自体与同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带

背景：前交叉韧带损伤修复采用自体腘绳肌腱还是同种异体肌腱目前在临床上的应用存在争议。目的：分析关节镜下自体肌腱与同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效。方法：前交叉韧带断裂重建患者123例,根据移植物的不同将患者分为自体肌腱组63例和异体肌腱组60例。治疗后随访进行Lachman试验、Lysholm评分评估疗效。结果与结论：患者均经过8个月以上随访。两组患者术后膝关节稳定性均较治疗前得到明显好转,两组患者治疗后Lysholm评分、Lachman试验结果均显著好于治疗前,末次随访组间比较差异无显著性意义（P 〉0.05）。结果说明自体肌腱与同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带的疗效相近,医师应根据自身经验和患者情况灵活使用。     

关节镜下重建前交叉韧带：单隧道双束与单束隧道重建的比较

背景：膝关节内前交叉韧带损伤后多采用关节镜下单束单隧道重建及双束双隧道重建,目前单隧道双束重建也已应用于临床,但具体疗效尚不明确。目的：比较单隧道双束和单隧道单束重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效。方法：在2007-03/2009-06选择21例前交叉韧带完全断裂患者接受关节镜下单隧道双束重建前交叉韧带手术,同期18例前交叉韧带完全断裂患者接受关节镜下单隧道单束重建前交叉韧带手术。两组患者均采用异体胫前肌进行重建前交叉韧带手术。采用国际膝关节文献委员会分级及Lysholm评分等评估两组患者重建疗效。结果与结论：单隧道双束组随访12～25个月,平均（18.0±3.3）个月;单隧道单束组随访13～27个月,平均（19.8±3.6）个月。末次随访时单隧道双束组与单束组Lysholm评分平均分别为（87.0±2.2）分、（87.5±2.3）分,差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。说明单隧道双束和单隧道单束重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效差异无显著性意义,单隧道双束重建前交叉韧带也是一种可靠的前交叉韧带重建方法。     

关节镜下膝关节前后交叉韧带重建：自体移植与异体移植的中远期疗效对比

背景：关节镜下一期联合重建关节镜下前、后交叉韧带的文献报道不多,尤其是中长期随访研究。目的：关节镜下一期自体肌腱与同种异体肌腱重建前、后交叉韧带的中远期疗效比较。方法：自2002-06/2007-06对45例前后交叉韧带同时断裂患者行一期重建,20例选用自体移植物,25例选用异体移植物,以可吸收挤压钉固定行前后交叉韧带单束重建,同时处理合并伤。结果与结论：33例获随访,随访时间3~8年,关节活动无明显受限。3例前抽屉试验弱阳性,5例后抽屉试验弱阳性;LACHMAN征弱阳性6例,轴移试验弱阳性3例。自体肌腱和同种异体肌腱重建3年后患膝Lysholm评分、Larson评分均明显高于重建前（P〈0.05）。自体肌腱与同种异体肌腱患膝Lysholm评分、Larson评分比较差异均无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。8例出现骨隧道扩大,5例为前交叉韧带胫骨段,3例为后交叉韧带胫骨段。5例出现关节积液,经关节腔穿刺冲洗后缓解,随访期间无韧带再断裂。结果表明关节镜下一期自体肌腱与同种异体肌腱重建前后交叉韧带均可获满意的关节活动度及关节稳定性,中远期疗效好。     

关节镜下单、双束同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带的疗效比较

目的比较前交叉韧带重建中应用关节镜下单束、双束同种异体肌腱的疗效。方法选择本院2013年1月~2014年12月收治的前交叉韧带损伤患者103例,依照治疗方式,分为对照组(n=53)、观察组(n=50),术后随访24个月,分别于术前、术后24个月评价临床疗效(应用IKDC评分)、膝关节韧带损伤条件特异性(利用Lysholm评分系统),观察Lachman试验及轴移试验结果。结果术前,两组患者IKDC评分、Lysholm评分、Lachman试验结果、轴移试验结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后,对照组IKDC评分、Lysholm评分、Lachman试验结果正常率、轴移试验结果正常率均低于观察组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论重建前交叉韧带时,关节镜下双束同种异体肌腱重建方法的疗效优于关节镜下单束重建,可更为有效的促进患者膝关节运动功能恢复。     

