肝硬化门静脉血栓形成风险监测及抗凝管理

<正>门静脉血栓形成(portal vein thrombosis, PVT)指形成于门静脉主干、肝内门静脉分支、肠系膜静脉或脾静脉的血栓^[1]。PVT是肝硬化患者常见且严重的并发症之一。失代偿期肝硬化患者PVT患病率高于代偿期肝硬化患者(9.36%对5.24%,P=0.04),并发PVT者发生静脉曲张破裂出血(EVB)的比例显著高于无PVT者(47.33%对19.63%,P<0.001)^[2]。     

肝硬化脾切除术后门静脉系统血栓形成的研究进展

门静脉血栓(portal vein thrombosis,PVT)是指发生于门静脉系统的任何一段,包括门静脉主干、肠系膜上静脉、肠系膜下静脉或脾静脉的血栓。目前,PVT是肝硬化患者脾切除联合断流术后最常见、最严重的并发症,可导致入肝血流异常、门静脉高压症加重,进一步诱发肝功能衰竭,甚至死亡。可见,全面认识PVT有利于早期术前评估风险和监测PVT的发生。该文将对肝硬化脾切除术后PVT形成的研究进展作一综述。     

门静脉血栓及肝动脉-门静脉瘘诊治再认识

<正>1 门静脉血栓门静脉血栓(portal vein thrombosis, PVT)是指门静脉主干和(或)其肝内分支发生血栓,伴或不伴有肠系膜上静脉和脾静脉血栓,导致门静脉系统完全或不完全阻塞。1.1 原因及危险因素与其他部位静脉血栓形成的机制相似,PVT发生的基本病理生理机制也可归纳为“Virchow三角”,即血流淤滞、血管壁损伤(或内皮损伤)、高凝状态[1]。PVT发生的原因可分为肝硬化和非肝硬化性。     

肝硬化门静脉血栓的中西医诊治进展

<正>门静脉血栓(PVT)是肝硬化的常见并发症，主要与血流缓慢、局部血管损伤和血液高凝状态有关。本文就肝硬化PVT的危险因素、中医证候特点及中西医治疗手段等方面进行综述。1 流行病学门静脉血栓(PVT)是指门静脉主干和(或)门静脉左、右分支发生血栓，伴或不伴肠系膜静脉和脾静脉血栓形成^[1]。正常人群中发病率仅为0.7/10万～1/10万^[2],而PVT在肝硬化患者中却非罕见，由于起病隐匿，且认识不足，曾经一度未得到重视，     

肝硬化合并门静脉血栓的临床表现及危险因素分析

目的分析肝硬化合并门静脉血栓(PVT)患者的临床表现及相关危险因素。方法选取2012-10～2018-10在郑州大学第二附属医院诊治的肝硬化合并PVT患者59例(PVT组),随机选取同期住院的肝硬化未合并PVT患者78例作为对照(非PVT组)。收集患者的一般临床资料、实验室检查、影像学检查、临床表现及并发症情况等。比较两组患者的临床特点并分析PVT发生的影响因素。结果两组血小板计数、平均血小板体积、血小板体积分布宽度、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原、门静脉主干内径、脾脏厚度、脾脏长度、脾静脉内径、食管套扎术史、胃底硬化剂注射史、脾切除史差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。二分类Logistic回归分析结果显示血小板计数升高(OR=1.014,P=0.008)、脾静脉内径增宽(OR=1.959,P=0.000)、脾脏厚度增加(OR=1.117,P=0.012)、有脾切除史(OR=4.559,P=0.001)是肝硬化患者发生PVT的独立危险因素。ROC曲线分析显示,脾脏厚度、血小板计数、脾静脉内径在诊断肝硬化合并PVT的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.595、0.640、0.725,脾静脉内径指标对肝硬化合并PVT的诊断价值最高。腹胀、消化道出血、发热、腹水、肝性脑病的发生率在两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而腹痛的发生率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论脾静脉内径增宽、血小板计数升高、脾脏增厚、脾切除史是肝硬化合并PVT的独立危险因素,PVT形成可加重肝硬化患者的临床症状,造成相关并发症的发生率增加。     

肝硬化合并门脉血栓形成的危险因素分析

目的:探讨肝硬化合并门脉血栓形成(PVT)的危险因素。方法:选取88例肝硬化合并PVT患者(简称为PVT组)和肝硬化未合并PVT的患者88例为对照组,统计分析两组患者的一般资料、实验室相关检查指标,采用多因素分析法探讨肝硬化并发PVT的危险因素。结果:两组患者的年龄、性别、基础病因、合并高血压、合并糖尿病、WBC、PLT、TBil、INR、APTT、FIB、PT、MELD评分差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05); PVT组患者的Hb、Alb、D-D、门静脉主干内径宽度、脾静脉内径宽度与对照组比较差异具有统计学意义(P 0. 05);采用非条件Logistic回归分析结果显示:Hb和Alb降低、D-D升高、门静脉主干内径宽度、脾静脉内径宽度增加是肝硬化患者并发PVT的独立危险因素(P 0. 05)。结论:Hb和Alb降低、D-D升高、脾静脉内径宽度增加是肝硬化患者并发PVT的独立危险因素。     

