贲门周围血管离断术前后肝硬化病人肝脏血流灌注的改变

目的：利用肝脏阻抗血流图探讨肝硬化门静脉高压症病人的肝脏血流灌注改变和贲门周围血管离断术对肝脏血流灌注的影响。方法：选取22例肝硬化门静脉高压症病人，分别在术前1周、术后2周检测肝血流阻抗改变，同时用Doppler检测门静脉血流动力学变化。结果：阻抗血流图表明，和对照XEG相比，门静脉高压症病人的肝动脉、门静脉向肝血流灌注明显下降，总肝灌注量降低；门静脉高压症病人术后门静脉向肝灌注增加，肝动态的向肝灌注无显著改变。Doppler测定表明门静脉高压症病人的门静脉直径增加，血流量增加，但血流速度无显著差别；术后门静脉血流动力学与术前无差别。结论：肝硬化病人肝动脉、门静脉向肝有效血流灌注都降低，肝脏总血流量下降；贲门周围血管离断术增加大部分病人的门静脉向肝血流灌注，但对肝动脉的向肝灌注无显著影响；肝脏阻抗血流图作为反映肝脏动态血流灌注的无创性检查，对于评价肝硬化病人的肝脏血流及评价手术对肝脏血流动力学的影响有一定的价值。     

门静脉压力测定在肝硬化门静脉高压症术式选择中的意义

肝硬化门静脉高压症（PHT）肝脏储备功能研究主要用于评估术后恢复过程,而手术方式的合理选择需依据病人门静脉血流动力学变化,这对提高手术效果极为重要。门静脉高压时血流动力学最突出的表现是门静脉压力升高,这是食管胃底静脉曲张形成的主要因素。肝脏血流动力学研究包括①肝静脉压力梯度、门体分流率测定;②门静脉系统血管的直径和通畅性;③侧支血管的部位、多少和大小;④门静脉人肝血流量（部分向肝、部分离肝或完全性离肝血流）：⑤肝动脉血流量等。     

运用CT灌注成像监测介入断流术后肝脏血流灌注的变化

目的运用CT灌注成像评价肝硬化门静脉高压症患者介入断流术后肝脏血流灌注的变化。方法收集2001年6月至2006年5月间23例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者,其中15例行部分脾栓塞术、8例行部分脾栓塞术联合胃冠状静脉栓塞术;术前后采用东芝Xpress型螺旋CT行单层肝脏动态增强扫描,同时测定主动脉、门静脉和肝脏感兴趣区的CT值,取增强的CT值绘制时间密度曲线。去卷积法计算肝脏各灌注参数。结果部分脾栓塞术后肝脏门静脉灌注量有所减少,但肝动脉灌注量增加,总肝灌注量与术前差异无统计学意义（t＝-0．677,P〉0．05）,肝动脉灌注指数从12．5％升至32．5％。部分脾栓塞术联合胃冠状静脉栓塞术术前肝脏门静脉灌注量为0．862ml·min^-1·ml^-1,术后为0．722ml·min^-1·m^-1,两者差异无统计学意义（t=-0．281,P〉0．05）,肝动脉灌注量、总肝灌注量分别由术前的0．128、0．990ml·min^-1·ml^-1。增加至术后的0．290、1．021ml·min^-1·ml^-1。结论螺旋CT灌注成像能客观反映肝硬化门静脉高压症患者部分脾栓塞术、胃冠状静脉栓塞术术后肝血流动力学的变化。     

