汉族儿童青少年体型遗传的双生子研究

目的分析遗传与环境因素对儿童青少年体型的影响,并探讨其中年龄和性别的作用。方法采用Heath-Carter法对376对6～18岁同性别汉族双生子（同卵双生子245对,异卵双生子131对）的体型三因子进行计算。调整另外两项体型因子后,用Mx软件拟合最佳模型,计算各体型因子的遗传与环境方差组分,分析年龄和性别的作用,并按体格突增分期估算不同发育期各因子的遗传度。结果校正年龄后,男生内、中、外三因子的遗传度分别为0．45,0．80,0．44;女生内、中、外三因子的遗传度分别为0．82,0．79,0．81;男生内因子的遗传度在青春期晚期明显高于前期（t=4．99,P〈0．01）和早期（t=6．16,P〈0．01）,外因子的遗传度在青春期晚期明显低于前期（t=3．35,P〈0．01）和早期（t=4．12,P〈0．01）;女生内因子（t=2．77,P〈0．01）、中因子（t=2．08,P〈0．05）的遗传度均为青春期前期明显高于早期。结论遗传因素对女生体型的影响明显高于男生,尤以内因子和外因子最为明显,男生中因子主要受遗传因素影响,内、外因子受环境因素影响较大。不同发育阶段对体型各因子遗传度的影响应引起重视。     

中国广州和日本东京母子对话方式比较研究

【目的】　比较中国广州和日本东京母子交流方式的异同点。　【方法】　 43对母子根据四幅主题图片进行自由对话将对话内容与日本东京母子的对话内容进行比较。　【结果】　广州和东京的母子对话涉及到日常生活事件 (86% ,70 % )和人物心理 (3 3 % ,5 0 % )的比例无差异。东京母子对话中涉及图片情节前因后果的比例明显多于广州母子 (70 % ,3 0 % ) (P <0 .0 1) ;广州母子比东京的母子更倾向于及时总结经验教训 (5 3 % ,3 0 % ) (P =0 .0 5 )。　【结论】　不同文化背景下亲子对话方式存在一定的差异     

安徽农村青少年体型的Heath-Carter人体测量法研究

目的 :　了解安徽农村青少年的体型发育状况。方法 :　采用 Heath- Carter人体测量法对繁昌县农村 1 678名 (男 91 4 ,女 764) 7～ 1 8岁汉族青少年进行体型分析。结果 :　女性内因子大于男性 ,中因子和外因子小于男性。随着年龄的增长 ,男女体型都在发生变化。男性逐渐由中胚型过渡到外胚型 ;女性由三胚中间型经偏内胚型的外胚型演变为内胚型。经检验 ,同龄男女间差异显著。通过与蒙古族和国外其他群体相比较 ,表明在不同民族和人种间的体型有一定差异。结论 :　 Heath- Carter体型法在人类营养学和体质人类学领域有广阔的应用前景。青春期是形成体型的关键时期。     

Somatotype, physical growth, and sexual maturation in young male smokers.

One thousand school boys aged 8 to 16 were examined for their somatotype, physical growth, sexual maturation, and smoking habits. Fifty-two boys were found to be smokers, of whom 30 were regularly smoking between two and 20 bidis or cigarettes a day for a mean duration of 2.5 years. The mean height and weight of the smokers was significantly lower than that of the non-smokers at all ages, more so in regular than occasional smokers. Sixty-nine per cent of the smokers had mesomorphic type of body build; about 65% of the non-smokers had ectomorphic somatotype (P less than 0.001). Onset of puberty occurred significantly earlier among smokers compared with non-smokers, as was evident from the early appearance of genital stage 2, and an early and rapid increase in testicular size. Genital stage 2 appeared at a mean age of 11 years in smokers and 11.6 years in non-smokers. However, the appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair was delayed. The possible significance of this is discussed.     

