Teeth condition in children aged 7 years in Warsaw and the province of Warsaw

Teeth were examined in 180 children aged 7 years of either sex in three randomly selected regions: Warsaw, Sulejówek and Wiazowna community by the routine method in school stomatological offices. The assessment of teeth was done according to the WHO principles. In the studied population 85.3% erupted permanent molars, 71.1% medial incisors, and 29.2% lateral incisors were found. No significant differences were found in the per cent of erupted permanent teeth between these three regions, but the proportion of erupted teeth was greater in girls than boys. The prevalence of caries in the permanent teeth in this population was 25%, and again no difference of this prevalence was found between these three regions, but in girls this prevalence was greater than in boys. The DMF index was not different in these regions, but in girls it was twice that in boys (0.6 vs 0.3).     

DMFT, dmft and treatment requirements of schoolchildren in Asturias, Spain

An epidemiological survey was carried out in 1992 to study the dental health status of schoolchildren aged 6, 9 and 12 in Asturias, Spain. It focused on the caries prevalence, dmtf, DMFT, restoration indices and dental treatment needs of this population. A representative sample of 1839 subjects, randomly selected and proportionally assigned by age group (6, 9 and 12) with the classroom as the sample unit, was examined. Analysis of the data showed that in 6-year-old children the caries prevalence in primary teeth was 45.8%. The mean caries in-dices were 2.10 dmft and 0.25 DMFT. At 9 years old the prevalence of caries in primary teeth was 62.8% and in the permanent teeth 49.1%. The mean level of caries was 2.38 dmft and 1.50 DMFT. At 12 years old the caries prevalence in permanent teeth was 71% and in first molars 64.2%. The mean caries experienced was 3.30 DMFT. In all groups the D-component constituted the major part of the caries index. The results for girls were higher than for boys in almost all age groups. Surface fillings were the treatment most required in all age groups.     

Prevalence of dental caries in nursery school children of Akola city

A study of prevalence and severity of dental caries was undertaken in seven nursery schools of Akola city in the age group of 5-6 years. A total of 508 children were examined out of which 288 were boys and 220 girls. The examination for dental caries and data collection was carried out as per W.H.O. (1987) criteria. Out of the total 508 children examined 61.41% were observed to be having caries with mean dmft/dmfs of 2.75+/-3.98 & 4.04+/-6.84 respectively. Total 17.91% school children were found to be having decay in either all upper or lower molars. In the high risk caries group 0.98% children were found to be affected with nursing caries and 0.2% children with rampant caries. Only a negligible proportion of filled teeth (1.42%) and missing due to caries (0.14%) was observed in the population. Occlusal surface caries was the most prevalent type of decay (44.71) and the mandibular deciduous second molars were the most affected by caries. Due to high prevalence of dental caries (61.41%) research must be carried out in the direction of identification of the children population at high risk of caries, so that a rigorous preventive programme be implemented.     

哈尔滨市3～6岁孤独症儿童乳牙患龋状况调查

目的 探讨3～6岁孤独症儿童乳牙患龋状况及其相关因素,以期为孤独症儿童的龋病防治提供参考.方法 采用整群抽样的方法抽取哈尔滨市3个城区3～6岁孤独症儿童进行问卷调查和口腔检查,问卷调查包括一般人口学特征、饮食习惯、口腔保健意识和行为等方面内容,问卷由儿童家长填写,专人发放与回收;口腔检查采用儿童龋补牙数作为评价儿童乳牙龋病的指标.对检查结果进行统计学分析.结果 共调查孤独症儿童93例(男81例,女12例),患龋率为59％( 55/93),龋均为3.245.随年龄增长,儿童患龋率增加.分析结果显示:母亲龋齿、每天喝甜饮料量、吃甜食频率、睡前吃零食是孤独症儿童龋齿的危险因素;饭后漱口、谁给孩子刷牙、每日刷牙次数、父母文化程度是孤独症儿童龋齿的保护因素.结论 遗传因素、不良饮食习惯及口腔卫生习惯对龋病的发生发展有一定影响,孤独症儿童乳牙龋病及口腔卫生状况的改善有待于家长及医护人员的配合和努力.     

