五味与五脏归经关系探讨

以《中药大辞典》为依据,用电子计算机建立数据库来分析五味与五脏的关系,再结合五味的主要功效,认为辛味主入肝、脾、肺经,苦味的主要功效,认为闹事示主入肝、脾、肺经,苦味主入肝经,甘味主入肝、脾经,酸味主入肝、脾、肺经,咸味主入肝、肾经,与传统认识的五味入五脏有所不同;所有药物总的倾向入肝经,还认为心欲甘、苦,肝欲苦、甘,脾欲甘、辛,肾欲甘,而不同于《素问》心欲苦,肺欲辛,肝欲酸,脾欲甘,肾欲碱。     

五味消渴方治疗糖尿病机理探析

目的:探讨五味消渴方治疗糖尿病立方机理。方法:从五味消渴方的由来、组成及配伍特点、药物五味五性理论、五味补泻理论等方面归纳总结。结果:《灵枢》言:"五脏皆柔弱者,善病消瘅",指出"五脏柔弱"为消渴(糖尿病)的重要病机。《素问》云:"天食人以五气,地食人以五味",五脏精气不足,故当以五味养之。据此在《内经》五行理论指导下,紧密联系"五味"、"五脏",以五味消渴方论治糖尿病,为中医药防治糖尿病提出新的思路。     

试评“五味所入”

“五味所入”又称为“五入”或“五味所合”,是指中药中的辛、甘、苦、酸、咸五种药味分别依次归属于肺、脾、心、肝、肾五脏.“五味所入”最早见于《素问·宣明五气》篇,它是指导中医临证用药、中药归经以及食疗的原则之一,这一原则自先秦战国时期提出后,历代相传,至今仍受到中医药界的重     

刍议《黄帝内经》中的“浊阴走五脏”和“此受五脏浊气”

"浊阴走五脏""此受五脏浊气"分别出自《素问·阴阳应象大论》和《素问·五脏别论》。"浊阴走五脏""此受五脏浊气"都与五脏有关,存在关联性。联系《内经》其他篇章内容,认为"浊阴走五脏"中的浊阴广义指营养物质,狭义指五味;而"此受五脏浊气"中的浊气具有精微物质、代谢产物、病理性产物、邪气、失常的气机、七情过度等含义。     

《内经》饮食保健思想探幽

一、饮食五味,生命之本《素问·生气通天论》云“阴之所生,本在五味”,说明饮食五味乃人体生命活动的物质基础、人体气血阴阳化生之源。《内经》认为,饮食五味与五脏功能攸切相关,谷、肉、果、菜虽食之入胃,然其五味又各归所喜、各有所入,以养五脏。如《素问·至真要大论》云:“夫五味入胃,各归所喜,故酸先入肝,苦先入心,甘先入脾,辛先     

《内经》五味补泻学说探析

《内经》指出五味的基本性能是“辛散、酸收、甘缓、苦坚、咸软”,其所以不明言补泻者,盖《内经》认为五味皆可补泻,其补泻之义也远在补虚泻实常理之外,本文愿就此从四个方面探求五味与补泻的关系,谬误之处,恳请同仁斧正。一、五味太过不及定补泻饮食、药物皆秉五味,五味可因脏腑“五欲”之不同而各归所喜,它们分别是“心欲苦,肺欲辛,肝欲酸,脾欲甘,肾欲咸”。《素问·阴阳应象大论》又说:“酸生肝,苦生心,甘生脾,辛生肺,咸生肾”。无疑在生理状况下,各味总是根据五脏之所欲而编入其相应的脏腑,以养五脏六气,此为“物化之常”(素问·至真要大论)。故《素问·六节脏象论》说:“五味入口,藏于肠胃,味有所藏,以养五气,气和而生,津液相成,神乃自生”。不言而喻,在五味不及的情况下,投以五脏所欲之味,即是补。但五味不可太过,过     

“五脏苦欲补泻”用药法则在仲景经方中的体现——经方“五脏五味补泻”用药范例

缪希雍《神农本草经疏》称"五脏苦欲补泻,乃用药第一义"。此用药之法,为历代医家所重视。本文以《素问·藏气法时论篇》为依据,梳理《伤寒论》及《金匮要略》经方"五脏五味补泻"用药范例,以期更好地继承和发扬仲景学术,启迪临证组方用药思路,提高临床疗效。     

略论《内经》"谨和五味"养生观

1 饮食五味对人体作用的双重性 《素问·生气通天论》曰:"阴之所生,本在五味,阴之五宫,伤在五味."说明饮食五味对人体具有"养"和"伤"的双重作用:一方面饮食五味化生精微,人养五脏,滋养机体,可养正;另一方面,饮食五味失调,非但无益于机体,反而偏助脏气,损伤五脏,使阴阳失衡,可导致疾病发生,久之亦可招致早衰.     