The accelerated increase in lean body mass of pre-pubescent Japanese boys at 10 to 11 years of age

The present study investigated changes in body composition in relation to growth to evaluate at what age Japanese children begin their pre-pubescent growth spurt. Children aged 9 were followed to age 10 (The age 9 group), and those aged 10 were followed to age 11 (The age 10 group). The increase in lean body mass per one-year increment of body height (Δ LBM/ ΔBH) in the age 10 boys group was significantly higher than that in the age 9 boys group. In both the age 9 and 10 boys groups, the high Body Mass Index (BMI) boys showed greater mean ΔLBM/ ΔBH than that for the normal BMI boys. Our results of accelerated Δ LBM/ ΔBH from age 10 to 11 in Japanese boys hypothesize that an increase in LBM demonstrates pre-pubescent growth.     

卫辉市中小学生生长发育现状分析

目的 了解河南省卫辉市2011-2012学年儿童少年生长发育状况,及城乡、性别差异,为少年儿童生长发育的研究提供相应资料,也为开展学校卫生保健工作提供依据。方法 根据2011-2012学年卫辉市学生体格检查数据,对46 511名6~15岁城乡男、女学生的体质指标进行分析。结果 该市6~15岁儿童少年身高和体重生长发育水平,除农村男生外,其余均达到中国儿童少年的相关参考值标准。农村地区学生的身高、体重均落后于同龄城区学生,存在着城乡差异,10个年龄组身高平均相差男生为2.64 cm,女生为2.07 cm,体重平均相差男生为3.44 kg,女生为2.52 kg。身高发育在10~11岁出现生理交叉现象,体重发育无此规律。学龄前期儿童少年生长发育城乡差异较突出。 结论 卫辉市儿童少年生长发育水平与我国发达地区有较大差距,本市的城乡差距仍不容忽视,在中小学生中进一步落实开展学校卫生保健、健康教育等工作迫在眉睫。     

Study on factors of body image in Japanese and Vietnamese adolescents

Over-concern about thinness, especially among young girls including adolescents, is common in Japan. Behind the problem, there is a complicated social phenomenon and an effective strategy is not known yet. In this study, we tried to find a clue by comparing body image between two countries which have different social backgrounds. Subjects were Japanese and Vietnamese junior high school students from 12 to 15 y old. Three schools each and 1-2 classes from each grade were randomly selected to involve 374 (boys 196, girls 178) and 714 (boys 352, girls 362), respectively, in Japan and Vietnam. Height and weight of subjects were measured and their satisfaction about their body shape and experience with dieting were asked by a questionnaire. Questions about their body image concerning their desire, liking of the opposite sex, own liking and health were answered by marking silhouettes. About 60% of Japanese thought that obese (silhouette 9) is unhealthy, while about 85% of Vietnamese thought that thinness (silhouette 1) is unhealthy. Most of the Japanese girls overestimated their body weight and were dissatisfied with their body shape and 78.3% wanted to lose weight. About 30% of them experienced weight loss including 2.8% of the low BMI students. Vietnamese girls also had similar tendencies in their desire about their body image as the Japanese but they were less serious. The girls in both countries preferred the thinner body image to the healthy body image and thought that boys liked the thinner body image. Japanese boys were mostly satisfied with their body shape; however, about half (46%) of the Vietnamese boys wanted a bigger and more muscular body image. In conclusion, the biggest problem with body image was the over-concern about thinness of the Japanese girls, which was based on their own misconception. Therefore, as the strategy to correct their body image, education about good health and also information about the boys' favorite body image are recommended.     

Conclusions about differences in linear growth between Bangladeshi boys and girls depend on the growth reference used

OBJECTIVE: To examine sex differences in height-for-age z-scores and the percentage stunting among Bangladeshi children estimated using three growth references. DESIGN, SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Data collected between 1990 and 1999 by Helen Keller International's nutritional surveillance system in rural Bangladesh were analyzed for 504 358 children aged 6-59 months. Height-for-age z-scores were estimated using the 1977 NCHS, 2000 CDC and 1990 British growth references. RESULTS: The shape of the growth curves for Bangladeshi boys and girls, and their positions relative to one another, depend on which of the three growth references is used. At 6 months of age the British reference showed no sex difference whereas the NCHS and CDC showed girls to have higher average z-scores than boys by 0.14 and 0.28 s.d., respectively. While all references showed a faster deterioration of girls' z-scores from 6 to 24 months, the magnitude and direction of the sex differences, and how they changed with age, were different. There was greater disagreement about girls' z-scores than boys. Discontinuities at 24 months in the NCHS and CDC produced jagged curves whereas the British curves were smooth. CONCLUSIONS: The assessment of sex differences in linear growth depends on the growth reference used. Reasons for the different results need to be determined and may aid the final development of the new WHO international growth reference and the guidelines for its use. The findings suggest that anthropometry as a tool to explore the effects of societal gender inequality must be used with caution.     

