鼻腔鼻窦淋巴瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的 探讨鼻腔鼻窦淋巴瘤的CT和MRI表现,旨在提高其诊断准确性。资料与方法 回顾性分析46例经手术或活检证实的鼻腔鼻窦淋巴瘤患者的影像资料。结果 原发于鼻腔30例,鼻窦7例,鼻腔、鼻窦同时发病或累及邻近结构9例。CT表现：淋巴瘤位于鼻腔前部28例,后部2例,向前浸润鼻前庭、鼻翼、鼻背及邻近面部皮肤22例;病灶密度均匀8例,不均匀22例,增强后轻度强化7例,中度强化6例,鼻中隔、中下鼻甲浸润性破坏7例。鼻窦淋巴瘤表现为窦腔内充以软组织影,窦壁骨质浸润性改变5例,明显破坏2例,4例上颌窦周软组织浸润,增强后中度强化3例。弥漫型淋巴瘤表现为鼻腔中线区不同程度的骨质破坏,鼻腔及邻近鼻窦伴软组织肿块,6例并累及邻近面部软组织、眼眶、鼻咽部、口咽、颞下窝、翼腭窝,4例浸润颅底骨髓,2例破坏硬腭。MRI表现：T1WI低信号12例（与肌肉比较。以下同）。等信号8例;T2WI高信号11例,等信号9例;病变轻度强化6例,中度强化10例。4例沿翼腭窝神经周扩散。结论 多数鼻腔淋巴瘤及弥漫型鼻腔鼻窦淋巴瘤有特异影像学征象,可提示诊断;鼻窦淋巴瘤则缺乏特异影像学征象。CT是本病诊断的主要影像检查方法,MRI能更清楚显示病变的范围。帮助临床准确地分期。     

鼻腔和鼻旁窦平滑肌肉瘤的影像学表现(附5例报告)

目的：分析鼻腔鼻旁窦平滑肌肉瘤的CT与MRI表现，评价其临床价值。资料与方法：回顾分析经病理证实的鼻腔鼻旁窦平滑肌肉瘤5例，均行CT检查，其中2例加增强扫描；MRI检查2例，均为平扫加增强扫描。结果：肿瘤原发于鼻腔2例，上颌窦1例，1例肿瘤范围广已无法确定其原发部位，还有1例为鼻咽癌放射治疗14年的右后鼻孔－鼻咽区的复发肿瘤，肿瘤涉及范围包括鼻腔、筛窦、鼻咽部、眼眶、翼腭窝、颞下窝、咽部间隙、硬腭甚至口咽侧壁、中颅窝等。该类肿瘤呈浸润性生长及局部较广泛骨质破坏，无1例发生钙化及颈淋巴结转移。肿块在CT上3例呈较均匀的中等密度，2例密度不均；MRI T1WI呈无效中等信号，T2WI表现为略不均匀的中等到稍高信号，注射对比剂后肿瘤轻度强化或仅有部分强化。结论：鼻部平滑肌肉瘤表现为较广泛浸润性生长及骨质破坏，无钙化。CT能较好地显示肿瘤涉及范围及骨质破坏情况；MRI在区别肿瘤与周围炎性等病变方面较清楚。     

鼻腔及鼻旁窦神经鞘瘤的影像学表现

目的 分析鼻腔和鼻旁窦神经鞘瘤的CT与MRI表现,提高诊断及鉴别水平.资料与方法 经病理证实的鼻腔、鼻旁窦神经鞘瘤8例,均行CT平扫,其中4例行增强扫描;MRI检查2例,同时行平扫和增强扫描.结果 良性4例,恶性4例.肿瘤原发于鼻腔4例,上颌窦3例,筛窦1例,无一例发生颈淋巴结转移.肿块在CT上多呈较均匀中等密度,3例密度不均;MRI T1WI呈中等信号,T2WI示中等或不均匀稍高信号,增强扫描肿瘤呈轻至中度强化或边缘强化.结论 鼻腔、鼻旁窦神经鞘瘤的CT与MRI表现无显著特异性,均能很好地显示肿瘤侵犯范围及骨质破坏情况.     

