压力性尿失禁发病机制研究进展

压力性尿失禁(SUI)是中老年女性常见病,对患者的生活造成了巨大影响.目前SUI的确切发病机制不完全清楚,过去的经典理论包括压力传导理论、整体理论、吊床假说.近年来大量研究发现,细胞外基质的降解、氧化损伤、雌激素水平降低、一氧化氮、血管活性肠肽、垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽水平改变以及遗传因素均在SUI的发生发展中起着重要作...     

女性压力性尿失禁的神经学研究

压力性尿失禁（SUI）是女性常见疾病之一,影响女性生活质量。目前认为盆底神经损伤可能是SUI的主要发病机制之一。正常女性下尿道通过体神经、交感神经和副交感神经支配,经相关神经递质调节尿道括约肌收缩。第二产程延长、巨大儿、年龄及医源性因素等都可造成神经损伤,影响神经反射传导,致使盆底肌群萎缩,从而引发SUI。盆底肌锻炼和电磁刺激治疗都是常用的非手术治疗方法,而有关去甲肾上腺素（NA）和5羟色胺再摄取抑制剂（SNRI）的研究为临床治疗开辟了新的方向。     

压力性尿失禁问卷评分对女性压力性尿失禁诊断的价值

目的:探讨压力性尿失禁问卷评分(SS)对女性压力性尿失禁(SUI)的诊断价值。方法:对我院妇科确诊为压力性尿失禁的44例患者进行压力性尿失禁问卷评分,分析1小时尿垫实验(1HPTV)与SS之间的相关性。结果:1HPTV与SS之间有相关性;Lg[1HPTV]与SS之间有非常明显相关性。SS评分对于中度SUI诊断的敏感性为70.0%,特异性为76.5%;对于诊断重度SUI患者,SS评分诊断的敏感性为75.0%,特异性为91.7%。身高、体重、年龄和Lg[1HPTV]是影响SS的主要因素。结论:SS是协助临床诊断女性压力性尿失禁的简捷、经济、无创、准确的一种新方法。     

压力性尿失禁的注射治疗

压力性尿失禁治疗方法众多,一般分为手术和非手术两类,手术治疗常用于重度尿失禁患者,膀胱颈悬吊术或尿道中段悬吊术通过改变膀胱颈和尿道的角度或尿道中段悬吊,可以取得较好的治疗效果,但其创伤相对较大,术后可出现尿潴留等症状。对于轻中度患者可首先使用非手术治疗,非手术治疗包括盆底肌肉锻炼、电刺激、药物治疗、注射     

女性压力性尿失禁的神经学研究

压力性尿失禁(SUI)是女性常见疾病之一,影响女性生活质量.目前认为盆底神经损伤可能是SUI的主要发病机制之一.正常女性下尿道通过体神经、交感神经和副交感神经支配,经相关神经递质调节尿道括约肌收缩.第二产程延长、巨大儿、年龄及医源性因素等都可造成神经损伤,影响神经反射传导,致使盆底肌群萎缩,从而引发SUI.盆底肌锻炼和电磁刺激治疗都是常用的非手术治疗方法,而有关去甲肾上腺素(NA)和5羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SNRI)的研究为临床治疗开辟了新的方向.     

146例压力性尿失禁患者的发病相关因素分析

目的对妇产科门诊压力性尿失禁（stress urinary incontinence，SUI）患者进行压力性尿失禁发病相关因素分析。方法对2005年1月~2005年2月在河南省郑州大学第一附属医院妇产科门诊进行B超检查的2500例体检者抽样调查349例，对其中发现的146例SUI患者进行相关因素分析。其中27例进行膀胱尿道B超影像检查。结果无明显器质性病变患者103例中，女性SUI发病率随年龄增加而增加，在14-20岁、21-40岁、40-87岁三个年龄阶段，SUI发病率分别为12.5%（1/8）、20.8%（10/48）、76.6%（36/47），三者比较显著性差异（P=0.000）。60例已生育患者（45.0±10.7）岁受检者中，经阴道顺产54例，发现SUI36例，占66.7%（36/54），剖宫产6例，仅发现1例SUI，占16.7%（1/6），两者相比差异有显著性（P〈0.027）。64例生育一胎的受检者中，SUI的发病率为37.5%（24/64），41例生育两胎或以上者，SUI的发病率为58.5%（24/41），而70例未生育患者中，SUI的发病率为4.3%（3/70），三者的差别具有统计学意义（P=0.000）。11例子宫脱垂患者全都有SUI。27例尿失禁患者进行了经阴道B超检查，发现16例（59.3%）膀胱充盈后膀胱颈口呈漏斗形改变。结论女性SUI发病率随着年龄的增长而增加；多种妇产科因素如经阴道分娩、多产和子宫脱垂等都与女性SUI密切相关。B超影像学检查可以为正确评估女性SUI提供客观依据。     