Prevalence of dental caries in Taiwan Aboriginal children — Bunun, Paiwan, Rukai, Ami, and Yami Tribes

The DMF index and OHI were examined in five Taiwan Aboriginal Tribes, Bunun, Paiwan, Rukai, Ami and Yami. The subjects were 843 children (475 boys and 368 girls) between 10 and 15 years of age. Taiwan Aboriginals used to have very little dental caries, but they now have a high dental caries prevalence. The mean number of DMF teeth was the least in the Yami (1.67–2.83) followed by the Ami (3.95–4.06) and Bunun (3.52–4.60) Tribes. It was fairly high in the Paiwan (4.44–8.00) and Rukai (5.44–8.11) Tribes. Quite high Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) values were observed in these tribes. These findings suggest that the rapid increase in dental caries in Taiwan Aboriginals seen in the late 1970s reflects the changes in the traditional dietary habits in the 1970s.     

Prevalence of early childhood caries in a population of children with history of maltreatment

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) in a population of maltreated children in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. METHODS: The sample consisted of preschool-aged children (2 to 6 years) admitted to the care of the Children's Aid Society of Toronto (CAST) between 1991 and 2004. Data were collected by reviewing the dental and social workers' records of CAST ECC was determined using the decayed, missing, and filled deciduous teeth (dmft) index. The type and severity of maltreatment were obtained from the Eligibility Spectrum. RESULTS: The study included 66 children: 37 (56 percent) boys and 29 (44 percent) girls, with an average age of 4.1 years [standard deviation (SD) = 1.2]. Four (6 percent) children had evidence of dental injury, and none had teeth filled or extracted as a result of decay ECC was observed in 58 percent of the abused children. Of these, the mean decayed teeth ("dt") value was 5.63 (SD = 4.17, n = 38) and 3.24 (SD= 4.21) for the whole sample (n = 66). The proportion of children with untreated caries was 57 percent among "neglected" children (n = 53) and 62 percent in physically/sexually abused cases (n = 13). Logistic regression revealed that children in permanent CAST care and those in its care more than once were significantly less likely to have experienced caries. CONCLUSIONS: Abused and neglected young children had higher levels of tooth decay than the general population of 5-year-olds in Toronto (30 percent prevalence, mean dt= 0.42, SD = 1.20, n = 3185). However, this study did not find any difference in ECC prevalence between children with different types of maltreatment. The study did find that CAST services had a protective effect on children's oral health, which supports the recommendation that child protection services should investigate possible dental neglect in physical/sexual abuse and neglect cases.     

Dental caries in children aged 7 and 12 years in the Province of Poznan

The authors present the results of stomatological epidemiological studies in the Province of Poznán in 1987 for establishing the prevalence of dental caries in children aged 7 and 12 years. The assessment was done using the index of caries prevalence, value of the mean DMF-H and dmf-h indices, and their components. In both studied age groups a high prevalence of caries was found, reaching 90% in children aged 7, years and 80% in those aged 12 years. The intensity of caries in children aged 7 years measured by the index DMF-h+dmf-h (mixed teeth) was high--4.99. The intensity of caries was higher in children from rural areas (5.43) than in those from urban areas (4.455). The mean value of DMF-h was 0.49 for the whole population studied, and 0.41 for urban children and 0.56 for rural children. The mean DMF-z value in children aged 12 years was below 3.0 (2.34), and it was higher in children from rural areas (2.96) than in those from urban areas. The values of these indices were influenced mainly by high mean numbers of milk and permanent teeth with active caries. In the studied population a small number of filled teeth was noted.     