肝硬化患者门静脉系统血栓形成29例分析

目的提高对肝硬化患者门静脉系统血栓（PVT）形成的认识及诊治水平。方法收集我院2007年3月至2009年8月收治的肝硬化合并PVT患者29例进行回顾性分析。结果肝硬化合并PVT临床表现多样且缺乏特异性;D-二聚体及血小板水平的升高或相对升高是肝硬化患者发生PVT的独立危险因素;PVT诊断主要依赖影像学检查;在患者条件允许的前提下,及时、合理地选择各种方法进行抗凝、溶栓是治疗的关键。结论提高对肝硬化合并PVT的认识,及时诊断、合理选择治疗方案是决定本病预后的关键。     

肝硬化门静脉高压脾切除术后门静脉血栓形成的研究进展

门静脉血栓形成(PVT)是指门静脉或其分支、脾静脉和肠系膜上静脉内形成的血栓。PVT是门静脉高压症脾切除术后的一种常见并发症,往往可能会导致肝损伤、上消化道出血、肝昏迷,甚至是缺血性肠坏死。因而,早期发现PVT并进行有效干预,对降低PVT患者的病死率有十分重要的意义。对肝硬化脾切除术后PVT危险因素和治疗进行了综述,指出PVT应及早进行有效干预。     

肝硬化脾切除术后门静脉血栓形成的危险因素分析

目的探讨肝硬化脾脏切除后门静脉系统血栓形成的原因,并且对各种可能的影响因素进行分析总结。方法回顾性分析本院于2009年2月-2012年2月收治的216例肝硬化脾脏切除术后患者的临床资料,分别对患者的性别、年龄、门静脉和脾静脉的直径、脾脏的大小、肝功能分级、术后并发症、手术前后的门静脉血液流速和压力、手术前后的血小板数量和凝血酶原延长时间等因素进行考察和分析。结果脾切除术后发生门静脉血栓(portal vein thrombosis,PVT)36例,未发生PVT 180例。术后发生PVT患者的门静脉和脾静脉的直径、脾脏的大小、术后门静脉血液流速、手术前后门静脉的压力以及术后并发症的情况与发生门静脉血栓有显著性关联,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但是患者的性别、年龄、肝功能分级、手术前后的血小板数目、术前门静脉血液流速和手术前后的凝血酶原延长时间与门静脉血栓的形成无显著性关联,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论门静脉和脾静脉直径较粗、脾脏较大、手术后门静脉血液流速较慢、手术前后门静脉压力较小以及手术后并发症较多是肝硬化脾切除术后PVT形成的主要危险因素,因此可针对上述指标及时对患者的术后情况进行检测,减少肝硬化脾切除术后PVT的形成,促进患者术后康复。     

肝硬化并发门静脉血栓患者临床特征及其危险因素分析

目的 总结肝硬化并发门静脉血栓(PVT)患者的临床特征并分析PVT形成的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2015年2月～2019年2月我院肝胆包虫科治疗的160例肝硬化患者,分析比较PVT组与未发生PVT组患者临床资料的差异,采用多因素分析发生PVT的危险因素。结果 80例PVT患者腹痛、腹水和消化道出血发生率、血小板(PLT)和白细胞(WBC)计数显著高于80例未发生PVT组(P<0.05);经多因素分析,发现PLT计数、糖尿病史和脾切除史为肝硬化并发门静脉血栓形成的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 肝硬化并发PVT患者以HGB、PLT、WBC为主要实验室表现,以腹水、下消化道出血、肝功异常为主要临床症状。PLT、糖尿病史和脾切除史为肝硬化并发门静脉血栓的独立危险因素。     

青少年高血压的研究进展

随着人们生活和行为方式的改变,高血压发病明显呈年轻化趋势。在青少年时期识别高血压病高危人群有助于早期进行有效干预和治疗,降低未来高血压的发生率及其严重性。现试从青少年高血压的诊断、发病因素、特点、治疗策略等方面的研究进展作一综述。     

Morbidity in cardiovascular diseases in immigrants in Sweden

INTRODUCTION: Although immigration to Sweden has increased in the last few decades, the incidence rates of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease in immigrants are unknown. The aim of the present study is to estimate whether place of birth affects the incidence rates of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was designed as a follow-up study on morbidity in cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 1998, including three and a half million persons with age range 35-64 years, of whom 550 000 were born abroad, from the database MigMed consisting of the whole Swedish population. Incidence rates and relative risks were estimated by indirect standardization and a proportional hazard model. RESULTS: The age-adjusted risk of coronary heart disease was higher in most foreign-born groups than in Swedes. For example, in nine of 12 male groups, the relative risks varied between 1.1 and 2.2, and in seven of 12 female groups, the relative risks varied between 1.4 and 2.5. When also adjusting for level of education and employment status, the risks were still high, but on a lower level. CONCLUSIONS: Foreign-born people possess an over-risk of cardiovascular or coronary heart disease(CVD/CHD) compared with Swedish-born persons, also when level of education and employment status are taken into account.     