略谈五味中的辛润苦坚

中药的性味学说是中药性能中的一个重要内容、它是古代医药学家在长期临床实践中归纳总结出来的。药物的性味．通常即指四性和五味。所谓四性、即指寒、热、温、凉四种不同的药性。五味．即指辛、甘、酸、苦、咸五种不同的药味。中药的运用主要是以四性五味来阐明药物的功效和主治。因此性味学说这部分内容是学习《中药学》的重点内容。其中对于五味中的幸能润、苦能坚这两个问题较难理解．这也可说是学习《中药学》总论部分的难点之一．在此笔者略述己见。对于辛润苦坚之说,早在《内经》就有记载,《素问·脏气法时论：篇指出：肾苦燥,急…     

《黄帝内经》五味养生防病理论探析

五味是古人对食物与药物从“味”的角度进行概括与分类,以说明其功用及对人体生理病理的影响,并藉此指导人们养生与防病。五味包括酸、苦、甘、辛、咸五类,实际上还有淡味。《黄帝内经》在叙述五味的功用的同时,常按五行学说将五味分属五脏,进一步说明五味对人体生理病理的影响。《黄帝内经》中关于五味的论述十分丰富,涉及面也十分广泛,今对其相关论述,尤其是在养生防病方面的论述,作如下探析。《黄帝内经》中关于五味的论述,最先见于《素问·生气通天论》中,其云:“阴之所生,本在五味;阴之五宫,伤在五味。”是说味相对于气(性),主要作用是…     

Influence of Scalp Point-through-point Acupuncture on 200 kDa Neurofilament Protein in Rats with Acute Cerebral Infarction

目的研究头穴透刺对急性脑梗死大鼠神经丝蛋白-200(NF-200)的影响,探讨针刺对脑梗死大鼠神经可塑性影响的机制.方法将健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组(A组)、模型组(B组)、针刺组(C组).通过建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型(MCAO),用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法,测定以上各组在7 d、14 d、28 d不同时间点NF200 mRNA变化情况.结果头穴透刺组脑组织NF-200的表达与假手术组、造模组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而在不同时间窗内头穴透刺组,模型组与假手术组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).表明头穴透刺可以促进脑组织神经丝蛋白-200的表达.结论头穴透刺能够提高脑缺血后神经功能,促进肢体功能恢复,增加神经丝蛋白-200的表达,发挥对脑组织神经细胞可塑性的调节作用.     

Acupuncture treatment for Subacute Non-specific Low Back Pain-A Retrospective Cohort Study in the Role of the Back Exercise in Acupuncture Services for Low Back Pain Sufferers

目的研究腰部的锻炼方法与针刺疗效的内在关系,以揭示部分腰痛病人针灸治疗恢复较慢的原因.方法采用回顾性调查研究方法.70例被诊断为腰痛的患者按顺序性抽样方法分为两组.观察组44例采用针刺治疗加锻炼的方法,对照组26例仅针刺治疗.根据针刺治疗后1年内的复发率比较两组间的差异.结果与结论背部锻炼是一个危险因素,它和腰痛的频繁发作有关.而针刺治疗是一种对亚急性非特异性腰痛的有效治疗方案.     

Clinical Observation on Treatment of Cervical Spondylosis with Combined Acupuncture and Cupping Therapies

目的观察针刺结合拔罐治疗颈椎病的临床疗效.方法针罐组(30例)采用针刺结合拔罐治疗,针刺组(30例)采用单纯针刺治疗,治疗30天观察疗效.结果两组治愈率、总有效率、半年后复发率、平均疗程经χ2检验P＜0.01两组有显著性差异.结论针刺结合拔罐治疗颈椎病疗效好,疗程短,不易复发.     

The effect of Nigella sativa alone, and in combination with dexamethasone, on tracheal muscle responsiveness and lung inflammation in sulfur mustard exposed guinea pigs

Ethnomedical relevance

The anti-inflammatory activity of both systemic and local administrations of essential oil from Nigella sativa L. has been shown.

Aim of the study

Therefore, the effect of Nigella sativa on tracheal responsiveness (TR) and lung inflammation of sulfur mustard (SM) exposed guinea pigs was examined.

Materials and methods

Guinea pigs were exposed to diluent solution (control group), inhaled SM (SME group), SME treated with Nigella sativa (SME + N), SME treated with dexamethasone (SME + D) and SME treated with both drugs (SME + N + D), (n = 7 for each group). TR to methacholine, total white blood cell (WBC) and differential WBC count of lung lavage, and serum cytokines were measured 14 days post-exposure.

Results

The values of TR, eosinophil, monocyte, lymphocyte, interleukine-4 (IL-4) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) of SME group were significantly higher than those of controls (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). The TR in SME + N, SME + D and SME + N + D was significantly lower compared to that of SME group (p < 0.01 for all cases). The percentage of eosinophil in SME + D, and the percentage of monocyte in SME + N + D (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01) were significantly lower than those in SME group. The neutrophil number was decreased in SME + N and SME + N + D groups compared to SME animals (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01). IL-4 levels in serum of SME + N (p < 0.01), SME + D (p < 0.05), SME + N + D (p < 0.01) and IFN-γ in SME + N (p < 0.05) were greater than those in SME animals.

Conclusions

These results showed a preventive effect of Nigella sativa on TR and lung inflammation of SM exposed guinea pigs.     

川芎嗪、阿魏酸和延胡索乙素在模型与正常大鼠体内药动学比较研究

目的探讨川芎、延胡索中主要活性成分在模型与正常大鼠体内药动学规律与差异。方法 SD大鼠分为对照组和子宫内膜异位症模型组,每组8只,各组均按川芎嗪50mg/kg、阿魏酸30mg/kg、延胡索乙素20mg/kg ig给药,采用高效液相色谱法测定各组大鼠血浆中川芎嗪、阿魏酸和延胡索乙素的质量浓度,DAS2.0程序计算药动学参数。结果模型组川芎嗪药时曲线下面积(AUC_(0~t))、达峰浓度(C_(max))、达峰时间(t_(max))、半衰期(t_(1/2))和平均驻留时间(MRT_(0~t))与对照组相比差异均不显著(P0.05);模型组阿魏酸AUC_(0~t)、C_(max)、t_(max)都小于对照组,但差异没有显著性(P0.05),t_(1/2)、MRT_(0~t)显著小于对照组(P0.05);模型组延胡索乙素AUC_(0~t)、t_(max)、MRT_(0~t)均显著大于对照组(P0.05)。结论川芎、延胡索主要活性成分在正常大鼠和模型大鼠的体内过程有所不同。阿魏酸在模型大鼠体内消除更快,延胡索乙素在模型大鼠体内吸收浓度更高、消除更慢,川芎嗪在正常及模型大鼠的体内过程无显著性差异。     

Bacopa monnieri and its constituents is hypotensive in anaesthetized rats and vasodilator in various artery types

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) provides traditional cognitive treatments possibly reflecting improved cerebral hemodynamics. Little is known about the cardiovascular actions of Brahmi. We sought to assess its effects on blood pressure and on isolated arteries, thus providing insights to clinical applications.

Materials and methods

Intravenous Brahmi (20-60 mg/kg) was tested on arterial blood pressure and heart rate of anaesthetized rats. In vitro vasorelaxation was assessed in arteries, with and without blockers of nitric oxide synthase (L-NAME), cyclooxygenase (indomethacin), and mechanical de-endothelialisation. The effects of Brahmi on Ca²⁺ influx and release from stores were investigated.

Results

Intravenous Brahmi extract (20-60 mg/kg) decreased systolic and diastolic pressures without affecting heart rate. Brahmi evoked relaxation in isolated arteries in order of potency: basilar (IC50 = 102 ± 16 μg/ml) > mesenteric (171 ± 31) > aortae (213 ± 68) > renal (IC50 = 375 ± 51) > tail artery (494 ± 93) > femoral arteries (>1000 μg/ml). Two saponins, bacoside A3 and bacopaside II, had similar vasodilator actions (IC50 = 8.3 ± 1.7 and 19.5 ± 6.3 μM). In aortae, without endothelium or in L-NAME (10-4 M), Brahmi was less potent (IC50 = 213 ± 68 to 2170 ± 664 and 1192 ± 167 μg/ml, respectively); indomethacin (10-5 M) was ineffective. In tail artery, Brahmi inhibited K⁺-depolarization induced Ca²⁺ influx and Ca²⁺ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum by phenylephrine (10-5 M) or caffeine (20 mM).

Conclusions

Brahmi reduces blood pressure partly via releasing nitric oxide from the endothelium, with additional actions on vascular smooth muscle Ca²⁺ homeostasis. Some Brahmi ingredients could be efficacious antihypertensives and the vasodilation could account for some medicinal actions.     

小儿清瘟解热颗粒的解热抗炎镇痛作用

目的:研究小儿清瘟解热颗粒的解热、抗炎及镇痛作用。方法:选取Wistar大鼠,日本大耳白兔,分别采用ih酵母致大鼠发热模型,采用内毒素致家兔发热模型,观察小儿清瘟解热颗粒的解热作用;选取KM小鼠,采用醋酸致小鼠扭体及热板刺激观察小儿清瘟镇痛反应;ICR小鼠,SD大鼠通过小儿清瘟解热颗粒对二甲苯所致耳肿胀,小鼠毛细血管通透性,大鼠后肢足跖炎症性肿胀的影响观察其抗炎作用。结果:小儿清瘟解热颗粒3.92 g·kg-1及15.68 g·kg-1于给药3 h能显著降低家兔肛温差值(P0.05,P0.01),3.78~30.24 g·kg-1于给药4 h能显著降低大鼠肛温(P0.05,P0.01)。小儿清瘟颗粒43.68 g·kg-1显著减少小鼠扭体次数(P0.05),10.92,21.84 g·kg-1于给药2 h能显著提高小鼠痛阈值(P0.05)。小儿清瘟解热颗粒5.46~43.68 g·kg-1连续给药3 d显著减轻二甲苯所致小鼠右耳肿胀度(P0.01),7.56 g·kg-1组于给药1 h显著降低足肿胀度(P0.05),15.12 g·kg-1组于给药0.5,2,4 h显著降低足肿胀度(P0.05,P0.01),30.24 g·kg-1组于给药0.5~4 h显著降低足肿胀度(P0.05,P0.01),小儿清瘟解热颗粒43.68 g·kg-1组腹腔冲洗液吸光度值显著低于模型组(P0.05)。结论:小儿清瘟解热颗粒具有解热、抗炎及镇痛作用。     

基于单向灌流法的葛根素羧甲基壳聚糖微球肠吸收特性研究

目的考察葛根素羧甲基壳聚糖微球的在体肠吸收特性。方法采用大鼠在体单向灌流法,以HPLC法测定葛根素的量,分别考察不同灌流体积流量、药物质量浓度、肠段对药物吸收的影响,并对比了葛根素原料药及载药微球的吸收特性。结果灌流体积流量对葛根素的吸收速率常数(Ka)和表观渗透系数(Papp)有显著性影响(P0.05);葛根素的质量浓度对Ka和Papp无显著性影响(P0.05);葛根素在空肠和回肠的Ka和Papp无显著性差异,但均显著大于在十二指肠处的值(P0.05);载药微球在空肠的Ka和Papp值显著高于葛根素原料药(P0.05)。结论葛根素羧甲基微球中葛根素的吸收机制为被动扩散,其在空肠和回肠段吸收较好,羧甲基壳聚糖作为载体能显著提高葛根素的吸收。     

Endothelium-independent relaxation and contraction of rat aorta induced by ethyl acetate extract from leaves of Morus alba (L.)

Aim of the study

Based on screening for vasoactive traditional Chinese medicinal herbs, the present study was performed to investigate the vasoactive effects of an ethyl acetate extract from leaves of Morus alba (L.) (ELM) on rat thoracic aorta and the mechanisms underlying these effects.

Materials and methods

Isolated rat thoracic rings were mounted in an organ bath system and the effects of ELM on their responses were evaluated.

Results

ELM (0.125–32.000 g/l) induced a concentration-dependent relaxation (P < 0.01 vs. control) both in endothelium-intact and -denuded aortas precontracted by high K⁺ (6 × 10⁻² M) or 10⁻⁶ M phenylephrine (PE). In endothelium-denuded aortas, ELM at the EC₅₀ concentration reduced Ca²⁺-induced contraction (P < 0.01 vs. control) after PE or KCl had generated a stable contraction in Ca²⁺-free solution. And after incubation with verapamil, ELM induced contraction in endothelium-denuded aortas precontracted by PE (P < 0.01 vs. control); this was abolished by ruthenium red (P < 0.01 vs. ELM-treated endothelium-denuded group; P > 0.05 vs. control), but not by heparin (P > 0.01 vs. ELM-treated endothelium-denuded group; P < 0.01 vs. control).

Conclusions

The results showed that ELM had dual vasoactive effects, and the relaxation was greater than the contraction. The relaxation was mediated by inhibition of voltage- and receptor-dependent Ca²⁺ channels in vascular smooth muscle cells, while the contraction occurred via activation of ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.     

5种黄连生物碱大鼠体外肝代谢特征比较

目的 探讨黄连中5种结构相似异喹啉生物碱大鼠体外肝代谢的选择性。方法 采用大鼠体外肝微粒体温孵方法,通过考察温孵时间、微粒体蛋白浓度以及底物浓度对小檗碱、巴马汀、黄连碱、表小檗碱和药根碱代谢的影响,求得代谢反应动力学参数K_m、V_max和CL_int。结果 5种黄连生物碱成分的体外肝代谢动力学参数K_m和CL_int间差异明显（P＜0.05）。结论 黄连中5种异喹啉生物碱大鼠体外肝代谢存在显著选择性。