect of homocysteic acid accounts for mental retardation and seizures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Prognostic value of ICP, CPP and regional blood flow monitoring in diffuse and focal traumatic cerebral lesions

Forty patients with severe traumatic brain injury (GCS score 8 and less) aged 16-54 years treated in our clinic were analyzed. Correlations between clinical symptoms, CT signs of diffuse and focal traumatic lesions, intracranial hemorrhage, indices of cerebral blood flow (CBF) according to perfusion CT study, intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) were assessed. Main mechanism of injury in 27 of 40 (67.5%) patients was acceleration-deceleration due to traffic accidents which usually leads to diffuse axonal injury (DAI) of different severity. In the other 13 (32.5%) cases injury was associated with coup-countercoup mechanism which caused focal contusions mostly. Not only GCS score but CT-signs of DAI severity, intracranial hemorrhage and minimal levels of CPP had significant prognostic value. Results of perfusion CT studies demonstrated that in 37 of 40 (92.5%) patients cerebral blood flow decreased (below 28.6 ml/100 g/min) in one or more arterial blood distribution areas. Increase of CBF was registered in 9 cases (over 69 ml/100 g/min), in 6 of them elevation of CBF in one arterial distribution area was associated with reduction in the other. Generally, mean CBF values were higher in the middle cerebral artery circulation than in the other. The lowest CBF levels (16.3 +/- 6 ml/100 g/min) were observed in cortical and subcortical hemorrhagic foci while these values were significantly higher in the same contralateral intact zones (36.0 +/- 10.0 ml/100 g/min; p < 0.01). In 3 patients with DAI the CBF in the midbrain varied from 12.5 to 30.1 ml/100 g/min with the lowest levels in hemorrhagic focus in cerebral peduncle. It corresponded to cystic-atrophic alterations found on subsequent follow-up MRI. Thus, reduction of CBF and episodes of low CPP were the leading pathophysiological phenomena of diffuse and focal brain damages.     

CT中脑背侧脑池出血对原发性脑干损伤的早期诊断价值

目的 分析颅脑外伤急诊CT中脑背侧脑池出血的表现,探讨其对临床原发性脑干损伤的早期诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析52例颅脑外伤患者临床表现及影像学资料,并依据GCS评分分为轻、中、重及特重型.所有患者均在伤后48 h内接受CT检查,CT采用常规程序扫描.MRI检查则根据病情变化在伤后1周内完成,采用自旋回波T1WI、T2WI序列.结果 所有病例的CT表现均与MRI的T1WI、T2WI序列行比较研究,其中39例颅脑损伤患者的急诊CT有中脑背侧环池或四叠体池出血表现,合并弥漫性脑肿胀19例,脑实质出血灶单发或多发点状出血灶11例,直径小于2 cm;37例MRI检查存在不同程度的脑干组织损伤表现.结论 重型和特重型颅脑外伤(GCS<9分)伤后早期CT的中脑背侧脑池出血表现高度提示原发性脑干损伤可能,对提高原发性脑干损伤早期诊断水平具有重要的参考价值.     

低场MRI在CT阴性脑弥漫性轴索损伤中的应用价值

目的 探讨低场MRI在CT阴性的脑弥漫性轴索损伤（cerebral diffuse axonal injury,DAI）中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析20例CT阴性、MRI阳性的DAI临床及影像学资料.所有病例均经临床随访证实.CT使用16层CT常规程序扫描,MRI采用0.35T自旋回波T1WI、快速自旋回波T2WI序列、液体衰减反转恢复序列（ FLAIR）、部分使用快速小角度激发序列（FLASH）.结果 MRI各序列共检出CT阴性的115个病灶.其中两侧半卵圆区65个,位于胼胝体25个,侧脑室前后角周围白质区11个,基底节区6 个,丘脑4 个,脑干4个.结论 低场MRI是较为敏感的诊断CT阴性的DAI影像学手段.     

Hypodensity of the cerebral white matter in patients with transient ischemic attack or minor stroke: influence on the rate of subsequent stroke. Dutch TIA Trial Study Group.

In a prospective study of 3,017 patients with transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke from the Dutch Transient Ischemic Attack Trial, the presence or absence of diffuse hypodensity of the white matter on a baseline computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain was related to the occurrence of subsequent stroke. On entry, 337 patients were judged to have diffuse hypodensity of the white matter on CT; they were older (71.4 +/- 7.4 years versus 64.4 +/- 9.9 years), more often had hypertension (50% versus 41%), and more often had lacunar infarcts on CT scan (40% versus 26%) than did patients with normal white matter. Strokes, fatal or nonfatal, occurred in 51 (15%) of the patients with diffuse hypodensity of the cerebral white matter, compared to 217 (8%) in the group with normal white matter (crude hazard ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-2.7). After adjustment for age and other relevant entry variables, the hazard ratio was 1.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-2.2). In patients younger than 70 years the crude hazard ratio was 2.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.7-4.2). The distribution between the main subtypes of stroke was similar for patients with and those without diffuse hypodensity of the cerebral white matter: Intracerebral hemorrhage occurred in 6 and 9%, cortical infarction in 47 and 45%, and lacunar infarction in 34 and 29%, respectively. We conclude that hypodensity of the cerebral white matter in patients with transient ischemic attack or minor stroke is associated with an extra risk of future stroke, from large as well as from small vessels, and particularly in patients under 70 years old; this increase of risk is independent of other risk factors for stroke.     