脾切除贲门周围血管离断术对肝硬化门静脉高压症患者肝脏血流动力学及肝功能的影响

目的探讨脾切除贲门周围血管离断术对肝硬化门静脉高压症患者的肝脏血流动力学及肝功能的影响。方法我院2012年1月至2014年12月期间采用多普勒超声对42例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者行贲门周围血管离断术前1 d和术后第7 d时肝动脉和门静脉的内径、峰速、谷速、均速和流量进行检测,采用一次性压力传感器读取开腹后、脾动脉结扎后、切脾后及断流后的自由门静脉压,与另选取的同期在我院体检的健康人24例作为对照。结果①肝硬化门静脉高压症患者的自由门静脉压由开腹后的(29.12±1.40)mm Hg降至脾动脉结扎后的(22.71±1.21)mm Hg(P0.01);切脾后进一步降至(21.32±1.12)mm Hg,明显低于脾动脉结扎后(P0.01);而断流后却升高至(22.42±1.15)mm Hg,明显高于切脾后(P0.01)。②与正常人比较,肝硬化门静脉高压症患者在术前1 d时的门静脉内径、峰速、谷速、均速及流量均明显增大(均P0.01),而肝动脉内径、峰速、谷速及流量均明显减小(P均0.01);在术后第7 d时,门静脉内径明显减小(P0.01),峰速、均速和谷速均明显增大(均P0.01),肝动脉内径也明显减小(P0.01),峰速、谷速、均速及流量均明显增大(均P0.01)。对于肝硬化门静脉高压症患者,术后第7 d时较术前1 d时门静脉内径及流量均明显减小(均P0.01),而肝动脉内径、峰速、谷速、均速及流量均明显增大(均P0.01)。③肝硬化门静脉高压症患者手术前后的肝功能Child-Pugh分级比较差异无统计学意义(χ~2=1.050,P0.05)。④42例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者无手术死亡及无肝性脑病发生,术后第7 d时复查未见脾静脉或门静脉血栓。结论脾切除贲门周围血管离断术,可以降低门静脉压力,减少门静脉血流,且可以增加肝动脉血流,对肝功能影响不大。     

用适时超声容量血流计同时测量肝动脉和门静脉血流

目前已有多种测量肝血流的技术,各有其缺陷,常用的电磁血流计不能同时精确测量门静脉血流.本文介绍用适时超声容量血流计同时测定肝动脉和门静脉血流的结果.资料和方法:15例病人,平均年龄54.5岁(40～75岁),均在全麻下行腹部内脏癌肿手术.将超声血流探子植入肝动脉适当处,用适时超声容量血流计(T201型超声系统公司)测量血流.先取得基础血流量,暂时阻断门静脉,观察肝动脉血流的变化,继而阻断肝动脉,观察门静脉血流的变化.7例暂时阻断肝总动脉,了解肝动脉和门静脉血流的影响.结果:(1)肝动脉、门静脉和全肝血流量的基础值分别为267.3±21.2、746.4±41.3和1010.7±52.7ml/min;按每公斤体重计算,则分别为4.9±     

彩色Doppler超声检测门静脉和肝动脉在肝硬化门静脉高压症诊断中的作用

目的通过回顾性探讨门静脉和肝动脉的彩色 Doppler 超声检查参数在诊断肝硬化门静脉高压症的敏感性和特异性,并提出在中国人群中上述参数的正常参考值。方法自2001年7月到2004年3月,选取普外科门诊的可疑肝硬化病人和部分正常人群共110例,共有99例完全符合人选标准和检测标准。99例病人全部经肝穿刺活检或手术中取肝组织活检为金标准分为正常组和硬化组,分别测量正常组和硬化组的门静脉流速(PVV)、肝动脉搏动指数(HA-PI)和肝血管指数(LVI),以及上述指标在诊断肝硬化和门静脉高压症的敏感性和特异性,并根据 ROC 曲线推算出上述指标的正常参考值。结果硬化组的 PW 明显低于正常组的 PVV,(11.0±2.5)cm/s vs(16.9±2.9)cm/s,(P<0.001),硬化组的 HA-PI 明显高于正常组的 HA-PI,(1.2±0.2)vs(0.9±0.2),(P<0.001),硬化组的肝脏 LVI 明显低于正常组的 LVI,(9.1±0.6)vs(19.1±1.9),(P<0.001)。PVV为14 cm/s 时诊断肝硬化门静脉高压症的敏感性为91.7%,特异性为91.7%。HA-PI 为1.1时诊断肝硬化门静脉高压症的敏感性为82.6%,特异性为83.3%。LVI 为10时诊断肝硬化门静脉高压症的敏感性为93.8%,特异性为93.8%。结论肝硬化门静脉高压症时门静脉和肝动脉的血流动力学有明显的改变,这种改变反映到彩色 Doppler 超声检查参数以 LVI 诊断的敏感性和特异性最高。     

