用双色荧光原位杂交检测人精子染色体非整倍体率

目的检测人精子染色体非整倍体率。方法采用双色荧光原位杂交（ＦＩＳＨ）方法,取少量精标本经洗后制片,用二硫苏糖醇（ＤＴＴ）和二碘水杨酸锂（ＬＩＳ）处理,使精子头部染色质去凝集。然后,与生物素标记的α卫星Ｘ染色体特异ＤＮＡ探针（ＤＸＺ１）和地高辛标记的α卫星Ｙ染色体特异ＤＮＡ探针（ＤＹＺ３）进行原位杂交。用ＣＹ３－链亲和素、山羊抗链亲和素检测Ｘ染色体探针杂交信号;用鼠抗地高辛抗体、与荧光素结合的兔抗鼠抗体检测Ｙ染色体探针杂交信号。结果在Ｎｉｋｏｎ荧光显微镜下可以清楚看到精子头部的杂交信号,头部有１个红色荧光杂交信号的精子为Ｘ染色体精子（Ｘ精子）,有１个绿色荧光杂交信号的精子为Ｙ染色体精子（Ｙ精子）。精子头部有２个荧光杂交信号的精子为染色体数目异常精子。若用１条常染色体探针和１条性染色体探针进行ＦＩＳＨ,可以区别头部有２个相同颜色荧光杂交信号的精子属非整倍体精子或二倍体精子。结论双色荧光原位杂交（ＦＩＳＨ）方法,可以用于测定接触致突变剂和非整倍体诱导剂后,人精子染色体非整倍体率的变化。     

未培养外周血间期分子细胞遗传学研究

近年来，随着分子生物学技术的发展及制备探针技术的提高，荧光原位杂交（ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎ－ｃｅｉｎｓｉｔｕｈｙｂｒｉｄｉｚａｔｉｏｎ，ＦＩＳＨ）技术已被广泛应用于遗传学及其它相应学科中。本文选用Ｄ２１Ｚ１／Ｄ１３Ｚ１ＤｘＺ１探针与未培养的外周血间期白细胞进行荧光原位杂交来检测染色体非整倍体。结果表明：通过统计间期核中的杂交信号，能准确检出２１三体及Ｔｕｒｎｅｒ＇ｓ综合征，与常规细胞遗传学结果相符，该法省去了复杂的细胞培养过程和周期，不仅使常规的细胞遗传学得以简化，而且为产前诊断染色体非整倍体及肿瘤病因学的研究提供了捷径     

荧光原位杂交技术研究在染色体异常中的应用

目的建立稳定的荧光原位杂交技术并用于染色体异常的研究.方法用地高辛标记的PY3.4探针、X-α着丝粒探针、生物素标记的特异区域单拷贝序列21q22.3探针对3例正常男性、3例正常女性及2例turner综合征、2例21三体综合征标本进行了原位杂交.结果间期细胞和分裂相中可见特异的荧光点.结论 FISH技术不仅可用于中期分裂相,还可在间期细胞显示杂交信号,是当今的一项分子细胞遗传学先进技术.     

61例21三体综合征细胞遗传学分型与间期FISH分析

目的：探讨13／21α卫星探针细胞间期FISH分析在不同类型的21碱体征表达特点及相互关系。方法：采用核型分析后,对3种不同类型的21三体进行间期FISH。结果：按照核内含5个荧光杂交信号的细胞比例大于81.5%定为21三体诊断标准,标准型均可确诊,易位型诊断率为50％,嵌合型只要三体细胞系的比例大于50％也可确诊。结论：13／21α卫星探针间期FISH诊断21三体与染色体核型分析基本一致。     

应用荧光原位杂交技术早期诊断胎儿连锁遗传病和染色体异常

目的 建立一种无损伤性、安全、可靠的孕早期产前诊断胎儿性别和染色体异常的新途径。方法 用双色X／Y探针（CEP X／Y）和21号染色本探针（LSI21）荧光原位杂交经宫颈冲洗宫腔收集的滋养细胞。结果 荧光原位杂交诊断胎儿性别正确率为95．2％。灵敏度为93．1％， 假阴性率为6．8％。21号染色体基因定位探针荧光原位杂交在平均92％的细胞核中出现2个杂交信号。结论 冲洗宫腔收集的细胞确实存在胎儿滋养层细胞，与探针荧光原位杂交，可以快速，安全，早期用于性连锁遗传病的产前性别和染色体非整倍体异常的诊断。     