鼻腔鼻窦肉芽肿性血管炎的 CT 和 MRI 表现

目的：探讨鼻腔、鼻窦肉芽肿性血管炎(GPA)的 CT 和 MRI 表现。方法回顾性分析8例经手术病理证实的鼻腔、鼻窦GPA 的 CT 和 MRI 征象。其中8例均行 CT 平扫,7例行 MRI 常规平扫,3例同时行 MRI 动态增强扫描,后处理得到时间-信号强度曲线(TIC)及半定量参数增强前信号强度(SIpre ),最大信号强度(SImax ),峰值信号强度(SIpeak ),峰值时间(Tpeak ),最大上升斜率(MSI)。结果 CT 表现：8例双侧中鼻甲、钩突、部分鼻中隔缺失,双侧上颌窦内侧壁骨质破坏、余上颌窦窦壁骨质增生硬化;6例上颌窦体积减小;6例筛骨迷路缺如;4例鼻骨扁平、鼻背塌陷;2例鼻咽软组织增厚,1例眼眶受累;8例鼻窦黏膜增厚。MRI 表现：7例平扫示病变区周围黏膜呈等、稍长 T1及稍短 T2信号;3例动态增强示病变周围黏膜明显不均匀强化,TIC 整体呈平缓型,于第1~4期有1段缓升。SIpre 平均为1030;SImax 平均为2500;SIpeak 平均为2353;Tpeak 平均为100 s;MSI 平均为1.28%。结论鼻腔、鼻窦GPA 具有典型的影像学征象,总结其 CT 和 MRI 表现,有助于本病诊断。     

鼻窦骨肉瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的探讨鼻窦骨肉瘤的CT和MRI表现并评价2种影像检查方法的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析9例经组织学证实的鼻窦骨肉瘤患者的影像资料。结果9例中发生于上颌窦5例，筛窦3例，蝶窦1例；原发7例，继发于骨纤维异常增殖症及骨化性纤维瘤各1例。CT表现：受累部位骨质破坏，伴有形态不规则软组织肿块，边界不清，密度不均匀，内散在数量及形态不一的肿瘤骨，呈棉絮状3例，象牙质状2例，放射状2例，棉絮状和放射状1例，放射状和象牙质状1例。3例增强后呈不均匀低至中度强化。MRI表现：病变与脑实质比较，在T1WI上表现为低信号5例，等信号2例；T2WI表现为高信号4例、等信号3例，内部信号不均匀，散在数量不等、形态不一的极低信号影，对应CT所见的肿瘤骨，增强后可见中度到显著不均匀强化。MRI清楚显示病灶大小及伴发的改变。病变侵犯眼眶5例，翼腭窝、颞下窝4例，颅底3例，广泛侵犯颅面部结构1例。结论CT是显示肿瘤骨较好的影像检查方法，MRI能够更清楚、准确显示病变侵犯的范围，两者结合可为该病诊断和治疗提供更全面的影像信息。     

CT characterization of inflammatory paranasal sinus disease in cystic fibrosis

Purpose: In patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) the prevalence of paranasal sinus affection approaches 100%. We hypothesized that the hyperviscous mucus reducing mucociliary clearance in CF patients could give sinonasal inflammatory patterns different from those in non-CF patients. We wanted to compare the extent and distribution of paranasal sinus disease and the inflammatory patterns in these two groups of patients.Material and Methods: One-hundred-and-eight CF patients (3-54 years old) and 79 controls (7-51 years old) with paranasal sinus disease confirmed at coronal CT were compared. The extent of disease was noted for each sinus and summed for all sinuses. Inflammatory patterns were identified and classified into: 1) routine surgery group (sporadic, infundibular and ostiomeatal complex (OMC) patterns) and 2) complex surgery group (sinonasal polyposis and sphenoethmoid recess (SER) patterns).Results: CF patients had more widespread sinonasal inflammatory changes and more advanced disease for each sinus. Most CF patients displayed sinonasal polyposis and SER patterns while most controls displayed sporadic, infundibular or OMC patterns. As a result, 67% of CF patients were classified to the complex surgery group, compared to only 19% of controls.Conclusion: The impaired mucociliary clearance in CF causes widespread inflammatory paranasal sinus disease, with inflammatory patterns more often requiring extensive surgery, with a higher risk of cerebrospinal fluid leak or bleeding, or involving areas that are more difficult to reach with the endoscope.     