局部肾素与血管紧张素原mRNA在肝硬化门静脉高压症患者中的表达及其意义

目的探讨肝硬化门静脉高压症 (PH)对局部肾素血管紧张素系统 (LRAS)活性的影响。方法采用逆转录聚合酶链反应方法检测肝硬化门静脉高压症患者肝脏、脾脏动、静脉组织局部肾素与局部血管紧张素原mRNA的表达情况。结果　对照组内局部肾素mRNA在肝脏中最低(0 19± 0 12 ) ,显著低于脾脏动、静脉组织 [(0 4 5± 0 12 )及 (0 39± 0 12 ) ],P <0 0 5 ;局部血管紧张素原mRNA以肝脏最高 (0 6 4± 0 2 1) ,显著高于脾脏动、静脉组织 [(0 32± 0 15 )及 (0 4 1± 0 18) ],P <0 0 5。肝硬化门静脉高压症组肝脏、脾动脉、脾静脉局部肾素mRNA分别为 (0 78± 0 2 8)、(0 86± 0 35 )、(0 81± 0 2 2 ) ,显著高于对照组 ,P <0 0 5 ;肝硬化门静脉高压症组肝脏、脾动脉、脾静脉局部血管紧张素原mRNA量分别为 (0 96± 0 2 5 )、(0 83± 0 18)、(0 79± 0 2 3) ,亦显著高于对照组 ,P<0 0 5。结论肝硬化门静脉高压患者局部肾素与血管紧张素原mRNA表达增强 ,并可能促进肝硬化门静脉高压症时内脏血管病变的形成。     

门静脉动脉化对大鼠肝脏再生的影响

目的探讨门静脉动脉化重建肝血流后对肝脏再生的影响。方法建立门静脉动脉化重建肝脏血流加半肝切除(43%)的大鼠实验模型,分别在术后3 d和10 d取出肝脏烘干称重、光镜下计数进入有丝分裂期的肝细胞和分离肝细胞进行流式细胞仪分析,以观察肝脏再生的情况。结果实验组术后3 d和10 d测定的肝脏干重分别为(67.56±3.70)%(、78.76±5.68)%,与对照组(71.66±3.24)%(、82.38±4.86)%相比无显著性差异(P>0.05);进入有丝分裂期的肝细胞计数(708.4±68.21、239.6±24.50)与对照组(724.8±69.99、216.2±23.81)相比无显著性差异(P>0.05);流式细胞仪测得的进入G2和M期的肝细胞的DNA含量[(25.72±4.78)%、(15.60±2.52)%]与对照组[(28.78±3.37)%、(13.34±2.88)%]相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论行门静脉动脉化重建肝血流不影响肝脏的再生。     

门静脉高压症的外科治疗

目的　评价门静脉高压症手术治疗的方式及其效果。方法　对各种治疗门静脉高压症手术进行综合性评价。结果及结论　门体分流术控制出血的近期及远期效果满意;且可缓解胃粘膜病变。其主要问题是门静脉向肝血流减少,甚至形成离肝血流。术后严重影响肝脏功能及脑病的发生,还有分流口血栓形成引起再出血的可能。远端脾肾静脉分流术由于存在“胰腺虹吸”现象,门静脉血流逐渐减少,可失去选择性分流意义。断流术阻断了门奇静脉间的反常血流,可防治曲张静脉破裂出血,又能保持门静脉的向肝血流。但术后再出血率较高,且无助于门静脉高压性胃病。分流加断流的联合术式既能保持一定的门静脉压力及门静脉向肝血供,又能疏通门静脉系统的高血流状态,是一种较理想的治疗门静脉高压症的手术方法。肝移植为彻底治愈肝硬变门静脉高压症带来了希望。     

半肝血流阻断下肝能量代谢变化的研究

目的　探讨全肝及半肝血流阻断时对肝脏能量代谢的影响。方法　作者对105例肝细胞性肝癌行肝叶切除术的病例进行了术中动脉血酮体比率(AKBR)连续监测。结果　发现全入肝血流阻断组复流时AKBR为0.53±0.10,半肝血流阻断组为0.74±0.06,差异有显著意义(P＜0.05),且合并有肝硬化的病例全入肝血流阻断后AKBR下降更明显达0.42±0.10。复流后全入肝血流阻断组AKBR回升缓慢,术后并发症率较高。结论　作者认为肝叶切除术时采用半肝血流阻断技术是一种简便、安全的方法,特别适用于原发性肝癌合并肝硬化的病例。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.