间质干细胞、肿瘤干细胞和肿瘤

近来研究认为肿瘤来源于干细胞,提出了肿瘤中存在极少量肿瘤干细胞(CSC)的新学说.问质干细胞(MSC)作为间质细胞的来源,与肿瘤的关系尤为密切.本文就间质干细胞,肿瘤干细胞和肿瘤的发生,发展作一综述.     

Polarization and asymmetry in T cell metabolism

T cell activation results in a rapidly proliferating T cell endowed with a metabolic phenotype necessary for growth and division. However, before the cell can proceed towards this burst of cell division a phase of quiescence occurs, during which the basic mechanisms governing regulation of metabolic reprograming are established. This review focuses on key cellular processes controlling early metabolic regulation and how these circuits of metabolic control dictate distinct cellular fates upon the first asymmetric division.     

皮肤干细胞的生物学特点与应用研究

随着对成体干细胞研究的深入,发现皮肤中至少含有6种成体干细胞。本文着重介绍目前研究取得结果较多的表皮干细胞和真皮多能干细胞,包括目前已知的其各自的生物学特性和鉴别等。同时,对皮肤干细胞在组织工程（皮肤、牙齿）、创伤修复、基因研究及遗传性疾病的治疗等方面的应用作一简要综述,为其将来的应用提供参考。简单介绍对皮肤中几种成体干细胞的基础研究和分离纯化技术的进展,可望进一步加深对皮肤自身生物学特点和机制的了解以及为临床应用等方面开拓广阔的前景。     

Endothelial cells promote neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation associated with VEGF activated Notch and Pten signaling

To investigate whether and how endothelial cells affect neurogenesis, we established a system to co‐culture endothelial cells and brain slices of neonatal rat and observed how subventricular zone cells differentiate in the presence of endothelial cells. In the presence of endothelial cells, neural stem cells increased in number, as did differentiated neurons and glia. The augmentation of neurogenesis was reversed by diminishing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in endothelial cells with RNA interference (RNAi). Microarray analysis indicated that expression levels of 112 genes were significantly altered by co‐culture and that expression of 81 of the 112 genes recovered to normal levels following RNAi of VEGF in endothelial cells. Pathway mapping showed an enrichment of genes in the Notch and Pten pathways. These data indicate that endothelial cells promote neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation associated with VEGF, possibly by activating the Notch and Pten pathways. Developmental Dynamics 239:2345–2353, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

肿瘤干细胞的研究现状

传统理论认为肿瘤生长是所有肿瘤细胞一起增殖的结果,因而治疗方法主要是针对肿瘤组织内的大多数细胞,常有复发和转移,使治疗失败。肿瘤干细胞的提出,可靶向性杀伤肿瘤干细胞从而使根治肿瘤和防止肿瘤复发和转移成为可能,且先前诸多关于肿瘤发生发展机制、细胞信号途径等研究成果可能需要重新评价,对传统的肿瘤治疗方式提出了巨大挑战。就肿瘤干细胞的起源、存在证据、肿瘤干细胞与正常干细胞之间关系、临床意义及展望综述如下。     

肿瘤干细胞与卵巢癌

卵巢肿瘤干细胞（OCSCs)是存在于卵巢癌组织中的一类具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的细胞,表面共表达CD44和CD117分子标记。虽然其起源不是很确定,但目前倾向于认为卵巢表面上皮细胞来源于OCSCs。研究OCSCs自我更新机制和表观遗传学的改变,可为肿瘤发生的机制及新药的开发提供很好的基础     

Immunology of stem cells and cancer stem cells

The capacity of pluri-potent stem cells to repair the tissues in which stem cells reside holds great promise in development of novel cell replacement therapeutics for treating chronic and degenerative diseases. However, numerous reports show that stem cell therapy, even in an autologous setting, triggers lymphocyte infiltration and inflammation. Therefore, an important question to be answered is how the host immune system responds to engrafted autologous stem cells or allogeneous stem cells. In this brief review, we summarize the progress in several related areas in this field, including some of our data, in four sections： （1） immunogenicity of stem cells; （2） strategies to inhibit immune rejection to allograft stem cells; （3） immune responses to cancer stem cells; and （4） mesenchymal stem cells in immune regulation. Improvement of our understanding on these and other aspects of immune system-stem cell interplay would greatly facilitate the development of stem cell-based therapeutics for regenerative purposes. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology.     

