老年前期女性补呼气量正常参考值与地理因素

目的 揭示中国老年前期女性补呼气量正常参考值的地理分布规律,为制定中国老年前期女性补呼气量正常参考值的统一标准提供科学依据.方法 收集中国70个市(县)级医院和有关研究单位及高等院校测定的4 413例老年前期女性补呼气量正常参考值,运用相关分析法分析了补呼气量参考值与地理因素之间的相关性,多重共线性诊断法诊断7个地理指标海拔高度(X_1),年日照时数(X_2),年平均气温(X_3),气温年较差(X_4),年平均相对湿度(X_5),年降水量(X_6),年平均风速(X_7)的共线性,然后用主成分分析的方法分析老年前期女性补呼气量参考值与地理指标的关系.结果 健康老年前期女性补呼气量参考值与地理指标之间有相关关系,用主成分分析的方法推导出一个线性回归方程:=0.824 085+0.000 010 599X_1-0.000 016 987X_2+0.000 044 761X_3-0.0 018 164X_4-0.000 068 549X_5+0.000 045 107X_6+0.0 063 978X_7±0.028.(F=16.079,P=0.000),并通过克里格(Kriging)插值法精确的内插出中国老年前期女性补呼气量正常参考值的地理分布图.结论 如果知道了中国某地的地理因素,就可用此模型估算该地区老年前期女性补呼气量正常参考值,从地理分布图也可得到中国任何地方老年前期女性补呼气量的正常参考值.     

基于因子分析的老年男性肺活量与地理因素

目的 为制定中国老年男性肺活量参考值的统一标准提供科学依据.方法 搜集了中国用肺量计测定的85个单匣的12 405例健康老年男性肺活量参考值.运用相关分析的方法研究了其与海拔高度(X1),年日照时数(X2),年平均相对湿度(X3),年平均气温(X4),年降水量(X5)和气温年较差(X6)的关系.结果 发现年平均相对湿度是影响老年男性肺活量最主要的因素(r3=-0.414),随着年平均相对湿度的增加而老年男性肺活量参考值在减小.运用因子分析将6个地理因素综合为2个公共因子F1,F2,用其得分值代替推导出的回归方程:(Y)=3.247+0.000 749F1±0.103,用该方程计算出中国4 383个观测点的参考值,应用GIS空间分析精确内插出中国老年男性肺活量参考值地理分布图.结论 若已知中国某地的海拔高度(X1),年日照时数(X2),年平均气温(X3),年平均相对湿度(X4),年降水量(X5)和气温年较差(X6),可用该方程计算出该地肺一氧化碳弥散量参考值,从空间趋势分布图也可得到中国任何地方的肺一氧化碳弥散量参考值.     

基于主成分分析的老年男性肺总量参考值的地理分布

目的 为制定中国健康老年男性肺总量(TLC)参考值的标准提供科学依据.方法 收集了中国60个市县级医院及有关研究单位的4 079例健康老年男性TLC参考值,运用相关分析法分析了老年男性TLC实测值与五个地理指标{海拔高度(X1),年日照时数(X2),年平均气温(X3),年平均相对湿度(X4),年降水量(X5)}的相关性,用多重共线性的诊断法诊断5个地理指标之间的共线性,然后用主成分分析的方法 分析老年男性TLC参考值与地理指标的关系.结果 健康老年男性TLC参考值与地理指标之间有相关关系,用主成分分析的方法 推导出一个线性回归方程:=5.665+0.000 131 4X1-0.000 003 306X2-0.004 642X3-0.002 473X4-0.000 067 70X5±0.493即为主成分回归分析法求得的线性回归模型.结论 如果知道了中国某地的地理指标,就可以用回归方程计算出这个地区健康老年男性TLC的参考值.     

