胃癌根治术中隧道式空肠置管术后早期肠内营养支持的应用研究

目的探讨胃癌根治术中隧道式空肠置管术后早期肠内营养支持的可行性、安全性和临床效果。方法将42例胃癌患者随机分为肠内营养组(EN组,24例)和肠外营养组(PN组,18例)。EN组采用隧道式空肠置管,术后早期进行肠内营养,并分别在营养支持前后各测1次体重、肝肾功能、血清蛋白、血红蛋白,临床观察胃肠道恢复情况。结果EN组血清蛋白、转铁蛋白水平在营养支持后明显升高,肛门恢复排气排便时间与PN组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论胃癌术后早期肠内营养支持安全、可行,在改善机体营养状态方面有显著作用,并可促进胃肠道功能恢复,且费用较低。术中隧道式空肠置管简便易行,便于推广。     

食管贲门癌术后早期肠内与肠外营养的对比研究

目的观察食管贵门痛术后早期肠内与肠外营养的临床效果,探讨早期肠内营养对食管贲门癌患者术后的影响。方法将96例食管、贲门癌患者随机分为EN组和PN组,EN组给予肠内营养,PN组给予肠外营养,观察两组患者胃肠道功能恢复及不良反膻情况。结果EN组术后8天PA水平高于PN组;TBIL、GGT均低于PN组,组间比较均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,mEN组术后肠蠕动恢复时间明显提前于PN组,住院时间明显短于PN组,营养支持费用明显少于PN纰,两组比较均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;EN组并发症的发生率为10．42％,明显低于PN组的29．17％（P〈0．05）。结论食管贲门癌术后早期营养支持可有效改善机体营养状态,促进胃肠道功能恢复。     

十二指肠营养管在食管癌术后早期肠内营养的应用

目的：探讨食管癌术后早期应用十二指肠营养管促进患者恢复及防治并发症。方法：87例食管癌患者分为2组，肠内营养组（EN组）64例和肠外营养组（PN组）23例。EN组术中置十二指肠营养管，术后早期予以肠内营养；PN组术后早期经静脉予以营养支持。术前、术后监测两组患者的体重、氮平衡、血浆白蛋白和胃肠道功能恢复时间。结果：2组患者对比在体重、血浆白蛋白上差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），而氮平衡（P〈0．05）、胃肠道功能恢复时间（P〈0．05）和营养费用（P〈0.05）上差异有统计学意义。结论：十二指肠营养管可明显改善食管癌患者术后营养状态。     

胃癌术后空肠内营养的护理

目的 探讨胃癌根治术后空肠营养的可行性及安全性,总结肠内营养的临床护理经验。方法收集近2年来胃癌患者119例,分为肠内营养组（EN组）和肠外营养组（PN组）,分析两组患者术后营养变化、肛门排气及排便时间、住院费用及并发症等。结果术后体重变化、肠功能恢复时间、住院费用及并发症发生率,EN组均较PN组减少（P〈0．01）。结论胃癌术后空肠内营养可明显改善患者术后营养状况,促进肠功能恢复,并降低住院费用和并发症发生率。     

胃癌病人术后早期营养支持对营养等状况恢复的比较

目的:探讨胃底贲门癌病人术后早期应用全肠外营养(TPN)和肠内营养(EN)对营养等状况恢复的比较分析.方法:将73例胃底贲门癌病人随机分为EN组(37例)和PN组(36例).于术后48 h内开始给予等氮、等热量营养支持,观察两组病人手术前、后的营养和免疫指标、术后肠鸣音恢复、肛门排气时间和并发症发生的情况.结果:两组病人术后营养支持的营养及免疫指标明显改善(P＜0.05),EN组前清蛋白和免疫指标较PN组明显提高(P＜0.05);EN组较PN组术后胃肠道功能恢复的更早,同时并发症的发生率亦明显减低.结论:胃底贲门癌病人术后早期肠内营养支持,既能促进胃肠道功能尽早恢复,又可改善病人术后营养状况和免疫功能.     