Adult stem cells and neurogenesis: Historical roots and state of the art

Over the last few years, an impressive number of papers have addressed the stem cell issue. However, as often occurs when a scientific subject undergoes a period of fast growth, some confusion is generated. To help reduce the existing uncertainty, this paper focuses on the concept of adult stem cells in relation to the classification of cell populations on the basis their proliferative behavior. Particular attention is dedicated to adult neural stem cells, an issue that has recently seen the most amazing advances. Finally, the concept of adult stem cells is differentiated from that of developmental stem cells in relation to the employment of stem cells for transplantation therapies. Anat Rec (New Anat) 265:132–141, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

肺癌干细胞的研究进展

肿瘤起源于干细胞,肿瘤干细胞是肿瘤转移、复发的根源。肺癌肿瘤干细胞研究相对滞后,目前为止尚未能获得公认的肺癌肿瘤干细胞数据,但动物实验模型提示肺癌肿瘤干细胞的存在。应用流式细胞仪可分选支气管肺泡干细胞,针对肺癌干细胞的治疗可能是肺癌治疗的新策略。     

间充质干细胞的免疫调节特性及其在干细胞移植中的应用

间充质干细胞具有独特的免疫负调节特性,能在不同层次作用于T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、自然杀伤细胞（NK细胞）和树突状细胞,通过直接接触、分泌细胞因子转化生长因子（TGF-β）或调节这些细胞的代谢而发挥免疫调节作用,可望在干细胞移植后免疫重建及移植物抗宿主病的治疗中发挥重要作用。     

Targeting cancer stem cells by melatonin: Effective therapy for cancer treatment

Melatonin is a physiological hormone produced by the pineal gland. In recent decades, enormous investigations showed that melatonin can prompt apoptosis in cancer cells and inhibit tumor metastasis and angiogenesis in variety of malignancies such as ovarian, melanoma, colon, and breast cancer; therefore, its possible therapeutic usage in cancer treatment was confirmed. CSCs, which has received much attention from researchers in past decades, are major challenges in the treatment of cancer. Because CSCs are resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs and cause recurrence of cancer and also have the ability to be regenerated; they can cause serious problems in the treatment of various cancers. For these reasons, the researchers are trying to find a solution to destroy these cells within the tumor mass. In recent years, the effect of melatonin on CSCs has been investigated in some cancers. Given the importance of CSCs in the process of cancer treatment, this article reviewed the studies conducted on the effect of melatonin on CSCs as a solution to the problems caused by CSCs in the treatment of various cancers.     

干细胞分化来源血管内皮细胞研究进展

种子细胞是细胞治疗和组织工程化组织构建的基础,在缺血性疾病细胞治疗和组织工程血管构建中,内皮细胞的来源一直是亟待解决的问题之一.自体血管壁分离获得的内皮细胞由于数量少、体外培养困难、增殖能力有限.应用受到限制.随着干细胞研究的兴起,干细胞逐渐成为内皮细胞来源的研究焦点.就具有向成熟血管内皮细胞分化潜能的干细胞(内皮祖细胞,造血干细胞,骨髓基质干细胞,脂肪来源基质干细胞,胚胎干细胞)来源、分布、特点、诱导分化、动物实验或临床应用及近期相关研究予以综述,并比较各自的优缺点.为内皮细胞来源的选择提供参考.     