压力性尿失禁动物模型研究现状

压力性尿失禁（SUI）等盆底功能障碍性疾病病因研究主要集中在：盆底支持组织生化和形态学结构，盆底支持组织雌激素水平和雌激素受体与SUI与盆底器官膨出（POP）发生的关系，盆底神经肌肉病理生理学在SUI和POP的改变等。实验研究中结合发病机制模拟人类妊娠、难产产伤、绝经后雌激素水平低下、盆底去神经化等建立动物模型，通过尿流动力学指标和组织形态学证实建模可行性。建立更成熟稳定的动物模型，可为临床发病机制、诊断和治疗研究提供新途径。     

女性压力性尿失禁手术治疗进展

女性压力性尿失禁（SUI）手术治愈率高，患者术后生活质量提高明显，是值得花费的治疗。其目的即通过恢复盆底正常的解剖结构，进而达到自主控尿的功能，防止尿失禁的发生。治疗女性SUI手术有多种，不同手术有自身优缺点．近来SUI手术逐渐向微创型发展并取得较好疗效。根据各种术式进展及其疗效对比作一综述。     

女性压力性尿失禁药物治疗的临床疗效分析

目的探讨α受体激动剂与雌激素联合使用,治疗女性压力性尿失禁的临床疗效。方法对Ⅰ～Ⅲ度已绝经的女性压力性尿失禁的患者40例,采用盐酸米多君(α受体激动剂)2.5mg/次,3次/d,利维爱(组织选择性雌激素活性调节剂)1.25mg/d,疗程8周,进行治疗前后对比研究。结果40例患者药物治疗后平均尿失禁量减少13.0g(P<0.01);尿失禁临床程度明显改善,有效率为87.5%,治疗前后比较差异有显著意义(P<0.01);治疗后血E2水平明显升高(P<0.01),用药期间无不良事件发生。结论α受体激素剂和雌激素联合应用,对绝经后Ⅰ、Ⅱ度女性压力性尿失禁患者疗效满意,使用安全,而且丰富了压力性尿失禁的治疗手段。     

Surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women

Stress urinary incontinence is a common problem with 13.6% of women requiring surgery for it in their lifetime. Surgical treatments either create suburethral support or augment urethral closure. Colposuspensions and autologous rectus fascial slings are effective first-line surgical options. The use of midurethral tapes is currently suspended due to concerns with chronic pelvic and vaginal pain.     

Surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women

Stress urinary incontinence is a common problem with 13.6% of women requiring surgery for it in their lifetime. Surgical treatments either create suburethral support or augment urethral closure. Colposuspensions and autologous rectus fascial slings are effective first-line surgical options. The use of midurethral tapes is currently suspended due to concerns with chronic pelvic and vaginal pain.     

The efficacy of venlafaxine in the treatment of women with stress urinary incontinence

Objective  To examine the efficacy of venlafaxine, which is used as an antidepressant, in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Materials and methods  The study was designed as a placebo-controlled, double-blind and randomized clinical study. Patients in Group 1 (n = 20) were administered 75 mg venlafaxine, those in Group 2 (n = 20) were administered placebo for 12 weeks. All the cases were evaluated in terms of weekly incontinence episode frequency (IEF), change in void interval (VI), the Incontinence Quality of Life (I-QOL) in weeks 0, 4, 8 and 12. Additionally, PGI-S was assessed at baseline and was followed by PGI-I evaluations in weeks 4, 8 and 12. Results  Evaluations in weeks 0, 4, 8 and 12 did not show any significant difference in IEF, VI, IQOL and PGI-I values of placebo group (p > 0.05). However, in the patients who were administered venlafaxine declines in IEF and PGI-I values as well as the elevations in VI and IQOL scores showed significant changes parallel to the increasing follow-up period (p < 0.05). Nausea was observed in 40% of cases in venlafaxine group, and 15% of those in placebo group (p < 0.05). Conclusion  It was seen in our study that efficacy of venlafaxine started early and the clinical efficacy associated with the use of the drug continued in the following months. Venlafaxine should be considered a clinically efficient alternative drug in the treatment of SUI.     