北京与广州儿童青少年体脂现况及影响因素分析

目的了解北京和广州儿童青少年体脂百分比情况。方法采用现况调查,整群分层随机抽取北京和广州7~18岁中小学生共2175人,测量身高、体重和体质指数(BMI),青春发育,使用生物电阻抗仪测量儿童青少年的生物电阻抗值,应用儿童青少年的体脂含量生物电阻抗预测公式来计算体脂百分比[BF(%)]。结果随年龄增长,男、女生BF(%)从26.5%下降到17.0%;同年龄组男生BF%低于女生,分别为19.0%,23.4%;同年龄组北京男女生BF(%)分别高出广州男女生7.4%和4.1%;随年龄增长,同一发育等级男女生BF(%)减少;同年龄组,随发育程度增加,男女生BF(%)均增加;随着BMI增加,BF(%)逐渐增加,BF(%)有突增,北京和广州男生突增点分别为21和20,两地女生突增点均为22。结论北京和广州儿童青少年BF%存在年龄、性别、地区和发育程度和BMI的差别。     

Somatotypological characteristics of the development of fat component in students

Individual typological characteristics were studied in first- and fourth-year female students. It was shown that the dominant somatotype was micromesomatic in the first-year students and macrosomal in the senior students. Body component composition was studied in the examinees. No significant average group differences were found in the absolute and relative body fat content in the students. The somatotype distribution using the weight-height ratio indicated significant differences in fat components in the female representatives of different types of constitution.     

Multilevel Longitudinal Analysis of Sex Differences in Height Gain and Growth Rate Changes in Japanese School-Aged Children

Background

Determining standard pubertal growth patterns using longitudinal anthropometric measures is important in growth assessment. We used an appropriate repeated-measurements method to identify height growth patterns in Japanese school-aged girls and boys.

Methods

The participants were children born during the period from 1991 through 1999 who had entered the first grade of elementary school in the Enzan district in Koshu City, Japan. This study was part of the Project Koshu cohort study. Height was measured annually in April from the first grade of elementary school (age, 6–7 years) to the third grade of junior middle school (age, 14–15 years). Height gain and growth rate trajectories in boys and girls were constructed using multilevel analysis.

Results

In total, 1984 children (1036 boys and 948 girls) were included in this study. Height in boys and girls was similar at age 6.5 to 9.5 years. Girls subsequently grew faster and were taller than boys at age 10.5 to 11.5 years. Starting at age 12.5 years, male height caught up and exceeded female height. Height gain trajectories showed that annual height gain among girls increased slowly and peaked during age 9.5 to 11.5 years, while male height gains declined slightly at first and peaked at age 11.5 to 12.5 years. Sex differences in height gains were significant during the period from age 7.5 to 14.5 years (P < 0.0001). Growth rate and height gain trajectories were similar between sexes.

Conclusions

Sex differences in growth trajectory were significant, and female height gain peaked approximately 2 years earlier than male height gain.Key words: growth pattern, sex, puberty, height gain, growth rate     

辽西汉族青少年体型的研究

[目的]为探讨我国辽西地区汉族青少年体型发育的特点与规律,为体质人类学补充必要的资料.[方法]采用Heath-Carter人体测量法对辽西地区城乡青少年的体型进行了调研.[结果]城女在内因子,城男在中、外因子及乡男在外因子方面各占优势;男生的平均体型属三胚中间型,女生的平均体型属偏外胚层的内胚层体型;与国内外群体比较,男生体型与日本人较接近,女生体型与芬兰人较接近.[结论]辽西地区汉族青少年脂肪发育和身体线性度居中等水平,骨骼肌肉发育居中下等.     