食管癌切除术附加双向空肠造瘘的临床观察

目的 探讨食管癌术后早期肠内营养（EN）的方法和临床效果.方法 将本院58例食管癌患者按就诊顺序分为两组,治疗组29例食管癌手术术中附加双向空肠造瘘,术后逆行管行持续胃肠减压,空肠管从第1天开始肠内营养支持.对照组29例术后常规行持续胃肠减压,静脉营养（PN）支持.比较两组术后体力恢复情况、肛门排气排便时间、术后并发症、住院时间.结果 治疗组术后早期给EN,术后恢复明显好于对照组,并发症少,住院时间短,未出现造瘘管引起的不良并发症.结论 食管癌手术附加空肠造瘘,早期EN,具有操作简单,符合生理,有利于术后恢复等优点,是一种可行的手术方式.     

贲门癌病人行空肠间置术后早期肠内营养的价值

目的:观察早期肠内营养(EN)对贲门癌病人行空肠间置术的治疗作用。方法:将62例病人分为早期EN组与PN组,对两组病人的术后临床指标和营养指标进行比较。结果:无论是病人主诉和术后并发症的发生率等临床观察指标,还是营养指标,EN组均优于PN组。结论:贲门癌病人行空肠间置术后行早期肠内营养,能促进病人胃肠功能恢复,改善病人营养状况,降低术后并发症的发生率。     

胃癌术后早期应用肠内膳食纤维素营养液的临床观察与护理体会

目的探讨胃癌术后早期给予肠内膳食纤维素营养液的临床疗效及护理体会。方法将41例胃癌术后患者,随机分为EN组20例,用肠内膳食纤维营养液（EN）;PN组21例,用肠外营养（PN）,于术后48 h内开始观察两组病人手术前、后的营养,术后肠鸣音恢复,肛门排气时间和并发症发生情况。结果①营养指标。两组患者体重、血红蛋白、白蛋白手术后第7 d均较手术前1 d水平下降,实验组（EN）比对照组（PN）下降显著（P〈0.05）;②安全性。全部患者均无严重不良反应,都安全渡过术后恢复期。实验组比对照组肛门排气时间恢复显著提前（P〈0.05）。结论术后早期给予肠内膳食纤维素营养液支持是安全有效的,对促进胃肠道功能的恢复,保护胃肠道粘膜屏障,缩短住院时间,减少并发症的发生,改善机体营养状况具有良好作用。     

食管、贲门癌切除术后早期肠内营养的应用

目的：探讨食管、贲门癌术后早期肠内营养的可行性、安全性和临床效果，并与常规补液作一比较。方法：42例食管、贲门癌病人术后第1天随机分为肠内营养（EN组，n=24)和普通输液（对照组，n=18)两组，并分别在营养支持前后各测定一次体重、肝肾功能、血糖、电解质、血清蛋白、血红蛋白、免疫球蛋白，临床观察生命体征、胃肠道功能恢复情况及各种不良反应。结果：两组病例在观察期间无死亡、无严重并发症，肝肾功能无明显变化。EN组血清白蛋白、前白蛋白和转铁蛋白水平营养支持后明显升高（P＜0．01），体重下降减慢。同时EN组肛门恢复排气时间较对照组显著缩短。结论：食管、贲门癌术后早期肠内营养支持安全、可行，在改善机体营养状态方面有显著作用，并可促进和维护胃肠道功能，且费用较低。     

不同营养支持方法在胃癌病人术后的应用

目的:探讨不同营养支持方法在胃癌术后病人中的应用价?方法:将60例胃癌根治术后病人随机分为三组,分别进行肠外营养支持(PN组)、肠内营养支持(EN组)和肠外联合肠内营养支持(PN-EN组).观察在治疗过程中三组病人并发症的发生率、术后肠功能恢复时间、术后平均住院天数、肝功能、血糖及营养评定等各项指标,进行对比分析.结果:三组病人术后并发症的发生率、平均住院天数、肝功能、血糖无明显差异;EN组病人术后胃肠道功能恢复时间明显早于PN组和PN-EN组(P＜0.05).各组术后血清清蛋白、前清蛋白和转铁蛋白在营养支持后均明显升高(P＜0.05),负氮平衡均得到有效纠正.结论:三种营养支持方法均能明显改善胃癌术后病人机体营养状况,肠外联合肠内营养尤其适用于不能耐受术后早期肠内营养的病人.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.