Sulfated glycosaminoglycans of the periurethral tissue in women with and without stress urinary incontinence, according to genital prolapse stage

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG) of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in women with and without stress urinary incontinence according to genital prolapse stage. STUDY DESIGN: Periurethral tissue was obtained from 30 women who underwent surgery for urinary incontinence, for pelvic organ prolapse, or for other benign gynecologic conditions. Biopsy specimens were assessed by biochemical methods to characterize and quantify sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Measurements were made of total glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and of heparan sulfate. Data were compared using the t-test. RESULTS: In two groups, dermatan sulfate was the most predominant glycosaminoglycan. Women with stress urinary incontinence had significantly more total sulfated glycosaminoglycans (p<0.05) and dermatan sulfate (p<0.05) than women without stress urinary incontinence. We did not observe any differences in chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate. CONCLUSIONS: Women with stress urinary incontinence showed quantitative and qualitative differences in the biochemical characteristics of the extracellular matrix in periurethral tissue by analysis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans, according to genital prolapse stage.     

Investigation and treatment of urinary incontinence

Female urinary incontinence is a common but underreported condition. Initial investigation and treatment can in most cases be undertaken without urodynamic or other detailed tests. History by the use of validated symptom and quality of life questionnaires is key to the initial investigation. Initial treatment includes pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) regardless of the type of incontinence; lifestyle interventions and bladder retraining, anticholinergics and serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (e.g. duloxetine) are also included depending on the type of symptoms. In mixed incontinence the predominant symptom should be treated first. When this initial treatment is ineffective, further investigation should be offered prior to specialised treatment. Urodynamics should be considered for all patients prior to surgery. Imaging and cystoscopy to exclude pathology, for example in elderly patients with an overactive bladder, are also necessary. Newer surgical interventions should be offered after careful consideration of the risk:benefit ratio for each individual woman and the amount of evidence that is currently available to support their use.     

Tension-free vaginal tape obturator versus Ajust adjustable single incision sling procedure in women with urodynamic stress urinary incontinence

Objective

To assess the efficacy and complications of inside-out transobturator tension-free vaginal tape (TVT-O) in comparison with a single incision sling procedure (Ajust) for the treatment of urodynamic stress urinary incontinence.

Study design

Prospective closely matched controlled study. In total, 171 patients were included in the study: 86 women underwent the TVT-O procedure, while in other 85 cases the Ajust procedure was performed. Subjective and objective cure, improvement and failure rates, mean operative time, hospital stay and incidence of complications were assessed.

Results

There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups for age, body mass index, parity, menopausal status and severity of prolapse. No major intraoperative complications occurred. There was no significant difference in the mean operative time and the duration of hospital stay between the two groups. The mean follow-up time of the study was 22.3 months (range 12–36 months). For the TVT-O group the objective cure rate was 86%, the improvement rate was 5.9% and the failure rate was 8.1%, while the subjective cure rate was 82.6%. For the Ajust group the objective cure rate was 84.7%, the improvement rate was 4.7%, 10.6% of patients showed no change in their symptoms and the subjective cure rate was 81.2%.

Conclusions

The Ajust sling procedure presents success rates, at 22 months’ mean follow up, comparable to the TVT-O method. Both techniques seem to be safe and effective for the treatment of urodynamic stress urinary incontinence.     

Postpartum evaluation of stress urinary incontinence among primiparas

Objective

To assess the prevalence of postpartum stress urinary incontinence (SUI); the relationship between postpartum SUI and mode of delivery; and the association between SUI and other obstetric factors.