关节镜下重建前交叉韧带:单隧道双束与单束隧道重建的比较

背景:膝关节内前交叉韧带损伤后多采用关节镜下单束单隧道重建及双束双隧道重建,目前单隧道双束重建也已应用于临床,但具体疗效尚不明确。目的:比较单隧道双束和单隧道单束重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效。方法:在2007-03/2009-06选择21例前交叉韧带完全断裂患者接受关节镜下单隧道双束重建前交叉韧带手术,同期18例前交叉韧带完全断裂患者接受关节镜下单隧道单束重建前交叉韧带手术。两组患者均采用异体胫前肌进行重建前交叉韧带手术。采用国际膝关节文献委员会分级及Lysholm评分等评估两组患者重建疗效。结果与结论:单隧道双束组随访12～25个月,平均(18.0±3.3)个月;单隧道单束组随访13～27个月,平均(19.8±3.6)个月。末次随访时单隧道双束组与单束组Lysholm评分平均分别为(87.0±2.2)分、(87.5±2.3)分,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。说明单隧道双束和单隧道单束重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效差异无显著性意义,单隧道双束重建前交叉韧带也是一种可靠的前交叉韧带重建方法。     

关节镜下膝关节前后交叉韧带重建:自体移植与异体移植的中远期疗效对比

背景:关节镜下一期联合重建关节镜下前、后交叉韧带的文献报道不多,尤其是中长期随访研究。目的:关节镜下一期自体肌腱与同种异体肌腱重建前、后交叉韧带的中远期疗效比较。方法:自2002-06/2007-06对45例前后交叉韧带同时断裂患者行一期重建,20例选用自体移植物,25例选用异体移植物,以可吸收挤压钉固定行前后交叉韧带单束重建,同时处理合并伤。结果与结论:33例获随访,随访时间3~8年,关节活动无明显受限。3例前抽屉试验弱阳性,5例后抽屉试验弱阳性;LACHMAN征弱阳性6例,轴移试验弱阳性3例。自体肌腱和同种异体肌腱重建3年后患膝Lysholm评分、Larson评分均明显高于重建前(P<0.05)。自体肌腱与同种异体肌腱患膝Lysholm评分、Larson评分比较差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05)。8例出现骨隧道扩大,5例为前交叉韧带胫骨段,3例为后交叉韧带胫骨段。5例出现关节积液,经关节腔穿刺冲洗后缓解,随访期间无韧带再断裂。结果表明关节镜下一期自体肌腱与同种异体肌腱重建前后交叉韧带均可获满意的关节活动度及关节稳定性,中远期疗效好。     

自体四股腘绳肌腱Rigidfix和Intrafix固定重建前交叉韧带

背景：以自体腘绳肌腱rigidfix、Intrafix固定重建前交叉韧带是现在较流行的手术方式,但缺乏中长期临床疗效的评价。目的：评估股骨端应用Rigidfix、胫骨端应用Intrafix固定自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的中期临床疗效。方法：对39例前交叉韧带损伤患者在关节镜下行自体4股腘绳肌腱Rigidfix和Intrafix固定重建前交叉韧带,进行2年以上中期随访,并应用Lyshlom、IKDC、Tegner评分对治疗后临床疗效进行系统的评价。结果与结论：经过至少2年的随访发现应用Rigidfix和Intrafix内固定患者在IKDC、Lysholm评分明显高于治疗前(P<0.01)。证实在关节镜下应用自体4股腘绳肌腱Rigidfix和Intrafix重建前交叉韧带具有良好的中期临床疗效,但若大规模的使用,目前尚缺乏长期的临床随访结果。     