Evaluation of variations in sinonasal region with computed tomography

AIM: To investigate the frequency of anatomical variations in sinonasal region and association of these variations with mucosal diseases.METHODS: The study included 400 cases (191 female and 209 male) who were considered to have preliminary diagnoses of sinonasal pathology and who had paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT) examination in axial plane. Reformatted CT images were studied in all planes.RESULTS: Age range of the patients was 20-83 (mean 40.26 ± 14.85). Most commonly detected anatomical variation was Agger nasi cell (74.8%). There was a significant association between clinoid process pneumatization and protrusion of internal carotid arteries and optic nerves into sphenoid sinus (P < 0.001). Besides, the relationships between pterygoid process pneumatization and protrusion of vidian nerve into sphenoid sinus, and between pneumatization of large sphenoid wing and protrusion of maxillary nerves into sphenoid sinus were also significant (P < 0.001). Uncinate bulla and giant ethmoid bulla were found to be significantly associated with sinonasal mucosal diseases (P = 0.004 and P = 0.002, respectively).CONCLUSION: Sinonasal region has a great number of variations, and some of them have been determined to be associated with sinonasal mucosal disease. It is necessary to know that some of these variations are associated with protrusion of significant structures such as carotid artery or optic nerve into the sinus and care should be observed in surgeries on patients carrying these variations.     

鼻窦真菌球的 CT 及磁共振成像表现

目的：探讨鼻窦真菌球的CT、磁共振成像（MRI）特征性表现及诊断价值。方法回顾性分析35例经手术、组织病理学证实的鼻窦真菌球的影像学资料,35例患者均做CT平扫,其中4例做MRI平扫加增强扫描。结果鼻窦真菌球的主要CT表现为：①病变为单侧性（100%）;②病变部位以上颌窦为主（80%）,部分突入同侧鼻腔;其次为蝶窦（14%）;③病变窦腔内不均匀软组织密度影充填,其内可见呈斑点状、云絮状或条带状高密度钙化影（89%）;④局限性骨质增生（74%）及破坏（9%）。 MRI表现为：病变中心T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈低信号,周围增厚黏膜T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号,增强扫描病变中心不强化,周围增厚黏膜明显强化。结论病变内钙化影是本病特征性的CT征象,是诊断该病较为可靠的依据,CT检查是诊断本病的重要手段;MRI能显示病变内真菌球的范围,有助于诊断。     

Imaging of paranasal sinuses today

CT is accepted as the gold standard for pathological-anatomical evaluation of paranasal sinus disease, CT is especially considered an obligatory part of planning surgical procedures. Indications for paranasal sinus CT include trauma, malignant disease, and chronic sinusitis, which accounts for the major part of examinations. Due to the benign character of the disease and the relatively moderate age of the patients involved, the radiation dose of paranasal sinus CT plays an important role. The use of a low-dose spiral CT technique and the reformation of coronal images out of the axial CT data instead of an additional direct coronal scan allow the effective dose of paranasal sinus CT to be reduced to the order of a chest radiogram. MRI is the preferred imaging modality in malignant disease or complications of inflammatory sinus disease that extend beyond the limits of the paranasal sinuses. The clinical value of other imaging modalities, including plain film radiography, ultrasound, or scintigraphy, is limited to special indications.     

Bildgebung der Nasennebenhöhlen (NNH) in der heutigen Zeit

CT is accepted as the gold standard for pathological-anatomical evaluation of paranasal sinus disease, CT is especially considered an obligatory part of planning surgical procedures. Indications for paranasal sinus CT include trauma, malignant disease, and chronic sinusitis, which accounts for the major part of examinations. Due to the benign character of the disease and the relatively moderate age of the patients involved, the radiation dose of paranasal sinus CT plays an important role. The use of a low-dose spiral CT technique and the reformation of coronal images out of the axial CT data instead of an additional direct coronal scan allow the effective dose of paranasal sinus CT to be reduced to the order of a chest radiogram. MRI is the preferred imaging modality in malignant disease or complications of inflammatory sinus disease that extend beyond the limits of the paranasal sinuses. The clinical value of other imaging modalities, including plain film radiography, ultrasound, or scintigraphy, is limited to special indications.     

Amyloidosis concurrently involving the sinonasal cavities and larynx

Localized amyloidosis is an uncommon benign disorder. The purpose of this report is to present the case of a 21-year-old man who had localized amyloidosis simultaneously involving the sinonasal cavities and the larynx. The rarer sinonasal lesion demonstrated CT findings of adjacent "fluffy" bone changes, possibly representing a new finding suggestive of this disorder. At MR imaging, the amyloid had signal intensity similar to that of skeletal muscle on T1- and T2-weighted images. After contrast material administration, the amyloid enhanced at most minimally, but peripheral enhancement about the mass was present. The importance of this case lies in the multifocal presentation of this uncommon disorder, and the imaging findings herein may provide a new sign of this paranasal sinus disease.     