Method

In this prospective study, 1000 primiparas with no history of UI were recruited and followed up for 4 months after delivery. The χ² and Fisher's Exact tests were used to calculate the effects of the nominal variables.

Result

The prevalence of postpartum SUI was 14.1%, and the mode of delivery was significantly associated with SUI. The prevalence rates were 15.9% after vaginal delivery, 10.7% after elective cesarean section (CS), and 25% after CS performed for obstructed labor. The prevalence of postpartum SUI was similar following spontaneous vaginal delivery and CS performed for obstructed labor (P = .21). Meanwhile, elective CS with no trial of labor was found to be associated with a significantly lower prevalence of postpartum SUI (P = .01; χ² = 12.42). A maternal body mass index greater than 30 before pregnancy and fetal weight higher than 3000 g appeared to be associated with an increased rate of SUI (P = .001; χ² = 17.6 and P = .000; χ² = 22.5, respectively).

Conclusion

Elective CS significantly reduced the rate of postpartum SUI.     

The effect of previous treatment experience and incontinence severity on the placebo response of stress urinary incontinence

OBJECTIVE: The placebo response associated with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is sizeable but poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between previous treatment experience and baseline urinary incontinence severity with placebo response. STUDY DESIGN: Nine hundred twenty-one women ages 24 to 83 years received placebo in 4 12-week randomized trials evaluating duloxetine for SUI in 16 countries in Africa, Australia, Europe, and North and South America. Incontinence episode frequency (IEF) was calculated before and after randomization with entries from subject-completed real-time diaries. At baseline, subjects reported on their experience with previous continence surgery and with current pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with standardized questions. Analyses included Pearson correlations and the Wilcoxon two-sample test, and were based on intent-to-treat principles. RESULTS: The placebo group averaged 17 IEF per week at baseline. Fifty-five percent of placebo-treated subjects averaged >or=14 IEF/wk, 11.8% had previous continence surgery, and 16.5% currently performed PFMT. The overall median decrease in IEF with placebo was 33%, but ranged from 11% to 57% for individual countries. The placebo response was lower in women with more severe SUI (29.6% vs 36.4%, P=.07), in those who had previous continence surgery (25.0% vs 33.3%, P=.26), and for those using PFMT (23.6% vs 33.3%, P=.02). There was a significant positive correlation (rho=.44; P <.0001) between the placebo response within a country and that country's use rate for PFMT. CONCLUSION: Treatment naivete and less severe incontinence are associated with an increased placebo response in clinical trials for stress urinary incontinence, although this difference was statistically significant only for PFMT.     

Transobturatoric tape procedure for female stress urinary incontinence

To assess the efficacy and safety of the transobturatoric tape (TOT) procedure as a treatment for female stress urinary incontinence (SUI). All patients (n = 191) who underwent TOT between May 2003 and December 2004 were studied retrospectively. The study protocol involved recording of preoperative and perioperative details and postoperative subjective evaluation. The subjective outcome was assessed with two questionnaires at a mean of 20 and 34 months after the operation. The mean operation time of the patients without concomitant procedure was 19 min. The complication rate was low and postoperative recovery quick. The follow-up visit was scheduled 2–3 months after the procedure. The objective outcome assessment was done at the hospital for 50% of the patients, and the other half of the patients were followed up by their own gynecologist. During the follow-up visit (n = 151), 79% of the women were cured: 90% of the patients with genuine SUI and 60% of those with mixed urinary incontinence (MUI). The data of 40 patients was either not available from patients’ private gynecologists or the patients had not undergone a follow-up visit at all. For the first subjective outcome assessment, participating patients (n = 188) received a questionnaire. Three patients had died from unrelated causes during this follow-up. The response rate was 82.4%. Overall, 83.9% of the respondents reported significant improvement, of which 90.5% of the patients had genuine SUI and 70.0% of the patients had MUI, respectively. During the second outcome assessment, the response rate was 85.1% (160/188). At a mean of 34 months postoperatively, 87.5% of the patients reported significant improvement: 94.5% of the patients with genuine SUI and 72.0% of those with MUI. The incontinence operation through the transobturatoric route is a safe and effective treatment, especially for patients with pure SUI. The rate of continence was sustained during a follow-up of 34 months.