Studies of serum lipoproteins of adolescent Japanese and U.S. (Bogalusa) children using a common laboratory

A cross-cultural comparison of serum lipoprotein profiles was made between adolescent children ages 12, 15, 16, and 17 years from the United States (Bogalusa) and Japan using a common laboratory. Characteristically, adolescent white children have relatively low total and alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol levels and high pre-beta-lipoprotein cholesterol, while black children have high total and alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low triglycerides; Japanese children, in contrast, have high total and beta-lipoprotein cholesterol and disproportionately high triglyceride levels in relation to low levels of pre-beta-lipoprotein cholesterol. The sex-related differences were similar among Japanese and white children, with boys showing lower alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol and higher triglyceride levels than girls. In terms of changes in beta-lipoprotein cholesterol/alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol ratios with age, the values showed an increase among white boys, no change among black children, and a decrease among white girls as well as among Japanese children of both sexes. There was no inverse relationship between alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides or pre-beta-lipoprotein cholesterol in Japanese children. These observations suggest intrinsic metabolic differences among these race-sex groups. Such information should help elucidate environmental factors that influence cardiovascular risk among varied cultures.     

Factors associated with recognition of the signs of dating violence by Japanese junior high school students

ObjectivesThis study investigated factors associated with the ability of Japanese junior high school students to recognize the signs of dating violence.MethodsDuring a period of 20 months (from June 2011 to January 2013), a survey was distributed to 3340 students aged 13–15 years in the second and third grades at 18 junior high schools in a Japanese prefecture. The survey examined gender, recognition of the signs of dating violence, knowledge of dating violence, self-esteem, attitudes toward sexual activity, attitudes toward an equal dating relationship, and relationships with school teachers. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of the ability of boys and girls respondents to recognize the signs of physical and psychological dating violence. Binary  multiple logistic regression analysis was also performed to identify predictors of the ability of boys and girls respondents to recognize the sign of sexual dating violence. The Ethics Committee of Saga University Medical School approved the study protocol.ResultsA total of 3050 (91.3 %) students participated in this study (1547 boys and 1503 girls). Gender differences were noted with regard to the scores for some of the variables measured. The results indicated that boys who had more knowledge of dating violence, who focused on an equal dating relationship, and had a positive relationship with their teachers showed a greater ability to recognize the signs of dating violence. In addition, boys with a conservative attitude toward sexual activity showed a greater ability to recognize the signs of physical and sexual violence. Furthermore, girls with more knowledge of dating violence had a conservative attitude toward sexual activity, and girls who focused on an equal dating relationship showed greater ability to recognize the signs of dating violence.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that education programs to prevent dating violence should promote understanding about dating violence with consideration of gender differences and should foster better relations between students and teachers, as well as promoting the establishment of an equal dating relationship between boys and girls.     

武汉地区6～17岁儿童青少年身高、体重及体质指数的分析

目的:研究武汉地区6～17岁儿童青少年身高、体重及体质指数的分布特征。方法:采用整群系统抽样的方法抽取武汉市区及周边农村中小学学生共4 153名,测量身高体重并计算体质指数,分析一般身体形态生长各项指标的年龄性别分布特点,通过两样本t检验分析各年龄组身体形态生长各项指标的性别和城乡差异。结果:武汉地区6～17岁儿童青少年生长发育符合一般规律,身体形态各项指标均值随年龄的增长而增长,城乡和性别之间差异性显著(P<0.05)。女生相对于男生,城市学生相对于农村学生,青春期有提前和缩短的趋势。结论:基于不同年龄组学生身高、体重和体质指数男女及城乡差异,教育工作者应把重点放在青春期和农村。     

Weight perception and psychological factors in Chinese adolescents.