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with congophilic kuru plaques: CT and pathological findings of the cerebral white matter.

In a patient whose Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with congophilic kuru plaques that was proved at necropsy, the early brain CT showed low-density areas in the cerebral white matter before cortical atrophy and ventricular enlargement became apparent. Subsequently, there occurred diffuse white matter lucency and severe brain atrophy. At necropsy, there was severe white matter destruction which was more prominent than cortical neuronal loss. Serial CT scans were of great value for demonstrating the early and predominant changes in the cerebral white matter.     

Diagnostic value of fluid attenuated inversion recovery versus T2-weighted image in diffuse axonal injury

BACKGROUND: At present, the most common examination modality for diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is CT or MRI. However, both methods exhibit low sensitivity in the diagnosis of DAI lesions.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) in the clinical diagnosis of DAI, and to compare with T2-weighted images.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: This prospective study was based on imaging analysis, and wasperformed in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Chongqing, China) between October 2002 and April 2004.PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-three patients with craniocerebral injury were admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, including 50 males and 13females. The patients were included in the experiment and were divided into DAI (n=24) and non-DAl (n=39)groups, according to the emergent CT findings and clinical manifestations.METHODS: Both groups underwent MR examinations, including axial and sagittal T1 weighted images (TR=450 ms, TE = 8-9 ms), T2-weighted images (TR = 3600 ms, TE = 100 ms), and FLAIR (TR = 10 000 ms,TI = 2500 ms, TE = 40 ms), 8-mm thick and 2-mm wide, using a GE Sigma MRI device.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The DAI diagnostic rate and lesion-detecting rate of T2-weighted images and FLAIR were determined.RESULTS: All 63 patients were included in the final analysis. The DAI diagnosis rates of FLAIR and T2-weighted images were 88% (21/24) and 62% (15/24), respectively, of which the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). T2-weighted images and FLAIR detected lesions located in the gray matter-white matter junction in parasagittal areas, the corpus callosum, deep periventricular white matter,basal ganglia, internal capsule, hippocampus, cerebellum, and brain stem, with a detailed amount of 123 and 256, respectively. FLAIR was significantly greater than T2-weighted images (P < 0.01 ).CONCLUSION: FLAIR is superior to T2-weighted images for improving the DAI diagnostic rate and lesion-detecting rate, as well as revealing the extent and severity of DAI.     

海洛因中毒性脑病的临床与影像学观察

目的：研究海洛因中毒性脑病的临床特点及影像学（CT和MRI）特征，方法：对13例海洛因中毒性脑病患者的临床和影像学资料进行观察和分析。结果：13例为男性，均以烫吸海洛因为吸毒方式，9例是在毒品戒断过程中发病，主要临床表现为亚急性起病的弥漫性脑扣害，尤为精神症状和小脑性共济失计为突出表现。13例CT表现为脑内多发，广泛且明显对称性的低密度灶，累及双额，顶、颞、枕叶白质区及小脑半球齿状核和脑干，一般无占位征象，6例周期MRI检查显示病灶的部位，范围与CT所见大致相同。结论：本病的诊断依靠明确烫吸海洛因史及具有特征性的临床表现和影像学征象。CT与MRI一样，对本病的诊断具有重要价值。激素对本病治疗效果差。     

原发性干燥综合征继发中枢神经系统血管炎临床及影像分析

目的   探讨原发性干燥综合征继发中枢神经系统血管炎的临床和影像特征。 方法   回顾性分析35例原发性干燥综合征继发中枢神经系统血管炎患者临床表现和影像学资料。 结果  男性5例,女性30例;年龄18～76［平均（52±14）］岁;中枢神经系统首发症状24例（68.57%）。其中以急性脑血管病发病患者8例（22.86%）,表现为蛛网膜下腔出血2例（5.71%）,短暂性脑缺血发作2例（5.71%）,动静脉瘘2例（5.71%）,脑出血1例（2.86%）,静脉窦血栓1例（2.86%）,其余的患者临床表现形式分别为：脑白质病变10例（28.57%）,视神经脊髓炎6例（17.14%）,脊髓炎5例（14.29%）,帕金森综合征3例（5.57%）,三叉神经痛2例（5.71%）,脑脊髓炎1例（2.86%）。影像学表现动脉瘤3例（8.57%）（2例蛛网膜下腔出血）;动脉狭窄2例（5.71%）,其中椎动脉狭窄1例（2.86%）,大脑中动脉狭窄1例（2.86%）;颞顶枕动静脉瘘2例（占5.71%,三叉神经痛合并动静脉瘘1例）;上矢状窦血栓1例（2.86%）。室旁白质受累20例（57.14%）,皮层下白质受累16例（45.71%）,脑干8例（22.86%）,脊髓11例（31.43%）;脑室扩大2例（5.71%）;其中脊髓/脑干单病灶累及多个脊髓阶段（≥3个脊髓阶段）患者10例（28.57%）。 结论  中枢神经系统原发性干燥综合征可以急性脑血管病形式起病,但以急慢性小血管受累的脑白质病和脊髓病最常见;单病灶多个脊髓阶段是脊髓病变的影像特点。