Primary Ewing's sarcoma of the paranasal sinus with intracranial extension: imaging features

Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma is often described as a tumour involving the soft tissues of the lower extremities and the paravertebral region. Involvement of the paranasal sinus is a very rare entity. We present a case of primary Ewing's sarcoma of the paranasal sinus extending into the middle cranial fossa in a 40-year-old female. CT and MRI findings of this unusual case are discussed. To our knowledge, this case is the first to be reported with CT and MRI documentation.     

300例鼻窦骨折的CT与临床分析

目的探讨CT扫描诊断鼻窦骨折的价值。方法对300例鼻窦骨折的临床症状、CT表现资料进行回顾性分析。结果单窦单壁骨折49例,单窦多壁骨折96例,多窦骨折155例,上颌窦腔“泪滴征”、积液和眼外肌等改变。结论CT能全面、准确地诊断鼻窦骨折,对患者治疗方法的选择十分重要。     

Paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx CT and MRI

Neoplastic disease of the nose, paranasal sinuses, the nasopharynx and the parapharyngeal space requires thorough assessment of location and extent in order to plan appropriate treatment. CT allows the deep soft tissue planes to be evaluated and provides a complement to the physical examination. It is especially helpful in regions involving thin bony structures (paranasal sinuses, orbita); here CT performs better than MRI. MRI possesses many advantages over other imaging modalities caused by its excellent tissue contrast. In evaluating regions involving predominantly soft tissue structures (ec nasopharynx and parapharyngeal space) MRI is superior to CT. The possibility to obtain strictly consecutive volume data sets with spiral CT or 3D MRI offer excellent perspectives to visualize the data via 2D or 3D postprocessing. Because head and neck tumors reside in a complex area, having a 3D model of the anatomical features may assist in the delineation of pathology. Data sets may be transferred directly into computer systems and thus be used in computer assisted surgery.     

Proposal of a CT scoring system of the paranasal sinuses in diagnosing cystic fibrosis

The purpose of this study was to develop a paranasal sinus CT scoring system that could be used as a diagnostic tool to discriminate cystic fibrosis (CF) patients from control patients examined for sinonasal disease. The model should include as few and easily applicable criteria as possible, supported by statistical analyses and clinical judgement. We used data from 116 CF and 136 control patients. The CF patients were grouped according to the number of confirmed CF mutations: genetically verified (CF-2), or based on sweat testing and clinical findings alone (CF-1, CF-0). Nine paranasal sinus CT criteria, including development, pneumatisation variants and inflammatory patterns, were evaluated. The final model included three criteria: (a) frontal and (b) sphenoid sinus development, and (c) absence of three pneumatisation variants. This model discriminated CF-2 from controls with overlap of summed scores in only 8 of 206 patients. When this model was applied in the CF-1 and CF-0 groups, two populations seemed to exist. A larger group with summed scores overlapping that of the CF-2 group and a smaller group with summed scores overlapping that of the control group. We conclude that this CT scoring system may support, as well as exclude, a CF diagnosis in cases of diagnostic uncertainty. Electronic Publication     

Non-invasive aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses: CT and MRI findings

Aspergillosis is the most common fungal infection of the paranasal sinuses, and needs to be recognized because it requires surgical removal. Twenty proven cases of aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses are reported here. CT was performed in all the cases and MRI in 2 cases. The maxillary sinus was affected in 19 patients and the sphenoid sinus in 1. Mycosis was unilateral in all but 1 of the cases. Foci of increased attenuation at CT were observed in 18 cases, with calcification in 10 cases and/or dental material in 13 cases. An increased bony wall thickness was observed in 16 cases. All the patients but 1 had at least one of the signs. At MRI the fungal mass displayed a hypointense signal on T1- and T2-weighted images. No enhancement was noted on post-contrast T1-weighted images. The diagnosis of paranasal sinus aspergillosis is suggested by the CT findings, when a hyperdense mass with calcifications and/or dental material is noted with thickening of the sinus wall. MRI may have a complementary diagnostic role in doubtful cases. Correspondence to: Y. Robert     

慢性鼻窦炎鼻窦CT报告书写内容现状调查

目的:调查目前慢性鼻窦炎（CRS）鼻窦CT报告对临床诊疗关注的鼻窦病变和解剖变异（或异常）的描述情况,并对描述较少的病变和解剖变异（或异常）进行总结分析,提高报告质量。方法:于2020年3月在全国范围内对书写鼻窦CT报告医师通过电子问卷调查鼻窦CT报告描述鼻腔鼻窦病变和解剖变异（或异常）的情况,并比较分析不同级别医院、...     