Correlations between first molar eruption, caries incidence and caries experience in primary school children

A follow-up study was made on the results of oral health examinations which had been conducted for six years on a total of 871 primary school children in the 1st grade (age, 6 years) till they became sixth graders (460 boys and 411 girls). The findings are as follows: 1. When they were first graders, the oral health examination revealed their 56% had erupted the upper first molar, and 73% the lower first molar. 2. The incidence of caries in the upper first molar had occurred mostly between one and two years after eruption. After three to four years, more than half of the pupils had this particular tooth decayed. In the case of the lower first molar, caries had started to develop within one year after eruption. After two years, caries was evident in more than half of the examinees. 3. In the sixth graders, the number of DMF teeth per child came to 3.9 and the DMF teeth rate stood at 17%. Both the number of DMF teeth and the DMF teeth rate were larger in girls than in boys. The rate for an intact first molar teeth were 32% in the upper jaw and 15% in the lower jaw. These rates were lower in girls than in boys. 4. The shorter the period between the eruption of the first molars in both jaws and the caries incidence, the larger the number of the DMF teeth and the DMF teeth rate at sixth graders. For the prevention of caries in permanent teeth, special care should be taken during the short period of time following eruption.     

Caries susceptibility of permanent first and second molars in children aged 5–15 years

Clinical examinations of 276 5-year-old children were carried out twice yearly for 2 1/2 years, and a further 1104 11-12-year-old children were examined annually for 3 years. Fifty per cent of permanent first molar teeth had erupted by 6.4 years; the mean age of eruption for permanent second molar teeth was 12.2 years. One year after these mean eruption dates over 10% of first molars and 45% of second permanent molars were already carious. Although development of caries was initially slower in permanent first molars, between the ages of 7.5 and 8.5 years the caries increment rose to 18.8%. By the age of 15 years the DMF Was 92% for first and 68% for second molar teeth. The missing and filled proportion of the total DMF rose consistently. This represents the amount of treated caries and exceeded the amount of untreated caries in permanent first molars at all age levels. The rate of caries initiation in the present investigation emphasizes that restorative programmes and preventive regimens for children must be based on frequent recall examinations of not more than 6-monthly intervals.     

Prevalence of dental caries and treatment need in 12-15 year old municipal school children of Mumbai

This epidemiological survey attempted to establish the level of dental caries and treatment need among the municipal school children of Mumbai. The prevalence of dental caries was 68.02% which increased with age. The lowest DMFT score was recorded in the 12 year age group while the highest DMFT Score was recorded in 15 year age group. Decayed teeth accounted for the greatest percentage of DMF teeth followed by the missing and filled components in all the age groups. Single surface restorations accounted for the greatest percentage of treatment need followed by two or more surface restorations and extractions.     

A survey of dental disease in children of Wuvulu Island, Papua New Guinea

A convenience sample of 153 boys and girls, aged 3-16 years, inhabiting Wuvulu Island were examined for the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease and for oral hygiene status. Average of teeth and surface scores for the group were 2.08 and 3.35, respectively, while average DMF teeth and surface scores were 0.90 and 1.20, respectively. Of the sample, 30.7% were caries free. Oral hygiene was poor and males had significantly more periodontal disease than females. While primary teeth were about three times more susceptible to caries than permanent teeth, tooth loss due to caries was not a problem in primary teeth. The authors discuss findings of other researchers and reasons for the greater prevalence of caries in primary teeth.     

唇腭裂患者龋齿流行情况调查

目的:评估唇腭裂患者的龋齿流行情况。方法:使用龋失补(DMF/dmf)指数对6～12岁组、13～18岁组不同唇腭裂类型的286名患者的龋坏进行记录。结果:唇腭裂患者恒牙龋流行随年龄增长而增加(P<0.05)。6～12岁组中51%未患龋,龋均(DMFT)为1.77。13～18岁组中,4%未患龋,DMFT值为6.96。不同类型的唇腭裂患者的DMFT/dmft无统计学意义。结论:年龄是影响唇腭裂患者恒牙龋齿流行的主要因素,而类型并不是主要因素。     

Eruption times of the permanent teeth in 622 Ugandan children

In a survey of oral conditions carried out in Uganda in 1966, eruption times of the permanent teeth were established for 622 children. Using both the mean and the median as expressions of central tendency, it was found that girls erupted their teeth earlier than boys, with the exception that the first tooth was erupted at an earlier age in boys than in girls. Neither the fluoride content of drinking water, nor the caries prevalence, nor ritual extractions of primary teeth in the geographic regions surveyed could account for the accelerated eruption of the permanent teeth. Earlier reports that eruption of permanent teeth is accelerated in Negro as compared with Caucasoid populations was corroborated by the present study.     