PURPOSE: To investigate the pattern of weight perception and its relationship with psychological distress among Chinese adolescents. METHODS: A sub-cohort of 2179 healthy Chinese adolescents randomly selected from schools in Wuhan, China, including 1156 boys and 1023 girls 11 to 15 years of age was included in the current study. Weight, height, self-perceptions of weight status, depressive psychological symptoms including anxiety, depression, perceived peer isolation, and other constructs were measured by a structured questionnaire. A General Linear Model was used to compare psychological differences between actual and perceived weight groups. RESULTS: Perceived underweight was more likely to occur in boys, whereas perceived overweight was more likely to occur in girls. Compared with objective body weight status defined by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) age- and gender-specific body mass index (BMI) cutoffs, girls were more likely to misperceive themselves as overweight, whereas relatively more boys misclassified their weight status as underweight. After adjusting for age, parents' educational attainment, and urban residence, perceived overweight boys and girls were more likely to experience anxiety and depression than perceived normal and underweight subjects (p <.05). Perceived overweight girls and perceived underweight boys experienced higher peer isolation than other groups (p <.05). Significant differences were not found in social support, school connectedness, trouble with teachers, and family disharmony among different weight-perception groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested distortion of weight perception was prevalent, and may have detrimental psychological influences in Chinese adolescents.     

Singaporean Chinese adolescents have more subcutaneous adipose tissue than Dutch Caucasians of the same age and body mass index

Data on weight, height and skinfold thickness (biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac) of 101 Singaporean Chinese adolescents (49 girls and 52 boys), aged 16-18 years, were compared with data of Dutch Caucasians (52 girls, 37 boys) of the same age. Age did not differ between the sexes in each ethnic group or between the ethnic groups within each sex group. The Chinese females were shorter, lighter and had a lower BMI, but the sum (mean +/- SD) of four skinfolds was much higher (69.1+/-15.4 mm) than in Caucasian girls (52.4 +/- 17.8 mm). Also, the Chinese boys were shorter and lighter, but their body mass index was not lower compared to Caucasian boys. Their skinfold thickness was, as in girls, much higher compared to Caucasians (48.8 +/- 17.0 mm versus 31.1 +/- 10.2 mm). After correcting for (non significant) differences in age and skinfold thickness the Chinese adolescent girls had a 3.3 +/- 0.4 kg/m2 (mean +/- SE) lower body mass index than their Caucasian counterparts. Singapore Chinese boys had a 2.7 +/- 0.4 kg/m2 lower body mass index mean+/-SE) than their Caucasian counterparts. Similarly, predicted body fat percent was 5.8+/-0.6 percent points higher (mean +/-SE) in Singapore Chinese girls compared to their Caucasian counterparts of the same age and body mass index. Singapore Chinese boys had 6.0+/-0.6 percent more body fat percent (mean+/-SE) than Caucasians of the same age and body mass index. The data confirm the high body fat percent/low body mass index relationship in Singaporean Chinese as is reported earlier in the literature for adults and children.     

Gender differences in pretend play in a primary school group

This study observed pretend play behaviour in four and a half-year old boys and girls in their first term at school.

It was found that girls engaged in slightly more episodes of pretend play behaviour than boys. Girls also engaged in person fantasy play more than boys, whereas boys engaged in more object fantasy play. It was also found that both boys and girls showed more co-operative pretend play than solitary pretend play. There were differences in number of verbalisations in pretend play between boys and girls.     

2010年呼和浩特市中小学生身体形态、机能和素质发育状况

目的探讨呼和浩特市儿童青少年生长发育的现状及规律。方法采用整群抽样调查方法,为2 880名学生做了形态、机能、素质指标的监测。结果形态、机能指标,男女学生均随年龄的增大而有不同程度增长,并均有明显的地区差异。素质指标,50米跑平均值男女学生随年龄的增大而减少,而立定跳远和坐位体前屈平均值则随年龄的增大而增高。结论呼市中小学生的形态和机能发育基本符合我国儿童少年生长发育规律,与五年前相比有增长也有减少。素质指标与五年前相比同样有增长也有减少,因此应加强学校对体育卫生工作的重视,以保障学生有较强的身体素质。     

北京学龄儿童青少年体格发育指标增长速度性别差异

目的 探索学龄儿童青少年体格发育指标增长速度的性别差异,为明确中国儿童青少年的生长发育规律提供科学依据.方法 基于北京市顺义区2009-2018年6～18岁学龄儿童及青少年健康体检资料,经匹配个人信息后共纳入94 122名学生,计算年龄别身高、体重、体质量指数(BMI)增长速度,以及以身高增速高峰年龄(PHA)为基点的...