六股自体腘绳肌腱“人”字形编织重建膝关节前交叉韧带

背景：目前不同学者对膝关节损伤前交叉韧带重建方法存较多争论,因此寻找简便、经济的修复方法是目前该领域的研究热点。目的：观察关节镜下应用6股自体腘绳肌腱＂人＂字形编织重建修复前交叉韧带损伤的临床疗效。方法：对19例单侧前交叉韧带功能不全的患者采用6股自体腘绳肌腱人字形编织,胫骨隧道钻取双隧道模拟前内、后外两束重建膝关节前交叉韧带,于重建前后利用IKDC分级,Lysholm功能评分和KT-2000^TM关节动度仪测试试验,对患者进行主观和客观评分,并应用IKDC分级进行影像学评估。结果：19例患者随访的IKDC分级：A级8例、B级10例、C级1例,无伸膝受限,活动范围120°～140°,平均126°。KT-2000TM膝关节稳定性测量在90.7kg,136.1kg和最大拉力时,患膝和健膝之间的关节活动度差异均无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。随访时Lysholm膝关节功能评分显著高于重建前（P〈0.01）。影像学IKDC评估为：A级15例（79%）,B级3例（16%）,C级1例（5%）。结果证实,应用6股自体腘绳肌腱＂人＂字形编织双束重建前交叉韧带短期临床疗效良好。     

关节镜下异体胫前肌腱单双束重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效

目的分析比较关节镜下前交叉韧带利用异体胫前肌腱行单束重建与双束重建的临床效果。方法随机抽取2012年11月至2013年11月所收治的前交叉韧带断裂患者94例,并且按照就诊顺序对患者进行编号,单号为单束重建组,行前内侧束解剖重建;双号为双束重建组,行前交叉韧带解剖。利用Lysholm、国际膝关节文献委员会膝关节评估表(IKDC评分)、Lachman试验、以及轴移试验对患者的相关情况进行对比分析,并观察记录两组患者术后的并发症情况。结果经统计,术后单束重建组与双束重建组的Lysholm评分分别为(96.03±2.41)分与(96.12±2.35)分;IKDC评分分别为(77.32±13.93)分与(86.42±14.63)分。双束重建组Lysholm评分、IKDC评分均高于单束重建组(P0.05)。单束重建组中,5例Lachman试验为阳性,5例轴移试验为阳性;双束重建组中,4例Lachman试验为阳性,3例轴移试验为阳性。两组均有1例患者出现术后并发症,但经过治疗均痊愈。结论关节镜下前交叉韧带利用异体胫前肌腱行单束重建和双束重建的疗效都很显著,但是,双束重建的稳定性与生物性比单束重建高。     

关节镜下联合应用Rigidfix、Endobutton和Intrafix系统固定腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带

背景：关节镜下前交叉韧带重建是治疗膝关节前交叉韧带损伤的金标准,但在肌腱的固定方式方面仍有分歧。目的：观察联合运用Rigidfix、Endobutton和Intrafix系统在关节镜下进行自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的临床效果。方法：选取2009-05/2010-05在郑州大学第一附属医院关节外科应用Rigidfix、Endobutton和Intrafix系统行关节镜下自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的患者30例,该组患者关节镜下均证实为膝关节前交叉韧带损伤断裂。其中男22例,女8例,年龄16~45岁。将患者股骨端用Endobutton、Rigidfix固定,胫骨端用Intrafix固定,观察术后近期疗效,以Lysholm评分、IKDC评分评价膝关节功能。结果与结论：对30例患者随访5~17个月（平均12个月）,随访期间无严重并发症发生,所有患者患膝关节活动度正常,平均Lysholm评分和IKDC评分分别由术前的（50.0±6.0）分和（49.5±5.5）分提高到术后的（85.5±3.5）分和（87.0±2.5）分（P〈0.05）。说明联合应用Rigidfix、Endobutton和Intrafix系统进行自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的方法具有近期疗效佳、移植物固定可靠、并发症少等优点,能够达到良好的临床康复效果。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.