C·肉毒杀鼠素(冻干剂)应用研究

目的为研究C·肉毒杀鼠索对杀灭达乌尔黄鼠(简称黄鼠)的大面积应用情况和对家畜、家禽的毒害作用,进行了C·肉毒杀鼠素的应用研究.方法大面积投毒采用ES-2药饵撒播机[1],间隔约80m进行条投.羊、鸡采用直接灌胃.结果大面积应用的灭鼠率为83.72%.对羊、鸡最高剂量分别为500万MLD、150万MLD,均未出现中毒现象.结论 C·肉毒杀鼠素是较为理想的草原大面积杀灭黄鼠的理想、首选药物.     

高龄老年高血压的临床研究进展

随着社会老龄化进程的加快,80岁以上高龄老人的绝对数量以及占总人口的比例均在增加,如何提高高龄老年高血压的防治水平备受关注。现试从高龄老年高血压的临床特点、治疗策略等方面的临床研究进展作一综述。     

中国老年性耳聋的研究与干预进展

老年性耳聋已成为影响我国老年人生活质量的最主要的慢性病之一。助听器是目前帮助听力损失的老年人克服交流障碍的主要手段。在我国,数字助听器已逐渐取代模拟助听器并且体现出了更好的效果。但是老年听力损失患者中使用助听器的比例仍然很小。人工耳蜗植入也已被应用在老年患者中。我国针对老年人的听力康复服务还有较长的路要走。     

Sex Differences in Ethanol-induced Dopamine Release in Nucleus Accumbens and in Ethanol Consumption in Rats

In vivo microdialysis was used to examine changes in nucleus accumbens and striatal dopamine, dihydrophenylacetic acid (DO-PAC), and homovanillic acid (HVA) following acute administration of ethanol (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 g/kg) in male and female Long-Evans rats. Following dialysis, rats were trained to bar-press for oral ethanol reinforcement. In nucleus accumbens, females showed significant increases in extracellular dopamine following 0.25 or 0.5 g/ kg ethanol, but did not show significant increases over baseline at the higher doses. Males showed slight increases in dopamine at the lower doses and decreased dopamine at 2.0 g/kg. In striatum, both sexes showed increased dopamine at the lower doses and decreased dopamine at 2.0 g/kg. There were slight increases in nucleus accumbens DOPAC and HVA at some doses in both sexes, but no changes in striatal metabolite levels. In addition to showing increased responsiveness to ethanol-induced mesolimbic dopamine stimulation, females consumed more ethanol than males during behavioral testing. The pattern of both greater ethanol-induced nucleus accumbens dopamine release and greater ethanol consumption in females supports the hypothesis that ethanol reward is mediated, at least in part, by the mesolimbic dopamine system.     

Epstein-Barr virus in malignancies in renal transplant recipients in Japan

A role for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the development of malignancies including lymphomas, and carcinoma of the stomach, nasopharynx, thymus and salivary gland is suggested. It is indicated that EBV evokes polyclonal-B-cell-proliferative diseases in immunocompromised hosts, such as transplant patients, which results in monoclonal malignant lymphomas. The suppression of immune functions in these patients is thought to lead to incomplete elimination of the cells expressing EBV latent infection genes. To examine the etiological role of EBV in the development of malignancies following renal transplant in Japan, 42 malignancies in 1744 cases of renal transplant were studied for the presence and type of EBV. The polymerase chain reaction revealed that 5 malignancies were positive for EBV, all type A: 2 of 2 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), 2 of 8 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma of the common type, and 1 of 2 cases of gastric plasmacytoma. In situ hybridization revealed positive signals in the nucleus of tumor cells in 2 cases of NHL and 1 of plasmacytoma. Positive signals were found in the small lymphoid cells but not in the tumor cells in 2 cases of gastric carcinoma. On the basis of these findings, a role for EBV in the development of malignancies in renal transplant patients is unlikely except for lymphoid neoplasias.Abbreviations PCB polymerase chain reaction - EBV Epstein-Barr virus - NHL non-Hodgkin's lymphoma     

糖尿病大鼠心室肌细胞钾通道的改变

目的研究糖尿病大鼠心室肌细胞钾通道的改变及增加葡萄糖代谢对其的作用。方法取体重150～200g的雄性SpragueDawley大鼠,腹腔注射链脲菌素(STZ)建立糖尿病模型,采用酶解法获得单个心室肌细胞,应用膜片钳全细胞记录技术记录钾电流。结果糖尿病大鼠心室肌细胞瞬间外向性钾流(Ito)密度较对照组显著降低[ 60mV时,分别为(15.90±1.19)pA/pF(n=25)和(28.55±0.97)pA/pF(n=12),P<0.001];分别用100nmol/L胰岛素及1.5mmol/L二氯乙酸在体外预处理心室肌细胞4～5h和3～4h使Ito密度恢复至对照组水平[ 60mV时,分别为(29.40±0.38)pA/pF(n=20)和(27.35±0.97)pA/pF(n=12)]。结论糖尿病大鼠心室肌细胞钾通道功能发生改变,增加葡萄糖代谢可逆转这一改变,提示葡萄糖代谢与Ito功能间存在一定关系。