吻合血管皮瓣、肌皮瓣的临床应用（附102例报告）

目的 探讨皮瓣、肌皮瓣移植在修复四肢皮肤、软组织缺损的效果。方法 应用吻合血管皮瓣、肌皮瓣移植、修复四肢皮肤软组织缺损合并肌腱或骨外露10例。结果 随访0．5～5年，所有皮瓣、肌皮瓣均成活，外观及功能良好。结论 吻合血管皮瓣、肌皮瓣移植是修复四肢皮肤软组织缺损合并肌腱或骨外露的有效方法。     

腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复小腿下段、足踝软组织缺损的临床应用

小腿下段、足踝在外伤后常易出现感染、皮肤坏死、软组织缺损，甚至肌腱、关节、骨与内固定的外露，常并发关节与骨的破坏，创面很难愈合，如何修复由此造成的软组织缺损，是临床经常要面临的难题。游离皮瓣移植对显微外科技术要求高，     

吻合血管的皮瓣移植术修复四肢软组织缺损的护理

创伤造成的四肢软组织缺损，常使骨骼、关节、肌腱等深层组织外露，临床修复难度大，用吻合血管的皮瓣移植术治疗外伤后的软组织缺损是有效的方法。我院自2002～2003年采用该种方式修复四肢软组织缺损16例，效果满意，现将护理体会报告如下。     

腹股沟皮瓣游离移植联合负压封闭引流修复胫前大面积软组织缺损

背景：合并严重软组织并骨缺损的下肢开放性骨折,伤后胫前皮肤软组织坏死缺损,骨质、钢板外露等在临床上经常发生,关键在于坚强的骨折固定以及合理应用血供可靠的皮瓣封闭创面。 目的：探讨负压封闭引流联合腹股沟游离皮瓣修复胫前大面积软组织缺损的效果。 方法：纳入胫前大面积软组织缺损患者24例,根据修复方案分为2组,各12例。负压封闭引流组软组织缺损范围10 cm×15 cm-15 cm×20 cm。经清创后,外固定支架固定骨折,使用负压封闭引流敷料覆盖创面,三通管接生理盐水随时冲洗血块,7-10 d去除负压封闭引流负压,根据肉芽组织生长情况给予二期缝合,行旋髂浅动脉的髂腹股沟游离皮瓣与膝下内侧动静脉吻合移植修复。非负压封闭引流组创面大小10 cm×15 cm-30 cm×20 cm,受伤至入院时间1-24 h。普通清创换药,二期固定或者皮瓣转移。 结果与结论：修复前住院时间及皮瓣面积比较,负压封闭引流组显著优于非负压封闭引流组（P＜0.05）;2组修复术后住院时间、总住院时间差异均无显著性意义（P＞0.05）。负压封闭引流组修复治疗后创面感染率为0,非负压封闭引流组治疗8-14 d后创面感染率为75%。2组创面及供区切口均Ⅰ期愈合,植皮顺利成活。2组患者均获随访,随访时间6-36个月,随访过程中非负压封闭引流组骨折愈合时间显著长于负压封闭引流组。2组皮瓣与周围皮肤色泽、质地相似,皮瓣受力处无血管危象的发生,无破溃,无臃肿。提示负压封闭引流联合腹股沟游离皮瓣修复对及时控制创伤后大面积软组织缺损感染,改善创面血运,缩短术前准备时间,及早闭合创面,促进创面及骨折愈合有显著作用,皮瓣质地柔韧,外观良好,活动功能良好,可明显缩短疗程,最大限度恢复患肢功能。     

