呼吸睡眠暂停低通气患者脑功能的功能性MRI诊断

目的:探讨静息状态下呼吸睡眠暂停低通气((SAHS)患者脑功能是否发生异常及经持续正压通气(CAPP)治疗后脑功能的改变情况.方法:搜集25例中重度OSAHS患者(患者组)及25例健康志愿者(对照组).患者CAPP治疗前后及健康志愿者均进行MRI平扫及血氧依赖水平功能性磁共振成像(BOLD-fMRI)检查.结果:与对照组相比,患者组治疗前右侧额中回等脑区的局部一致性减低,右侧岛叶等脑区的低频振幅(ALFF)值减低,右侧额下回等脑区的低频振幅比率(fALFF)值减低.与对照组相比,患者组治疗后右侧小脑半球等脑区的局部一致性减低,右侧楔叶等脑区的ALFF减低,右侧额下回等脑区的fALFF减低.与治疗前相比.患者组治疗后右侧颞下回等脑区的局部一致性明显增高,右侧小脑半球等脑区的ALFF增高,左侧枕中回等脑区的fALFF增高.结论:静息状态下OSAHS患者脑功能状态存在异常,经CAPP治疗后脑功能异常的脑区可部分逆转.功能性MRI对呼吸睡眠暂停低通气患者脑功能的诊断具有重要价值.     

腰椎间盘突出症基于低频振幅的脑静息态fMRI研究

目的探索静息态下腰椎间盘突出症所致疼痛在脑功能区的反映,及脑区自发神经活动强度与疼痛程度的相关性,探索腰椎间盘突出症疼痛的脑机制。方法采用3.0T磁共振扫描仪,对13名腰椎间盘突出症患者(lumbar disc herniation,LDH组)及对照组(health control group,HC组)13名健康人群进行静息态功能磁共振扫描,扫描后的图像采用基于MATLAB 2010平台的SPM 8及REST 1.8处理。1)计算低频振幅(amplitude of low frequency fluctuations,ALFF)并比较LDH组与HC组脑区变化的差异;2)将ALFF有显著性差异的所有脑区选为感兴趣区,以信号峰值坐标为中心提取感兴趣区内ALFF平均值,对感兴趣区ALFF平均值与LDH组患者视觉模拟评分(visual analog scale,VAS)进行相关分析。结果 1)与HC组相比,LDH组患者右侧初级感觉/运动皮层(primary sensory/motor cortex,S1/M1)、右额下回、右颞上回、右颞下回/梭状回、左颞下回/梭状回、左海马旁回ALFF值显著增高,P0.05,K40,未校正;而PCC、左岛叶、双侧基底节、双侧前额叶中部、右缘上回/颞中回、左小脑后叶ALFF值明显减低,P0.05,K40,未校正;2)VAS评分与右侧S1/M1、PCC、左侧岛叶、左侧基底节、右侧基底节、右侧颞下回/梭状回ALFF平均值呈正相关,相关系数R分别为0.612、0.621、0.662、0.468、0.677、0.580,P0.05。结论 LDH所致疼痛引起广泛的脑功能区ALFF的异常,涉及疼痛感觉、运动、情绪及记忆、认知等多个维度。右侧S1/M1、PCC、左侧岛叶、双侧基底节、右侧颞下回/梭状回ALFF平均值与疼痛程度存在正相关性,提示可能通过上述脑区自发神经活动的强度客观反映患者疼痛程度。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者频率依赖的低频振幅的静息态功能磁共振研究

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者静息态不同频段下低频振幅(ALFF)脑自发活动的特点.方法 40例OSAS患者及40名正常睡眠志愿者(GS)进行静息态下脑功能磁共振(fMRI)数据采集.计算两个频段slow-4 (0.027 ～0.073 Hz)和slow-5 (0.01 ～0.027 Hz) ALFF信号值.采用SPM8软件进行两因素水平方差分析比较组间及频段间主效应ALFF值的差异.采用两样本t检验分别比较组间两个频段ALFF值的差异,同时分析ALFF值差异脑区与临床量表的相关性.结果 与GS组相比,OSAS组双侧楔前叶、后扣带回、左侧颞中回、右侧角回及顶下小叶ALFF值显著减低(P＜0.05);而双侧颞下回、梭状回、左侧眶部额下回、颞上极及双侧辅助运动区ALFF值显著增高(P＜0.05).与slow-5频段相比,slow-4频段左侧颞上极ALFF值显著增高;而左侧眶部额下回,双侧额中回,直回ALFF值显著减低.OSAS患者组slow-4频段比slow-5频段显示更广泛ALFF差异脑区包括右侧角回、顶下小叶,双侧颞中回及额中回,左侧眶部额下回.结论 OSAS患者存在多个脑区神经元内在自发活动异常,部分脑区脑自发活动存在频率依赖性,slow-4频段对检测OSAS患者的脑自发活动更敏感.     