老年男性全血黏度(230s-1)参考值与环境因素的关系

目的为制定中国老年男性全血黏度(230s-1)参考值的统一标准提供科学依据。方法收集了中国87个U测定的8 265例健康老年男性全血黏度(230s-1)参考值,运用相关分析和回归分析的方法,分析其与7项地理因素的关系。结果老年男性全血黏度(230s-1)参考值与中国地理因素之间有非常显著的相关关系(F=65.147,P=0.000)。用逐步回归分析的方法推导出回归方程:=9.25+0.000 929 8X1-0.000 576 5X2-0.133 9X3-0.053 99X6+0.280 9X7±0.47。在回归方程中,是老年男性全血黏度(230s-1)参考值(mPa.s),X1是海拔高度(m),X2是年日照时数(h),X3是年平均气温(℃),X6是气温年较差(℃),X7是年平均风速(m/s);0.47是剩余标准差的值。结论如果知道了中国某地的地理因素,就可以用回归方程计算该地区的老年男性全血黏度(230s-1)参考值。依据老年男性全血黏度(230s-1)参考值与地理因素的依赖关系,可以把中国分为8个区。     

中国老年男性白细胞参考值的地理分布特征

目的为临床老年人(>60岁)进行健康体检时提供白细胞参考统一值。方法搜集中国各个省95个单位测定的5 826例健康老年男性(>60岁)白细胞参考值和各个地区的地理参考值〔海拔高度X1(m),年日照时数X2(h),年平均气温X3(℃)〕,年平均相对湿度X4(%),年降水量X5(mm),气温年较差X6(℃),年平均风速X7(m/s),经度X8(℃),纬度X9(℃)〕。运用SPSS17.0对健康老年男性白细胞与地理因素之间的相关性进行研究。结果健康老年男性白细胞参考值与地理因素之间显著相关(r=0.426,P=0.041),并通过主成分分析得到一个回归方程:Y=5.233-0.000 128X1+0.000 075 4X2+0.004 14X3-0.005 24X4+0.000 02X5+0.01X6+0.000 3X7+0.005 5X8+0.004 38X9在以上的回归方程中,Y是中国老年男性白细胞参考值(109/L),X1是海拔高度(m),X2是年日照时数(h),X3是年平均气温(℃),X4是年平均相对湿度(%),X5是年降水量(mm),X6是气温年较差(℃),X7年平均风速(m/s),X8是经度(℃),X9是纬度(℃)。结论根据所得回归方程,精确地拟合并绘制健康老年男性白细胞参考值的空间趋势图,通过分布图可以明确地看出中国各地健康老年男性白细胞参考值。     

老年男性左室舒张末期内径参考值与地理环境的主成分分析

目的揭示中国老年男性左室舒张末期内径参考值的地理分布规律,为制定中国老年男性左室舒张末期内径参考值的统一标准提供科学依据。方法收集了中国175个市(县)级医院和有关研究单位及高等院校测定的4 576例老年男性左室舒张末期内径参考值,运用相关分析法分析左室舒张末期内径参考值与海拔高度(X1)、年日照时数(X2)、年平均气温(X3)、年平均相对湿度(X4)、年降水量(X5)、气温年较差(X6)、年平均风速(X7)、经度(X8)、纬度(X9)9个地理环境指标之间的相关性,然后用主成分分析的方法分析老年男性左室舒张末期内径参考值与地理指标的关系。结果健康老年男性左室舒张末期内径参考值与地理指标之间有相关关系,用主成分分析的方法推导出一个线性回归方程:Y=41.13-0.0 007 929X1+0.00 005 294X2-0.006 776X3-0.0 008 976X4-0.00 001 242X5+0.02 587X6+0.01 592X7+0.03 543X8+0.01 955X9±2.44。并通过克里格(Kriging)插值法精确内插出中国老年男性左室舒张末期内径参考值的地理分布图。结论如果知道了中国某地的地理环境,就可用此模型估算该地区老年男性左室舒张末期内径参考值,从地理分布图也可得到中国任何地方老年男性左室舒张末期内径的参考值。     

