首次发作老年抑郁症患者临床症状的性别差异

目的比较不同性别住院老年抑郁症首次发作患者的临床特征的差异。方法收集老年抑郁症首次发作患者的临床资料和评定汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD，17），进行性别间的比较分析。结果男性患者在迟滞、疑病、自知力缺乏和阻滞等症状突出，而女性患者以激越、全身症状、躯体焦虑和睡眠障碍等为主。结论男性和女性首次发作老年抑郁症患者在症状特点方面存在一定的差异。     

抑郁症的性别差异

目的：比较男女住院抑郁症患者的起病年龄、症状等的差异。方法：收集抑郁症患者临床资料和评定汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD，17），进行性别间的比较分析。结果：女性患者首发年龄早于男性，且20岁以前发病者多于男性；女性患者病程长于男性，发病次数也多于男性；男性患者未婚比例显著高于女性；男性患者在迟滞、疑病、自知力缺乏和阻滞等症状突出，而女性患者以激越、全身症状、躯体焦虑和睡眠障碍等为主。女性患者发病前生活事件多于男性。结论：男性和女性抑郁症患者在发病年龄、发病诱因、症状特点等方面存在一定的差异。     

抑郁发作与躯体形式障碍的比较

目的：比较抑郁发作与躯体形式障碍的异同。方法：了解患者临床情况及就医方式。以自编访谈提纲及汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)对68例抑郁发作患者和47例躯体形式障碍患者进行调查。结果：两组患者性别及首次就医方式差异有显著性;在常见的14项躯体化症状中,8项差异显著。两组的HAMD总分和7个因子分差异均有非常显著性,除焦虑／躯体化因子在躯体形式障碍组显著高于抑郁发作组外,其余各项均低于抑郁发作组。结论：抑郁发作和躯体形式障碍患者各有临床特点。     

门诊首发抑郁症临床现象学分析

目的　了解首发抑郁症临床特征。方法　采用自制一般情况调查表、自制抑郁及焦虑症状调查有对符合ICD 10抑郁发作诊断标准的 14 4例门诊首发抑郁症患者进行研究。采用汉密顿抑郁量表 (HAMD2 4)、汉密顿焦虑量表 (HAMA)评定疾病的严重程度 ;采用生活满意度量表 (LSR)、社会功能缺陷筛选量表 (SDSS)、生活事件量表 (LES)评定患者的生活质量和社会功能。结果　 14 4例首发抑郁症患者心境低落出现频率高达 10 0 % ,工作兴趣减少为 95 8% ,思维迟缓为 84 7% -能力减退感为 97 2 % ,早醒为 92 4 % ,睡眠不深为 90 3% ,性欲减退和 /或月经紊乱为 82 6 % ,同时伴有昼重夜轻 ,躯体化症状。男性患者的疑病症状出现频率显著高于女性 (P <0 0 5 ) ;男性患者的性欲减退、绝望感症状出现率高于女性 ;女性患者在自杀意念、精神性焦虑、躯体性焦虑、全身疲乏、晨夜夕轻症状出现频率多于男性 ,但无统计差异。 4 0岁以上患者组比 4 0岁以下组更易表现为睡眠不深、早醒、躯体性焦虑 (P <0 0 5 )。 6 1 1%的患者伴有一定程度的焦虑症状 ;6 0 %的患者伴有躯体化症状。重度抑郁的躯体化症状表现频率显著高于中度患者 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ,两者社会功能缺陷程度有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。结论　首发抑郁症临床以心     

未用药抑郁症自杀者的临床特征与HPA轴功能分析

目的探讨首发未用药的抑郁症自杀者与抑郁症非自杀者的临床特征和下丘脑—垂体—肾上腺轴功能状况。方法对112例首次发作未用药的抑郁症患者,按是否存在自杀(含自杀观念或行为)分为抑郁症自杀组(49例)和抑郁症非自杀组(63例),采用自编问卷调查患者社会人口学资料和早期抑郁发作的临床特征,包括首发年龄、抑郁程度、强迫和焦虑症状、有无自杀观念或行为等,患者治疗前均进行17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(17-item Hamilton depression scale,HAMD-l7)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA)、Yale-Brown强迫量表(Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale,Y-BOCS)和自杀评估量表评定,并采用电化学发光法检测血清皮质醇(cortisol,CORT)和促肾上腺素皮质激素(adrenocorticotropic hormone,ACTH)水平。结果两组间就诊年龄、首发年龄、病程均无统计学差异(P0.05)。早期临床症状中,仅见抑郁症自杀组绝望感和性欲下降多于抑郁症非自杀组(P0.05)。抑郁症自杀组HAMD总分及认知障碍因子分和绝望感因子分高于抑郁症非自杀组(P0.01);HAMA总分、Y-BOCS总分和CORT与ACTH水平在两组间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。抑郁症自杀组自杀得分与早期临床特征、各量表总分、CORT和ACTH水平的相关性均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论抑郁症自杀者相对无自杀者早期症状中性欲下降更明显,且认知障碍和绝望感等抑郁症状的程度更重。但早期临床特征和HPA轴功能状况尚不能为抑郁症患者发生自杀观念或行为提供佐证。     

