2010年泉州市免疫规划儿童免疫接种率调查

目的 了解泉州市当前的免疫规划工作现状和存在问题.方法 采用容量比例概率抽样(PPS)方法,抽取2006-2008年出生的儿童,调查免疫规划疫苗接种率.结果 共调查1 630名适龄儿童,建卡率98.3 %,建证率99.1 %;"五苗"基础免疫接种率均＞98.0 %,全程接种率87.5 %,乙肝首针及时率92.8 % ,...     

鹿城区2015年适龄儿童疫苗接种率调查

目的 掌握鹿城区适龄儿童疫苗接种情况,评估疫苗接种率水平.方法 按容量比例概率抽样法(PPS),抽取辖区30个居委会(村)适龄儿童420人开展接种率调查.结果 调查适龄儿童420人,建证、建卡率及卡证相符率均为100.0％.“五苗”基础免疫单苗接种率均＞90.0％,HepB首针及时接种率为93.3％,“五苗”全程合格接种率89.8％;新增流脑和乙脑疫苗合格接种率分别≥95.0％和＞90％;“七苗”全程合格接种率为89.3％.2013年出生儿童共208人,甲肝疫苗合格接种率91.4％.本地户籍儿童的HepB、DTP合格接种率、“五苗”全程合格接种率、MenA第2剂合格接种率与“七苗”全程合格接种率均高于外地户籍儿童.结论 鹿城区适龄儿童总体合格接种率水平偏低,需进一步加强对传统“五苗”和新增流脑、乙脑疫苗的接种,加强流动儿童疫苗接种的查漏补种.     

2012年门头沟区常住儿童常规免疫接种率调查分析

目的为了解门头沟区常住儿童建证、建卡情况,免疫规划疫苗接种情况,为计划免疫工作策略制定提供依据。方法采用容量比例概率抽样方法抽取30个村,共调查210名适龄儿童,调查儿童建卡、建证和疫苗接种情况,率的比较采用x~2检验。结果共调查210名儿童,建证、建卡、卡证符合率均达到100.00%,各疫苗接种率均达到100.00%。各种疫苗免疫合格率均达到95.00%以上。本市儿童五苗免疫及时率均达到95.00%以上,五苗全程免疫及时率为86.67%;调查外来儿童五苗全程免疫及时率为56.67%,及时率较本市儿童低。结论免疫接种各项评价指标都达到北京市相应要求,应继续加大计划免疫知识的宣传力度,提高儿童家长的预防接种意识,主动参与预防接种工作。     

2011年福建省政和县扩大国家免疫规划疫苗接种率调查

目的 了解福建省政和县2008年实施扩大国家免疫规划方案以来,扩大国家免疫规划疫苗接种情况,并分析影响因素与存在的问题,为改进扩大国家免疫规划工作提供解决思路.方法 采用容量比例概率抽样(PPS)方法,抽取全县2008-2009年出生的儿童入户开展扩大国家免疫规划疫苗接种率调查.结果 调查全县适龄儿童300人,建证率为99.3％,建卡率为98.3％;5苗单苗基础免疫接种率维持在90％以上,其中麻疹疫苗维持在95％以上,5苗全程接种率为89.0％,乙型肝炎疫苗首针及时接种率为97.7％.新扩疫苗基础免疫接种率:A群流行性脑脊髓膜炎疫苗为91.0％,乙型脑炎疫苗为92.0％,7苗全程接种率为82.7％,甲型肝炎疫苗为90.3％.加强疫苗接种率:麻疹疫苗为95.7.0％,百白破疫苗为89.0％,乙型脑炎疫苗为87.3％.结论 该县基础免疫接种率维持在国家、该省指标要求水平以上,但加强免疫接种率除麻疹疫苗外都低于90％,接种率随着儿童月龄增大而降低,免疫规划工作有下滑趋势.     

仪征市2014年儿童免疫规划疫苗接种率调查

目的 了解仪征市2014年适龄儿童免疫规划相关疫苗的接种率.方法 用按容量比例概率抽样(PPS)法,对儿童建卡率、建证率、疫苗接种率和接种及时率进行调查.结果 适龄儿童建证率为99.7％,建卡率为99.4％,其中本地儿童建证率和建卡率均为100％,本地与流动儿童的各类疫苗接种率均＞95.0％,5苗全程合格接种率为95.3％,本地儿童合格接种率(96.9％)高于流动儿童(92.2％).流动儿童的5苗合格接种率、相关疫苗及时接种率均低于本地儿童.不合格接种率为2.3％,主要原因:超期接种(78.0％)、间隔不符(10.3％)和未种(8.5％).结论 仪征市适龄儿童接种率保持在较高水平,但相关疫苗接种及时率和部分疫苗的合格接种率有待提高,对流动儿童的管理仍需进一步加强.     