A study of dental caries in school children from rural Haryana

The prevalence of dental caries among rural school children (688 boys and 331 girls) in the age group of 12-16 years in Haryana was found to be 39.4%. It was 37.9% in boys and 42.6% in girls. The difference between males and females was statistically not significant. A significant increase in prevalence of dental caries with age was observed (i.e. 33.1% in 12-year-old children to 45.8% in 14-year-old children). The mean DMFT per child was found to be 1.03 and DMFT per affected child was 2.6. The mean of D, M and F was found to be 1.0, 0.03 and 0.0 respectively.     

Dental health of children in Australia, 1977–1985

Dental caries and oral hygiene indices for school children aged four to 13 years have been determined each year since 1977. This report is based on 6 228 972 examinations. For children aged six to 13 years the mean DIMF indices declined by 59.3 per cent. For 12-year-old children the mean DIMF indices declined from 4.79 in 1977 to 2.13 in 1985; it is calculated that the DIMF index for this age group will be 1.5 in 1991. While a major decline in dental caries has been observed, a significant proportion of children continue to have a caries problem. Girls of all ages had lower mean oral hygiene indices than boys; the index for girls and boys combined declined by 26 per cent in the period 1977 to 1985.     

Association between obesity and dental caries in a group of preschool children in Mexico

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association between obesity and caries by utilizing the data of a cohort of preschool children aged 4‐5 years. Methods: Data were obtained from a cohort of 1,160 children. Dental caries detection was performed according to the World Health Organization criteria. The caries index was measured as the number of decayed (d), extracted (e), and filled (f) teeth (t) (deft), or surfaces (defs). The body mass index (BMI) in units of kg/m² was determined, and children were categorized according to age‐ and gender‐specific criteria as normal weight (5th‐85th percentile), at‐risk overweight (≥85th‐<95th percentile), and overweight (≥95th percentile). Odds ratios were determined for at‐risk overweight and overweight children using logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of dental caries was 17.9 percent. A slightly higher percentage of dental caries was found in boys (19.6 percent) than in girls (16.4 percent). From the total sample, the mean BMI was 17.10 ± 3.83. Approximately 53.7 percent of children were classified as normal weight, 14.2 percent as at‐risk overweight, and 32.1 percent as overweight. At‐risk overweight children were higher among girls (17.1 percent) than among boys (11.3 percent). When adjusted for covariates, the logistic regression model showed that there was a significant association between at‐risk overweight children (P < 0.001), overweight children (P < 0.001), and caries in the primary dentition. Mean (SD) deft value of the sample was 1.08 (2.34), while the corresponding defs value was 1.43 (3.29). Conclusion: Obesity appears to be associated with dental caries in the primary dentition of preschool Mexican children.     