季节性发作抑郁症临床特征的对照研究

目的：探讨季节性发作规律抑胡症的临床特征，方法：通过详细收集临床资料，并用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评定，对23例季节性发作规律抑郁症与非季节性发作规律抑郁症的发病情况，症状特点和疗效进行比较，结果：季节性发作规律抑郁症组的睡眠过度，进食亢进等发生频率显著高于非季节性发作规律抑郁症（P＜0．05），其发病年龄较早，女性多见，精神病性症状及自杀观念少，抑郁症状严重程度较轻（P＜0．05），疗效无显著差异。结论：季节性发作规律抑郁症的临床相有一定的特点。对丰富抑郁症的认识具有重要意义。     

男性首发抑郁症与精神分裂症患者事件相关电位P300的研究

目的:探讨男性首发抑郁症和首发精神分裂症患者事件相关电位P300的特征及差异。方法:入组首次发作且未经治疗的男性抑郁症患者50例(抑郁症组)、精神分裂症患者48例(精神分裂症组)与健康对照者45名(对照组)。使用听觉Oddball诱发模式测量P300电位的潜伏期和波幅;采用24项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-24)评估抑郁症组患者的临床症状,并使用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)评估精神分裂症组患者的临床症状。结果:与对照组相比,抑郁症组与精神分裂症组的P300电位均表现为N2、P3潜伏期延长(P0.01),P3波幅减低(P0.01),但两病例组间N2、P3潜伏期及P3波幅的比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。抑郁症组HAMD评分、精神分裂症组BPRS评分与P300各项指标均无显著相关(P均0.05)。结论:首发男性抑郁症和精神分裂症患者均存在认知功能受损,但尚未发现两种疾病之间存在认知功能的差异。     

首发、复发和双相抑郁患者精神症状的比较

目的:探讨首发、复发及双相抑郁患者精神症状的差异。方法:对首次抑郁发作患者(首发组,24例)、复发性抑郁症患者(复发组,57例)及双相抑郁患者(双相组,25例)进行汉密尔顿抑郁评定量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑评定量表(HAMA)、杨氏躁狂评定量表(YMRS)以及阳性和阴性症状评定量表(PANSS)评定和比较。结果:HAMD、HAMA评分在3组间差异无统计学意义;YMRS评分3组间差异有统计学意义(F=5.2,P=0.007);双相组(6.6±9.0)显著高于首发组(2.8±3.4)和复发组(2.2±3.2)(q=3.86,q=4.40;P均<0.05)。双相组HAMD中的躯体焦虑因子分、体重因子分均显著低于复发组(P<0.05或P<0.01);双相组精神病理学症状评分如意志活动、愤怒、幻觉、易激惹、激越、思维联想加快、破坏或攻击行为、活动增加显著高于首发组及复发组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:双相障碍患者抑郁发作时可出现与躁狂相关精神症状。     

抑郁症和糖尿病共病患者临床对照研究

目的:探讨抑郁症和糖尿病共病患者的临床特征及疗效。方法:将40例伴有糖尿病的抑郁症患者和40例单纯抑郁症患者分成共病组和抑郁组,使用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)评定两组患者的临床表现和社会功能,使用选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂治疗12周再次评定。结果:入组及治疗12周时,共病组HAMD、HAMA及SDSS总分均显著高于抑郁组(P<0.05),入组时HAMD焦虑/躯体化、认知障碍、迟缓、绝望感等因子分显著高于抑郁组(P<0.05),治疗12周共病组的减分率显著低于抑郁组(P<0.05)。结论:抑郁症和糖尿病共病患者的抑郁及焦虑症状重、社会功能缺陷明显,治疗效果显著差于单纯抑郁症患者。     

首次脑卒中后抑郁症相关因素探讨及治疗

目的 对首次脑卒中后抑郁产生的相关因素及治疗进行临床分析,探讨其发生的可能机制.方法 对首发脑卒中患者进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定,并根据脑CT结果统计病变部位等相关信息.结果 全组178例,有60例(33.7%)存在抑郁症状,HAMD评分13.3,抑郁的发生与年龄、性别、脑卒中的类型及侧,无显著关联(P＞0.05)但是伴有失语之间比较差异有统计学意义(P< 0.01).结论 首次脑卒中后发生抑郁是脑卒中的常见并发症,但伴有失语患者易于并发抑郁症.     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Histochemical methods for the further characterisation of the tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed.