Treatment of lower ureteral calculi with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

A group of 70 patients presenting with stones in the lower third of the ureter was treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy using a Dornier HM3 lithotriptor. For adequate radiological stone visualization a sitting position was used in 68 patients, while 2 with calculi overlying the sacroiliac joint required placement in the prone position. All but 1 patient had additional endoscopic maneuvers before treatment, consisting of the passage of a Zeiss sling around the stone in 40 and, when this was not possible, a ureteral stent in 29. The over-all success rate was 94.2 per cent (66 of 70 patients) with 3 patients having retained fragments and 1 requiring an open operation. The combination of new positioning techniques and relatively simple endoscopic maneuvers makes treatment of lower ureteral stones feasible and safe with the Dornier lithotriptor.     

输尿管镜治疗输尿管结石185例

目的探讨输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石的效果。方法2004年2月～2005年3月，我们对185例输尿管结石（其中伴肾绞痛96例）采用输尿管镜取石或气压弹道碎石进行总结和分析。结果失败12例，其中6例改开放手术，6例术后3d行体外冲击波碎石。一次碎石成功率93．5％（173／185），其中上段结石为75．0％（24／32），中段为95．8％（46／48），下段为98．1％（103／105）。肾绞痛者成功率为100％（96／96）。术中输尿管损伤率2．9％（5／173），其中3例（1．7％）中转开放手术。术后肾绞痛1例。全组随访6～12个月，平均10．2月，无复发。结论输尿管镜气压弹道碎石安全有效，并发症少，是治疗输尿管中下段结石的首选方法，尤其对肾绞痛者疗效更好。     

应用输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石

目的：探讨输尿管肾镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石的临床疗效。方法：1999年11月--2003年2月，采用输尿管肾镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石189例。结果：189例输尿管结石中，183例一次碎石成功，成功率96．8％(183／189)，6例进镜困难(其中l例输尿管穿孔)，改开放手术。随访lO天--3月，平均1．3月，2月内结石排净率为99．4％(182／183)。结论：此碎石方法安全，效果确切，损伤小，痛苦小，可作为输尿管结石的首选治疗方法。     

Treatment of ureteral calculi by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

We reviewed 465 cases of ureteral calculi treated at J?m? Urological Hospital using a Dornier HM3 lithotripter during the period from October 1985 to February 1989. The 336 men and 122 women ranged from 11 to 78 years old with a mean age of 42.2. The stone size ranged from 4 mm to 30 mm with a mean length of 10.6 mm. Complete stone elimination by ESWL was achieved in 431 of the 465 cases (92.7%). The success rate was best for stones in the lower ureter, which was 98.1 per cent (53/54). For upper and mid ureteral calculi it was 92.4 per cent (363/393) and 83.3 per cent (15/18), respectively. ESWL after push up made 100 per cent (30/30) of patients completely free of stones, while ESWL after bypass 93.0 percent (106/114) and ESWL in situ 91.9 per cent (295/321). The rate of residual stone increases in proportion to the age of patients. Minor side effects such as fever and pain were observed. Our results suggest that ESWL currently is the first therapeutic option for the majority of ureteral calculi.     

Treatment of prevesical ureteral calculi by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Since August 1985 extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy has been performed in 39 patients with prevesical ureteral stones, including 3 with steinstrasse after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of kidney stones. Female patients less than 40 years old were excluded because of the theoretical possibility of harm to the ovary by shock waves. Via a modified technique with the patient in a flat position, x-rays and shock waves enter through the foramen obturatum. High total power (high number of shocks and high kilovoltage) led to complete stone disintegration and a success rate of 95 per cent was achieved. While ureterorenoscopy should be more restricted, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is the method of choice for the treatment of distal ureteral stones.     

双频双脉冲激光碎石治疗输尿管结石的效果

目的：探讨新型双频双脉冲激光治疗输尿管结石疗效。方法：总结150例输尿管镜下双频双脉冲激光碎石经验。男94例，女56例；平均年龄42岁。结石位于输尿管上段48例，中段35例，下段64例。合并另一侧多枚结石者3例。结果：150例患者一次碎石成功136例(90．6％)，1周结石排净131例(96．3％)。上段碎石失败9例中，二期行ESWL治疗5例；输尿管成角扭曲改开放手术2例，碎石中发生输尿管穿孔2例。中下段失败5例，其中碎石不完全1例，尿酸性结石未能粉碎1例，输尿管镜操作失败改开放手术3例。患者术后均出现轻重不等的肉眼血尿。无发热，脓肾病例。平均手术时间32min，平均激光工作时间3．3min。术后平均住院2．5d。结论：双频双脉冲激光是一种功能单一、操作简单、安全、对软组织损伤小，碎石高效的激光。可作为输尿管结石不宜行ESWL治疗或：ESWL治疗失败后的一种选择方法。     

Treatment of ureteral calculi with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy using the Lithostar device

Shock wave requirements for fragmentation and the ultimate outcome after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) with the Lithostar device were analyzed in 107 renal units with solitary ureteral calculi. In situ treatment was done in 54 stones without prior manipulation and in 15 after failure of endoscopic manipulation. A total of 25 ureteral calculi was treated after bypass with a ureteral catheter or stent and 13 after push back to the pelvicaliceal system. Shock wave requirement for fragmentation was significantly higher for calculi of 101 to 400 mm. X mm. when compared with the requirement for smaller calculi. Shock wave requirement was also significantly higher for patients with similar sized stones treated in the prone compared to the supine position. The average number of shock waves required for disintegration was not significantly different among in situ or any of the manipulation categories of similar sized stone populations. Over-all satisfactory clearance was achieved in 77.5% of the treated ureteral calculi. Clearance status was unaffected by size up to 400 mm. X mm. and the position of the patient during treatment (prone or supine). Clearance of ureteral stones treated in situ without prior manipulation (76.5%) was numerically inferior, although statistically insignificant, to that for successfully manipulated calculi (bypassed 88% and pushed back 92.3%) but it was significantly better than the outcome obtained after failed manipulation (46.2%). ESWL with the Lithostar device is a successful mode of treatment within the entire ureteral length, and a vigorous attempt at push back before lithotripsy is unnecessary.     

腔内气压弹道碎石治疗双侧输尿管结石致肾后性肾衰25例

目的　探讨双侧输尿管结石致肾后性肾功能衰竭的治疗措施。方法　对 2 5例双侧输尿管结石致肾后性肾功能衰竭患者采用经输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗 ,回顾性分析其治疗效果。结果　 2 5例患者碎石均获成功 ,2 4例痊愈出院 ,1例仍有氮质血症。 1例出现肉眼血尿 ,2d后自然消失 ,无尿瘘、输尿管穿孔等并发症。结论　经输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术是治疗双侧输尿管结石致肾后性肾功能衰竭比较理想和简单的治疗方法。     

Treatment of ureteral calculi by extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. UCLA experience

One hundred sixteen patients underwent extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for ureteral stones. In 108 patients, the stones were manipulated pre-ESWL whereas 8 patients underwent ESWL without prior stone manipulation. Ureteral lubrication using a 2% Xylocaine jelly solution greatly facilitated the retrograde advancement of the calculus or the passage of ureteral catheters alongside the stone. ESWL disintegrated all but 4 stones for an overall success rate of 96.6 per cent. It is considered that the combination of retrograde ureteral stone repositioning and ESWL is a highly successful alternative in the management of ureteral calculi.     

Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy of distal ureteral calculi

To date, the use of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) has been limited to renal calculi and ureteral calculi above the pelvic brim. Modifying the position of the patient on the support of the Dornier lithotripter HM3, we were able to localize and treat distal ureteral calculi. Until April 1986, 43 patients with stones in the lower ureter underwent contact-free lithotripsy. Treatment was successful in 39 patients (90%), 2 of these requiring 2 sessions. In 4 patients treatment failed and stone removal was accomplished using ureteroscopy or open surgery. No complications or adverse side effects were encountered in the whole series. ESWL is now the method of choice for the treatment of distal ureteral calculi in our department.     

Local shock-wave lithotripsy of distal ureteral calculi

Since the initiation of the clinical trial utilizing a second-generation lithotripor (Lithostar, Siemens, Erlangen, FRG), 96 patients with distal ureteral calculi (i.e. calculi below the pelvic brim) underwent local shock-wave lithotripsy. Routine treatment was conducted under intravenous sedation and light analgesia only. Complete stone disintegration was achieved in 84 patients (87.5%), 11 requiring two sessions and 1 patient, three. In 7 patients ureteroscopy became necessary after unsuccessful local shock-wave treatment. In 2 of these patients a 9-french flexible ureteroscope and the Storz Q-switched neodymium-YAG laser was used for stone disintegration. In 3 cases loop extraction and in 2 cases open surgery had to be performed for definitive stone removal. All pre- and postoperative manipulations (except open surgery) were done on the Lithostar. Local shock-wave lithotripsy is a highly successful, noninvasive, time-saving and easily applicable technique. It has become our primary approach in the treatment of distal ureteral calculi.     