中国老年人心率参考值与地理环境的因子分析

目的揭示中国老年人心率参考值的地理分布规律,为制定中国老年人心率参考值的统一标准提供科学依据。方法收集了中国50个市(县)级医院和有关研究单位及高等院校测定的3 750例健康老年人心率数据,应用SPSS17.0统计软件对数据进行处理,运用相关分析、因子分析及GIS软件,研究老年人心率与海拔、年日照时数、年平均气温等7项地理因素指标之间的关系。结果中国老年人心率参考值与地理因素之间有显著的相关关系。利用因子分析及回归分析推导出一个回归方程:=80.22+0.000 964 1X1-0.000 645 0X2+0.017 99X3-0.003 782X4+0.000 212 8X5-0.135 2X6-1.369 6X7±0.433(F=9.317,P=0.000)。在以上回归方程中,是心率参考值(次/min),X1是海拔高度(m)、X2是年日照时数(h)、X3是年平均气温(℃)、X4是年平均相对湿度(%)、X5是年降水量(ml)、X6是气温年较差(℃)、X7是年平均风速(m/s),0.433是剩余标准差。借助GIS软件中的地统分析模块,通过克里格(kriging)插值法精确地内插出中国老年人心率参考值的空间趋势分布图。结论如果已知某地的海拔高度、年日照时数、年平均气温、年平均相对湿度、年降水量、气温年较差和年平均风速,可以根据此回归方程计算,获得该地的老年人心率参考值。同时也可以根据中国老年人心率参考值的空间趋势分布图估得中国任何一地的老年人心率参考值。     

QT间期离散度参考值与地理因素的关系

目的为制定中国成年人心电图QT间期离散度参考值的统一标准提供依据。方法收集中国120个市(县)级医院、研究单位及高等院校27 669例健康成年人心电图QT间期离散度。运用相关分析方法研究其与海拔(X1)、年日照时数(X2)、年平均气温(X3)、年平均相对湿度(X4)、年降水量(X5)、气温年较差(X6)、年平均风速(X7)、表土黏粒百分率(X8)、表土有机质含量(X9)、表土(粉土)阳离子交换量(X10)的关系。结果成年人心电图QT间期离散度正常参考值与地理因素之间有显著的相关性。多元线性回归分析的方法建立成年人心电图QT间期离散度正常参考值与地理因素的回归模型:ˇY=40.10-0.005 784X5-0.320 7X6+0.105 2X8+4.681X9±4.34,并用ArcGIS10.0软件中的插值法内插出中国成年人心电图QT间期离散度正常参考值的分布图。结论知道中国某地的地理要素,就可用此模型估算该地区成年人心电图QT间期离散度正常参考值,也可用空间分布图直观得到中国任何地方的成年人心电图QT间期离散度正常参考值。     

老年男性血小板计数与地理环境的因子分析

目的 通过研究老年男性(60～ 89岁)血小板计数与中国环境要素之间的相关性,为制定中国老年男性血小板计数临床检验提供科学依据.方法 收集中国100多个省市单位测定的健康老年男性血小板计数13 499例.运用SPSS1 7.0进行主成分分析和回归分析,研究其与中国环境要素之间的关系.结果 通过运算得出老年男性血小板计数与中国环境要素之间有显著的相关关系(F=3.527,P=0.013),并推导出一个回归方程:Y=117.45-0.011 5X1 +0.014 9X2 +0.902X3-0.047 4X4 +0.007 96X5 +0.547X6 +4.821X7.Y是老年男性血小板参考值(×109/L),X1是海拔高度(m)、X2是年日照时数(h)、X3是年平均气温(℃),X4是年平均相对湿度(％)、X5是年降水量(mm)、X6是气温年较差(℃)、X7是年平均风速(m/s),0.994是剩余标准差,并且通过计算所得的预测值与实测值拟合程度较好.结论 如果知道了某地的地理要素值,就可以利用回归方程估算出中国任何地方的老年男性血小板计数参考值.     

老年男性血浆黏度与地理环境的因子分析

目的探讨老年男性血浆黏度与地理因素的关系。方法收集了中国181个单位测定的8 976例健康老年男性血浆黏度值,运用因子分析与回归分析的方法,研究其与地理因素之间的关系。结果发现老年男性血浆黏度与地理因素之间有很显著相关关系,运用SPSS17.0软件主成分分析与回归分析的方法推导出一个回归方程:Y=1.736+0.000 156X1-0.000 009 10X2-0.001 17X3-0.001 49X4-0.000 027 5X5-0.000 046 1X6-0.030 6X7±0.994,Y是老年男性血浆黏度(map.s),X1是海拔高度(m)、X2是年日照时数(h)、X3是年平均气温(℃),X4是年平均相对湿度(%)、X5是年降水量(mm)、X6是气温年较差(℃)、X7是年平均风速(m/s),0.994是剩余标准差。计算得到的预测值与实测值拟合程度较高。结论如果知道了某地的地理要素值,就可以利用回归方程估算出中国任何地方的老年男性血浆黏度参考值。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.