Caries experience of 8-year-old Nigerian schoolchildren

Abstract An epidemiologic study was carried out between April 1981 and March 1982 to determine the total caries experience of 8-yr-old Nigerian children in both the private and the government schools in Lagos. A total of 860 children were examined for the study. 451 were from free, non-fee paying government schools while 409 were from the fee-paying private schools. 50.1% were boys and 49.9% were girls. The mean dmf score for private schoolchildren is 1.5 and that of the government schoolchildren is 1.1. This difference is statistically significant (P < 0.001). The mean dmf score for the whole sample is 1.3. The mean DMF for the private schoolchildren is 0.55 while that of the government schoolchildren is 0.24. This difference is statistically significant (P < 0.001). The mean DMF for all the children examined is 0.4. The mean dmf score for boys (1.3) is slightly higher than that the mean dmf score for girls (1.2), while the mean DMF score for girls (0.5) is higher than that for boys (0.4). These sex differences are though to be due to slight differences in the eruption times. There is no difference between the sexes in the proportion of children who are caries-free (52.9% boys and 52% girls). Some 46% of the private schoolchildren were caries-free compared with 58.3% of those in the government schools. This difference is statistically significant (P < 0.001). This difference is thought to be due to the greater consumption of refined carbohydrates by the private schoolchildren, who come from the higher socioeconomic strata of the community. The overall sample showed that 52.4% of all the 8-yr-old children examined were free of dental caries.     

The relationship between periodontitis and tooth decay in juvenile diabetes mellitus cases and in healthy children

Children diagnosed as having juvenile diabetes mellitus have been compared with healthy children of the same age, with respect to decayed, filled primary teeth (df), decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth (DMF), Gingival index (GI), Periodontal index (PI), Oral hygiene index (OHI). These parameters have been evaluated according to WHO criteria. Corresponding parameters have been statistically evaluated. When experimental and control groups were compared statistically, a highly significant difference was seen between df and DMF indexes of diabetic and healthy children. In the periodontal evaluation, a significant difference was found in the gingival index, but no such significance was seen in the periodontal index. From the results of this study it can be seen that children with juvenile diabetes mellitus had less caries incidence compared with the control group. Even though gingival destruction had already started in this study group, intense periodontal damage was not observed at this particular age level.     

广东省3~5岁人群乳牙龋病抽样调查报告(2015—2016年)

目的 了解广东省3~5岁人群乳牙龋病状况,为广东省口腔卫生保健工作提供信息支持.方法 采用多阶段分层等容量随机抽样的方法,抽取广东省3、4、5岁城乡常住人口各864人,男女各半,城乡各半.按照第四次全国口腔健康流行病学调查方案牙列检查方法和标准,使用CPI探针检查全口乳牙牙冠龋病情况.计算患龋率、龋均、充填率等.结果 3、4、5岁人群乳牙患龋率分别为58.33%、68.40%、78.47%,龋均分别为3.03、4.34、5.69,龋齿充填率分别为0.92%、1.47%、1.26%.3、4、5岁人群患龋率和龋均在城乡及年龄组间的差异有统计学意义,农村高于城市,随年龄增长,患龋状况加重;患龋率在不同性别间的差异无统计学意义,3岁人群龋均女性高于男性(t=2.04,P=0.042),4岁人群(t=0.15,P=0.882)、5岁人群(t=1.00,P=0.317)龋均在不同性别间的差异无统计学意义;5岁儿童患龋率(x2=23.123,P<0.001)和龋均(t=6.290,P<0.001)高于2005年,龋齿充填率提升不明显(x2=0.481,P=0.488).结论 广东省3~5岁儿童乳牙龋病患病状况较严重,98%以上的龋齿未经治疗,是龋病预防的重点人群,特别是农村儿童.     

Dental caries experience among kindergarten school going children of,India

ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of dental caries in the primary dentition of kindergarten school children of Udaipur city Rajasthan in a cross sectional study design.Materials and methodsStudy population comprised of around 355 children aged 3–6 years old randomly selected from 10 kindergarten schools in Udaipur city from all preselected five zones. Dental caries was recorded using the decayed, missing, filled teeth [dmf-t] index and the decayed, missing, filled surfaces [dmf-s] index according to WHO 1997 standards.ResultsSeventy-nine point one five percent are caries free individuals while 20.85% are individuals having caries. The mean dt scores for the age group six is found to be highest with 0.45 (0.86) and least for the age group of four with 0.28 (0.74). Sixty-five point six three percent of the subjects brushed their teeth by themselves while 34.37% do it with the help of their mothers.ConclusionDental caries prevalence and severity is low among the students.