鼻窦和颞骨成骨细胞瘤CT和MRI诊断

目的探讨鼻窦和颞骨成骨细胞瘤CT和MRI表现，提高其诊断准确性。方法回顾性分析8例经病理证实的鼻窦和颞骨成骨细胞瘤的影像学资料，分析其CT和MRI表现。结果6例为良性成骨细胞瘤，2例为侵袭性成骨细胞瘤；发生于鼻窦者6例，颞骨者2例。CT表现：良性成骨细胞瘤边界清楚，圆形2例、椭圆形4例，周边伴有完整的骨壳，病灶内见点状、结节状、条状钙化或骨化，压迫邻近的结构；侵袭性成骨细胞瘤部分边界模糊，形态不规整，骨壳不完整，外周可见软组织肿块，内伴有不规则形的钙化或骨化，侵犯邻近结构。MRI表现：与脑实质比较，T1WI为等信号者4例，低信号者2例，T2WI信号不均匀，但病灶内部均见数量不一的极低信号影，对应CT上钙化或骨化区；4例骨壳在T1WI和T2WI均表现为低信号环，1例骨壳仅在T2WI显示低信号，1例骨壳在T1WI和T2WI均难以显示；增强后扫描呈中至显著强化，良性为较均匀强化，而侵袭性为不均匀强化；邻近脑膜可见不同程度强化，良性较均匀，侵袭性不规则且范围更大。结论CT是该病诊断和鉴别诊断的主要影像检查方法，MI可更清楚、准确显示病变侵犯的范围，为治疗提供可靠依据，可作为1种补充的影像检查方法。     

鼻道、鼻咽恶性黑色素瘤的MRI诊断

目的 分析鼻道、鼻咽恶性黑色素瘤的MRI表现,探讨其诊断要点.方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的8例鼻道、鼻咽恶性黑色素瘤的MRI特征及临床资料,所有患者均行MR平扫、增强及动态增强检查.结果 肿瘤位于中鼻道1例,鼻咽部2例,鼻腔、上颌窦及同侧筛窦5例.5例可见明显骨质破坏并侵犯邻近结构,累及翼腭窝3例、颞下窝2例、眼眶4例、前颅底2例、咽旁间隙1例.MRI表现:3例直径＜2 cm,呈类圆形肿块,T1WI为高信号,T2 WI为低信号,呈明显均匀强化.5例直径＞3 cm,不规则肿块,MRI表现为混杂信号,T1WI以等、低信号为主,其内有斑片状高信号;在T2WI,1例以等低、信号为主,4例以稍高信号为主,增强扫描呈轻度不均匀强化.动态增强扫描时间-信号强度曲线平台型、流出型各4例.结论 鼻道、鼻咽恶性黑色素瘤MRI信号特征与肿瘤大小相关.肿瘤较小时T1WI呈高信号,T2WI呈低信号;肿瘤较大时MRI信号混杂,轻度不均匀强化为其特征.     

Remarkable anatomic variations in paranasal sinus region and their clinical importance

With the advent of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) and coronal computed tomography (CT) imaging, considerable attention has been directed toward paranasal region anatomy. Detailed knowledge of anatomic variations in paranasal sinus region is critical for surgeons performing endoscopic sinus surgery as well as for the radiologist involved in the preoperative work-up. To be in the known anatomical variants with some accompanying pathologies, directly influence the success of diagnostic and therapeutic management of paranasal sinus diseases. A review of 512 (1024 sides) paranasal sinus tomographic scans was carried out to expose remarkable anatomic variations of this region. We used only coronal sections, but for some cases to clear exact diagnosis, additional axial CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nasal endoscopy were also performed. In this pictorial essay, rates of remarkable anatomic variations in paranasal region were displayed. The images of some interesting cases were illustrated, such as the Onodi cell in which isolated mucocele caused loss of visual acuity, agger nasi cell, Haller's cell, uncinate bulla, giant superior concha bullosa, inferior concha bullosa, bilateral carotid artery protrusion into sphenoid sinus, maxillary sinus agenesis, bilateral secondary middle turbinate (SMT) and sphenomaxillary plate. The clinical importance of all these variations were discussed under the light of the literature. It was suggested that remarkable anatomic variations of paranasal region and their possible pathologic consequences should be well defined in order to improve success of management strategies, and to avoid potential complications of endoscopic sinus surgery. The radiologist must pay close attention to anatomical variations in the preoperative evaluation.