Ultrasonic and electrohydraulic lithotripsy of ureteral calculi

Ultrasonic lithotripsy of ureteral calculi has been accomplished using a fine flexible ultrasonic probe under direct visual control through a 9-F rigid ureteroscope. Electrohydraulic ureterolithotripsy was performed by passing a 5-F catheter-electrode cystoscopically under fluoroscopic control. Case reports are presented. It is concluded that ultrasonic ureterolithotripsy, using the technique described, is a feasible and safe method. Although stone fragmentation by electrohydraulic ureterolithotripsy is possible, the danger of ureteral injury and urinary extravasation is appreciable.     

Electrohydraulic lithotripsy of renal and ureteral calculi

Electrohydraulic lithotripsy was used to manage 45 upper tract calculi (23 renal and 22 ureteral stones) in 40 patients. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy successfully fragmented 91% of the calculi. All ureteral fragments cleared; in 2 patients with renal calculi solitary 4 mm. stone fragments remained. There were no intraoperative or long-term complications directly related to the use of electrohydraulic lithotripsy in the upper urinary tract. We conclude that intrarenal and intraureteral electrohydraulic lithotripsy is a safe, effective, inexpensive means to perform intracorporeal lithotripsy.     

输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石(附154例报告)

目的探讨输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石的疗效。方法2002年5月～2005年5月，我院采用Wolf F8/9.8硬性输尿管镜和气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石154例。结果154例输尿管结石中，141例治疗成功，成功率91．6％（141／154），上段、中段、下段输尿管结石的治疗成功率分别为60．0％（12／20）、93．3％（42／45）和97．8％（87／89），术中并发症发生率2．6％（4／154），其中黏膜下假道和输尿管穿孔各2例，均放置双J管引流治愈。术后1个月无石率为95．7％（135／141）。125例随访3～6个月，平均4．2月，无复发及输尿管狭窄。结论输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石安全、微创、效果确切，是治疗输尿管中下段结石的首选方法。     

经尿道输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石

目的探讨输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石的疗效。方法输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石56例，尿管上段结石3例，中段结石32例，下段结石21例中结石位于左侧30例，右侧25例，双侧1例。结果56例输尿管结石粉碎53例（94．6％），1例结石移动至肾盂未完成手术，1例置镜失败而改行开放手术，1例发生输尿管下段穿孔，经放置双J管内引流后改行ESWL治疗。30例（53．6％）术后有肉眼或镜下血尿，所有病例无尿路感染、输尿管黏膜剥脱、撕裂及狭窄等严重并发症。结论输尿管镜直视下气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石，疗效确切、安全、组织损伤小，并发症少，可作为输尿管中段和下段结石的首选治疗方法。     

输尿管硬镜钬激光治疗输尿管结石

目的:通过分析输尿管硬镜钬激光输尿管结石的治疗效果,评价其临床应用价值。方法:应用WolfF8/9.8输尿管硬镜,德国Wavelight Auriga钬激光治疗仪,365～600μm光纤,激光能量500～1 200mJ,频率5～12Hz治疗406例输尿管结石患者,随防1～30个月,分析总结治疗效果。结果:除9例输尿管镜检查时结石回流入肾内,无法碎石,10例因输尿管结石远端狭窄,输尿管镜未能到达结石部位改其它方法治疗,余病人均一次成功。手术时间8～63min,平均21min。术后合并症有血尿304例,多3天内消失,最长1例血尿13天;尿痛316例,1～6天消失;发热18例,多3天后正常。术后放置双J管14～150天,平均30天。4例肾内结石行体外冲击波碎石(ESWL)。结石排净率上段89.29%(100/112),中段95.10%(136/143),下段98.68%(149/151)。结论:输尿管硬镜钬激光治疗输尿管结石创伤小,效果好,采用高频率低能量可降低上段输尿管结石返流肾内的的发生率。