荧光原位杂交技术产前诊断唐氏综合征

目的应用荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术,简便、快速、准确产前诊断唐氏综合征.方法采用染色体特殊位点的特异性探针(LSI21)对30例羊水细胞和6例绒毛细胞标本进行未培养间期细胞荧光原位杂交.结果检测出21三体儿1例, 21三体和二倍体的嵌合体1例.检测结果与染色体核型分析及随访相符.结论 FISH技术应用于未培养间期细胞产前诊断唐氏综合征,可使诊断时间提早到孕50～70d,并且具有简便、快速、准确、灵敏度高、特异性强的独特优势.     

应用生物素标记探针原位杂交法产前快速诊断21三体综合征

本文对２２例妊娠１６－２４周因母血α－胎甲蛋白（α－ＦＰ）浓度低于正常范围或Ｂ超检查发现胎儿解剖畸形的孕妇进行了羊水穿刺，对采取的羊水标本分别进行常规细胞培养核型分析及应用生物素标记的２１号染色体特异性探针对未经培养的羊水细胞进行原位杂交快速产前诊断。原位杂交结果发现３例２１三体综合征的患胎，与常规细胞遗传学分析结果符合。本文认为，生物素标记探针间期核原位杂交技术能快速而准确的诊断选择性胎儿染色体数目畸变。     

用荧光原位杂交技术产前诊断唐氏综合征

目的 用荧光原位杂交技术（Fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)快速产前诊断唐氏综合征。方法 采集23名孕妇14～24周的羊水标本，应用荧光标记的针对21号染色体特殊位点的探针（locus-sperifie probe,LSI）及X/Y染色体着丝粒探针（centromeric probe,CEP）对未培养的羊水间期细胞进行FISH；同步进行羊水细胞培养，行常规细胞遗传学染色体核型分析，以核型分析为标准，对FISH技术进行评价。结果 23份标本发生母血污染2例，培养失败1例，将其余20份羊水标本的FISH杂交结果与其染色体核型分析结果进行了比较。FISH分析羊水间期细胞性染色体数目正常者19例（XX11例，XY8例）与羊水中期细胞染色体核型分析结果一致，有1例羊水间期细胞FISH结果为X/XY，染色体核型分析结果为46，XY，因此，FISH与染色体核型分析结果的符合率为95%（19/20）；LSI21探针的FISH结果中21号染色体数目异常者1例，核型分析为典型的21三体，取脐血行G显带染色体核型分析得以验证为47，XY， 21。产前诊断染色体正常者追踪至分娩，新生儿行外周血染色体检查结果皆为正常核型。结论 荧光原位杂交技术可用于羊水间期细胞快速产前诊断唐氏综合征。     

实体瘤间期细胞制备技术对荧光原位杂交效果的影响

目的将改进的实体瘤间期细胞制备方法应用于荧光原位杂交,为实体瘤间期细胞的制备建立技术平台。方法采用随机引物法标记3号染色体着丝粒探针,分析实体瘤不同间期细胞制备技术对荧光原位杂交效果的影响。结果6种制片方法各具特点,根据其在应用方面有不同侧重,可采用不同制片方法。胶原酶法制片的荧光原位杂交效果最佳。对于冰冻组织或较小的组织,可采用印片法制片。结论适当的制片方法,结合荧光原位杂交,为实体瘤的染色体研究和诊断应用奠定了技术基础。     

应用荧光原位杂交技术早期诊断胎儿性连锁遗传病和染色体异常

目的建立一种无损伤性、安全、可靠的孕早期产前诊断胎儿性别和染色体异常的新途径。方法用双色X／Y探针(CEP X/Y)和21号染色体探针(LSI21)荧光原位杂交经宫颈冲洗宫腔收集的滋养细胞。结果荧光原位杂交诊断胎儿性别正确率为95.2%，灵敏度为93.1%，假阴性率为6.8%。21号染色体基因定位探针荧光原位杂交在平均92%的细胞核中出现2个杂交信号。结论冲洗宫腔收集的细胞确实存在胎儿滋养层细胞，与探针荧光原位杂交，可以快速、安全、早期用于性连锁遗传病的产前性别和染色体非整倍体异常的诊断。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.