曲靖市2009年免疫规划接种率调查分析

目的了解目前免疫规划工作现状,找出存在的困难和问题,制订相应工作措施,推进全市免疫规划工作进一步发展。方法按容量比例概率抽样法(PPS法)对全市9个县随机抽取30个村级单位。共调查2006年1月1日-2008年9月30日出生,在该地永久居住和连续居住满3个月以上的儿童5 725人,调查儿童居住地类型构成、接种史提供人构成情况、儿童基本情况、儿童住院分娩情况、预防接种相关情况、疫苗接种情况,用ACCESS2000开发的数据库"儿童接种率调查管理系统"及EXCEL2002进行统计分析。结果全市儿童建证率为97.64%、建卡率为95.53%、住院分娩率78.92%、乙肝疫苗第1针及时接种率54.46%、基础免疫五苗全程免疫覆盖率58.76%、HepB合格接种率82.95%、BCG合格接种率95.00%、OPV合格接种率83.30%、DPT合格接种率80.49%、MV合格接种率80.91%、扩大免疫规划工作启动后新增疫苗合格接种率均未达60%。结论基础免疫五苗全程接种率、基础免疫五苗全程免疫覆盖率各年龄组逐年下降;住院分娩率较低,乙肝疫苗第一针和卡介苗接种的及时性受到影响;加强免疫规划工作宣传力度,提高儿童家长的预防接种意识;加强业务人员培训,提高乡、村两级预防接种工作人员的业务技术和管理水平;提高麻疹疫苗、百白破三联疫苗加强免疫接种率;扩大免疫规划后新增疫苗接种率不容乐观,工作力度应加强。     

2013年港南区适龄儿童免疫规划疫苗接种率调查分析

目的：了解港南区适龄儿童免疫规划疫苗接种情况，为制定防控策略提供依据。方法在港南区随机抽查378名适龄儿童免疫规划疫苗接种情况。结果378名适龄儿童建卡率为100.00%，建证率为93.92%，卡证相符率为94.36%，扩大免疫规划前5苗接种率为96.83%～98.68%，新增疫苗接种率为89.42%～93.92%。结论港南区扩大国家免疫规划工作顺利开展，但存在薄弱环节，应采取相应措施，消除薄弱环节，确保国家扩大免疫规划政策得到全面落实。     

泰兴市2009—2011年出生儿童接种率调查

目的了解泰兴市适龄儿童免疫规划相关疫苗接种状况。方法采用批质量保证抽样方法(LQAS),抽取452名常住儿童和220名流动儿童,入户调查儿童免疫规划疫苗接种情况。结果 672名儿童,建证率为99.55%,建卡率为99.11%。BCG、HepB、OPV、DPT、MV等五苗合格接种率分别为96.88%、97.32%、96.88%、97.02%、97.32%,基础五苗全程接种率为95.24%,JE1、Men A1、MMR、HepA1疫苗合格接种率分别为96.58%、96.73%、96.88%、96.73%,各疫苗接种率流动儿童均低于常住儿童,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论泰兴市适龄儿童免疫规划疫苗接种率维持在较高水平,但流动儿童接种率低于常住儿童。应采取有效措施,加强对流动儿童的管理。     

福建省2004年儿童计划免疫接种率调查

目的为了解福建省当前的计划免疫工作现状和存在问题。方法采取两阶段按容量比例概率抽样方法,抽取2001年1月~2003年9月出生的儿童,调查计划免疫接种率。结果共调查7个县4 032名适龄儿童,建证率99.45%,建卡率97.99%;卡介苗、口服脊髓类质炎疫苗全程、百白破联合疫苗(DPT)全程、麻疹疫苗及“四苗”全程免疫覆盖率分别为99.33%、96.16%、95.54%、95.19%和90.05%;乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(HepB)全程接种率为94.67%,HepB首针及时接种率为83.03%;DPT加强免疫接种率为66.44%。本地儿童接种率明显高于非本地儿童,在医院出生儿童接种率高于在家中出生儿童。造成未接种的原因主要为不知道要接种、收费太贵。结论福建省儿童计划免疫“四苗”接种率保持在较高的水平,HepB纳入儿童计划免疫进展顺利,流动儿童预防接种的难点愈加突出,边远贫困村庄的预防接种工作开展有一定难度。     

儿童疫苗接种率调查抽样方法的评价

目的比较三种接种率调查抽样方法的结果,以期选择最适宜现阶段的接种率调查抽样方法。方法分别采用PPS法、系统抽样法和分层整群抽样法对天津市1～2岁儿童建卡率、建证率、卡证符合率、计划免疫疫苗接种率,以及乙肝首针及时接种率、麻疹疫苗及时接种率进行调查比较,计算率进行χ2检验。结果 PPS法调查适龄儿童2 695人、系统抽样法调查适龄儿童1 073人、分层整群抽样法调查适龄儿童192人。PPS法、系统抽样法和分层整群抽样法调查的建证率两两比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.794,P>0.05;χ2=0.003,P>0.05;χ2值=0.15,P>0.05),建卡率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.25,P<0.05;χ2=194.85,P<0.05;χ2=24.652,P<0.05)。系统抽样法调查的儿童建卡率、建证率、卡证符合率、五苗合格接种率、卡介苗接种率、脊灰疫苗接种率、百白破疫苗接种率、麻疹疫苗接种率、乙肝疫苗接种率、乙肝首针及时接种率、麻疹疫苗及时接种率与PPS法结果进行比较,除脊灰疫苗接种率差异有统计学意义外,其他差异均无统计学意义。而分层整群抽样法调查的结果与PPS法相比较,除百白破疫苗接种率和麻疹疫苗首针及时接种率差异无统计学意义以外,其他差异均有统计学意义。系统抽样法和分层整群抽样法调查结果比较,除脊灰疫苗接种率、百白破疫苗接种率和麻疹疫苗首针及时接种率差异无统计学意义意外,其他差异均有统计学意义。PPS法和系统抽样法调查的结果一致率达到87.5%。结论与抗体水平监测相比接种率调查也能相对客观的反映儿童的接种水平。在高接种率状态下,系统抽样法和PPS法所得结果一致,为节省人力物力能用系统抽样法替代PPS法。分层整群抽样法更能发现工作中存在的问题和不足,可用于考核基层工作。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.