2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者脑自发神经活动的静息态功能磁共振研究

目的利用静息态功能磁共振成像技术的低频振幅(amplitude of low frequency fluctuation,ALFF)法对2型糖尿病视网膜病变(Type 2 diabetic retinopathy,T2DR)患者静息状态下脑自发神经活动的改变进行分析。方法收集17例T2DR患者和17例T2NDR(Non-Type 2 diabetic retinopathy)患者以及21例性别、年龄、受教育程度相匹配的正常健康志愿者(normal control,NC),采用西门子Trio 3.0T磁共振采集全脑静息态功能磁共振(functional magnetic resonance imaging,f MRI)及3D T1WI结构像。利用ALFF算法处理所得的脑功能磁共振数据,并对存在组间差异脑区的ALFF值与认知测试量表得分进行相关程度的分析。结果与正常组比较,T2NDR组的右侧直回、右侧额上回、右侧额中回脑区ALFF值减低,左侧顶下小叶、双侧顶上小叶脑区ALFF值增高,且差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。与T2NDR组比较,T2DR组的双侧距状回、双侧舌回、左侧额上回、左侧额下回、左侧颞上回脑区的ALFF值减低,左侧小脑ALFF值增高,且差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。与T2NDR组比较,T2DR组的双侧距状回、双侧枕中回、右侧枕上回、左侧额上回、左侧颞中回脑区ALFF值降低,左侧小脑区ALFF值增高,且差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。相关性分析结果显示T2DR组左侧舌回ALFF值与MMSE得分呈明显负相关,左侧距状回ALFF值与MOCA得分呈明显负相关。结论静息态功能磁共振成像低频振幅(ALFF)法可以发现2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者异常脑自发神经活动区和功能损害区。     

利用图论方法研究MCI患者脑功能网络的点介性

目的:利用图论方法探索轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者大脑各脑区点介性的异常改变。方法:采集13名MCI患者和17名正常老年人(NC)的大脑静息态BOLD-f MRI数据。采用SPM8和DPARSF软件包进行数据预处理;构建大脑功能网络,并计算Sparsity=0.18(网络收益最大)时90个脑区的点介性。采用双样本t检验分别比较两组90个脑区点介性的差异。结果:两组人额上回、岛叶、楔前叶、前扣带和旁扣带回等区域点介性较大;中央扣带回、右海马区、杏仁核、枕下回、左梭状回、豆状核和右颞中回等区域点介性较小。MCI患者右额上回、右岛叶、右梭状回、左缘上回、右角回和左中央旁小叶6个区域点介性显著高于正常老年(P<0.05);右额下回鳃盖部、右辅助运动区和右舌回3个区域点介性显著低于正常老年(P<0.05)。结论:MCI患者大脑多个区域信息传递能力发生了异常改变,提示在MCI的诊断与鉴别诊断中应重点关注这些区域。     

Granger因果检验对创伤后应激障碍杏仁核效应连接网络的研究

目的探讨创伤后应激障碍(posttraumatic stress disorder,PTSD)患者杏仁核与全脑其它脑区间效应连接的改变。方法对经历汶川大地震的57例PTSD患者及77例对照行静息状态下的功能磁共振扫描,采用Granger因果(granger causality,GC)检验方法分析双侧杏仁核与全脑其它脑区间影响的因果关系,进行组间比较并计算患者的临床用PTSD诊断量表(clinician-Administered PTSD Scale,CAPS)评分和异常脑区GC平均值的相关性。结果与对照组相比,PTSD患者杏仁核对内侧额回、扣带回、额上回、额下回、颞上回、颞下回和壳核的影响减弱,对海马和海马旁回、楔叶、楔前叶、丘脑的影响增强;而内侧额回、额中回、颞上回、颞中回、岛叶和壳核对杏仁核的影响减弱,楔叶、楔前叶和海马旁回对杏仁核的影响增强。PTSD患者的CAPS评分与杏仁核对颞上回和颞下回,额中回对杏仁核的影响呈负相关;而与杏仁核对楔前叶的影响呈正相关。结论 PTSD患者杏仁核与全脑其它脑区间的效应连接存在广泛异常,且与患者的症状严重程度相关。     

基于低频振荡振幅算法静息态功能MRI研究终末期肾病血液透析患者的脑活动

目的 采用低频振荡振幅(ALFF)算法静息态fMRI(rs-fMRI)研究终末期肾病(ESRD)血液透析(HD)患者脑功能改变特点.方法 对64例ESRD血液透析(HD-ESRD组)患者和45名年龄、性别相匹配的健康志愿者(正常对照组)行rs-fMRI.对所有受试者进行神经心理测试[数字连接试验A(NCT-A)和数字符号试验(DST)]评估其认知功能;检查HD-ESRD组血肌酐、尿素等.采用统计参数图(SPM)8及REST 1.6软件分析2组受试者数据得到ALFF图.对HD-ESRD组和正常对照组ALFF值分别进行组内单样本t检验以及组间两样本t检验,并提取组间差异性脑区ALFF值与神经心理测试结果、病程、透析时程和实验室检查指标进行Pearson相关分析.结果 2组受试者的双侧楔前叶、额上回、额中回、顶下小叶、楔叶和颞上回等脑区ALFF值均高于全脑平均水平.与正常对照组相比,HD-ESRD组的双侧楔前叶、额叶、颞中回及右侧顶下小叶等脑区ALFF值减低(体素体积为270～6 804 mm3,t值为-7.41～-3.78,P值均＜0.01).HD-ESRD患者右侧额中回ALFF值与DST分值呈正相关(r=0.273,P＜0.05);左、右楔前叶,左侧缘上回和左侧额内侧回ALFF值与患者肾病病程呈负相关(r值分别为-0.301、-0.278、-0.298和-0.287,P值均＜0.05);ALFF值与患者的NCT-A值、血肌酐值、尿素值和透析时程无相关性(P值均＞0.05).结论 HD-ESRD患者存在多个脑区ALFF值的异常,主要位于脑默认网络分布区,提示存在自发脑活动损伤,且与肾病病程有关.     

原发性闭角型青光眼不同频段低频振幅的静息态功能磁共振研究

目的：应用静息态功能磁共振(rs-fMRI)分析原发性闭角型青光眼(PACG)患者不同频段(slow-4：0.027~0.073 Hz, slow-5：0.01~0.027 Hz)大脑低频振幅(ALFF)值改变。方法40例 PACG 患者及36例年龄、性别匹配的正常健康对照(HC)均接受 rs-fMRI 检查,应用 rs-fMRI 数据处理助手(DPARSF)对数据进行预处理。Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM8)2因素水平重复方差分析比较 PACG 及 HC 组组间效应以及 slow-4,slow-5频段间效应。随后,两样本 t 检验分别比较 PACG 组及 HC 组2个频段 ALFF 值差异并分析差异脑区 ALFF 值与临床参数的相关性。结果频段间结果显示右侧尾状核、左侧眶部额下回 slow-5频段的 ALFF 值较 slow-4频段高(P <0.05,FDR 校正)。与 HC 组相比,楔前叶、楔叶、双侧舌回、双侧枕中回、双侧距状裂、双侧中央后回、右侧中央前回、右侧颞中回、右侧额中回、双侧顶上小叶、右侧中央旁小叶、左侧顶下小叶 ALFF 减低;PACG 组 ALFF 值增高的脑区包括左侧颞下回、左侧颞上回、左侧小脑后叶、双侧海马旁回、左侧额下回、右侧边缘叶、右侧岛叶、后扣带回(P <0.05, FDR 校正)。此外,笔者发现 slow-4、slow-5频段均能检出 PACG 患者异常脑功能活动区。结论PACG 患者存在视觉以及视觉以外相关脑区神经元活动异常,slow-4、slow-5能从不同的角度发现异常脑区,为进一步探究 PACG 的神经病理机制提供了新思路。     

新兵适应障碍的亚频段低频振幅功能MRI研究

目的:应用亚频段低频振幅(ALFF)分析方法,研究适应障碍新兵脑静息状态下自发性神经活动改变的特点.方法:17例适应障碍新兵及20例健康军人(对照组)行静息态下脑功能MRI扫描,成像数据经后处理,获得各频段的ALFF图,采用双样本t检验比较两组间各频段ALFF值的差异,并分析ALFF值改变与患者临床量表评分之间的相关性.结果:与正常对照组比较,患者组在Slow-5亚频段ALFF值减低的脑区包括右侧小脑脚、左侧眶部额下回、左内侧前额叶、右侧额中回及双侧额上回(P＜0.01,AlphaSim校正),在Slow-4亚频段ALFF值减低的脑区有左内侧前额叶和左侧眶部额下回(P＜0.01,AlphaSim校正).患者组中各ALFF值异常脑区的ALFF值与临床量表评分间的相关性均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:适应障碍新兵有多个脑区存在自发性神经活动异常,这些脑区与认知、情绪调节及执行功能有关,且不同亚频段异常活动脑区的空间分布不同.     

重度吸烟依赖者脑局部一致性静息态功能MRI研究

目的 基于脑静息态功能MRI(fMRI)研究重度吸烟依赖者(HS)脑局部一致性(ReHo),探讨HS自我觉醒机制.方法 选取30例HS(HS组)和年龄、性别匹配的31名无酒精烟草滥用健康志愿者(对照组)行3.0T静息态fMRI采集,采用统计参数图(SPM)5软件进行数据预处理,Rest软件计算ReHo值,HS组和对照组间ReHo值比较采用两样本t检验,最终获得ReHo值有统计差异的功能图.结果(1)与对照组比较,静息态下HS组ReHo值减低脑区包括两侧楔前叶、额上回、前额叶内侧及右角回、额下回、枕下回、小脑和左额中回等.(2)与对照组比较,静息态下HS组ReHo值增高脑区包括两侧岛叶、海马旁回、顶叶白质、桥脑及左侧顶下小叶、舌回、丘脑、额下眶回、额颞叶白质、小脑等,且呈左侧化趋势.结论 HS静息态脑默认模式网络活动减低;活动增强脑区组成吸烟成瘾静息态网络,并呈左侧化趋势,反映HS自我觉醒机制.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.