应用负压封闭引流技术治疗复杂性软组织缺损创面的护理

目的探讨应用负压封闭引流技术治疗复杂性软组织缺损创面中的护理方法及效果。方法我科2008年1月始应用负压封闭引流技术治疗16例复杂性软组织缺损创面的患者进行术后综合护理。结果本组10例持续负压吸引7天左右后,创面经植皮愈合。3例骶尾部及臀部压疮伴感染患者经7~10天更换一次Vacuseal材料后,其中2例行清创拉拢闭合创面,1例行局部皮瓣转移修复创面;3例经持续负压吸引7天后发现肌腱组织仍外露,但弹性、色泽正常,创面无水肿,行局部皮瓣转移＋植皮修复肌腱裸露创面,切口一期愈合,无护理并发症。结论应用负压封闭引流技术治疗复杂性软组织缺损创面疗效确切,术后有效的引流管管理等综合护理是治疗成功的关键环节之一。     

封闭负压引流联合组织瓣移植治疗骨外露65例围术期护理

目的:探讨封闭负压引流联合组织瓣移植治疗四肢严重感染性骨外露患者的围术期护理方法.方法:对65例四肢感染性骨外露创面先行清创及封闭负压吸引,7～10 d后应用组织瓣移位或移植方法覆盖骨外露创面,给予精心护理.结果:65例创面经封闭负压吸引7～10 d后,感染得到控制,除骨外露处无肉芽组织生长外,其骨外露周围软组织缺损处均可见肉芽组织生长,细菌培养阴性,二次手术行游离植皮及组织瓣移植全部成活,无并发症发生.结论:通过加强术前心理护理,术后做好封闭负压引流的护理观察、功能锻炼,有效预防术后并发症的发生,提高手术成功率.     

综合康复护理措施在软组织缺损修复术后创面愈合及行走功能中的作用

因意外事故致严重创伤所造成的胫前部、足跟部软组织缺损或坏死致骨、肌腱及深部组织外露，创面较难覆盖，从 1999年 4月～ 2001年 3月 采用带腓肠神经远端筋膜带皮瓣修复胫前及足跟软组织缺损 15例，效果满意，护理体会报告如下。1 对象与方法 本组 15例，其中男 9例，女 6例，年龄 8～ 52岁。 10例为胫骨前中下段软组织缺损，胫骨外露， 5例为足跟部皮肤软组织缺损，跟腱、跟骨外露，创面最大 12 cm× 10 cm，最小 5 cm× 4 cm。 方法： (1)术前准备。本组病例区因创伤严重，皮肤软组织等条件差，需积极清创面换药，控制感染，为皮瓣转移…     

岛状皮瓣转移治疗四肢软组织缺损的护理

骨、关节、肌腱外露创面，严重的瘢痕组织挛缩，慢性骨髓炎窦口等四肢软组织缺损及长期不愈合创面，是长期以来临床上感到棘手的问题。我院采用岛状皮瓣转移治疗上述病损取得了满意效果。现将护理体会介绍如下。１临床资料本组共３２例，男２２例，女１０例，６～６０岁，...     

负压封闭引流技术在骨与肌腱外露合并感染创面中的应用

目的:探讨负压封闭引流(VSD)技术在骨与肌腱外露合并感染创面治疗中的应用效果及护理方法。方法:对38例骨和肌腱外露合并感染患者行一期清创,应用VSD技术覆盖创面,术后加强负压封闭引流的系统管理;二期皮瓣移植修复,术后加强移植皮瓣血运的观察及护理。结果:本组患者一期创面感染控制良好,二期皮瓣成活良好,骨与肌腱外露感染创面完成修复,患肢功能恢复良好。结论:VSD技术能有效控制和减轻创面感染,为二期皮瓣移植培养最佳肉芽组织创面,疗程短,痛苦少,治愈率高,而积极护理对治疗成败具有重要意义。     

颅底脊索瘤患者调强放射治疗5例临床护理

2002年5月-2007年5月，我们对57例手部皮肤软组织缺损伴骨、肌腱、关节及血管神经外露的患者行前臂逆行岛状皮瓣移植修复术，经精心护理，取得满意效果。现将围术期护理体会报告如下。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.