间充质干细胞移植治疗心血管疾病的应用与进展

背景：间充质干细胞因其具有自我更新、向不同组织分化及免疫调节功能,而被作为治疗急性心肌梗死、心力衰竭等心血管疾病的有效的方法之一。 目的：从间充质干细胞的生物特性,转分化能力、免疫调节、心脏修复的作用机制以及间充质干细胞用于治疗心血管疾病早期的临床实验资料做一简要阐述。 方法：以“间充质干细胞、免疫调控、心肌梗死、心力衰竭”,“MSCs,Immunomodulation,myocardial infarction,heart  failure”为检索词,应用计算机检索维普(VIP)期刊全文数据库及Pubmed 数据库。排除与研究目的无关和内容重复者。保留35篇文献做进一步分析。 结果与结论：间充质干细胞作为理想的种子细胞,除了具备自我更新、多向分化潜能之外,还具有免疫调节功能,避免同种异体移植或异种移植引起的免疫排斥反应。它可以向心肌细胞及脉管系统分化,通过旁分泌作用分泌一系列的细胞活素类物质及生长因子,并且动员内在的心肌干细胞,从而起到改善心功能,诱导逆向重塑,降低心梗面积的作用。相关的临床实验也显示了移植间充质干细胞的可行性和有效性。     

Colonic and colorectal cancer stem cells: progress in the search for putative biomarkers

The maintenance of healthy colonic crypts is dependent on the integrity of the adult epithelial stem cells located within them. Perturbations in stem cell dynamics are generally believed to represent the first step towards colorectal tumorigenesis. Experimental manipulation of intestinal stem cells has greatly increased our understanding of them, but further progress has been slowed due to the absence of a reliable stem cell biomarker. In this review we discuss the candidate colonic stem cell biomarkers which have been proposed. Furthermore, we investigate the putative biomarkers for so-called colorectal cancer stem cells, a highly aggressive subpopulation of cells considered to drive tumour development.     

肺癌干细胞与肺癌的发生

背景：肺癌具有高度异质性,能够抵抗化疗药物治疗,5年生存率小于15%,目前难以确定肺癌的异质性和耐药性的发病基础。肿瘤干细胞模型近年来吸引了相当多的关注,通过这种模型可以解释各种肿瘤的异质性、耐药性、休眠、复发和转移的机制。 目的：通过综述各类肺癌的组织学类型和肿瘤生长部位的特征,概括肺癌干细胞与各种肺癌发生的关系,从而为消灭肺癌干细胞攻克肺癌提供理论依据。 方法：以英文检索词为“lung cancer,cancer stem cell,lung cancer stem cell,lung cancer occur,tumor heterogeneity, drug resistance,gene mutation,signal pathways”由第一作者检索 1990至2014年Sciencedirect/PubMed 数据库,查阅近年肺癌干细胞对肺癌发生的影响的相关文献,最终保留48篇文献。 结果与结论：肿瘤干细胞模型近年来吸引了相当多的关注,通过这种模型可以解释各种肿瘤的异质性、耐药性、休眠、复发和转移。肺癌干细胞被认为是一类异质的细胞群,多种信号通路可以有针对性的有效的消除他们,从而有助于增强治疗效果。目前多学科通力合作,正在进行肺癌干细胞表征和靶定,这将给肺癌治疗领域带来显著的治疗受益。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

Cell polarity and asymmetric cell division within human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells

Like other somatic stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) contain the capacity to self-renew and to give rise to committed progenitor cells that are able to replenish all hematopoietic cell types. To keep a constant level of HSC, the decision whether their progeny maintain the stem cell fate or become committed to differentiation needs to be highly controlled. In this context it became evident that HSC niches fulfill important functions in keeping the level of HSC more or less constant. Before discovering such niches, it was widely assumed that HSC divide asymmetrically to give birth to a daughter cell maintaining the stem cell fate and to another one which is committed to differentiation. Here, I summarize some of the experimental data being compatible with the model of asymmetric cell division and review some of our latest findings, which demonstrate the occurrence of asymmetric cell divisions within the HSC and hematopoietic progenitor cell compartment. Since cell polarity is an essential prerequisite for asymmetrically dividing as well as for migrating cells, I will also discuss some aspects of cell polarity of primitive hematopoietic cells.     

肉瘤中肿瘤干细胞及其表面标志物的研究进展

肿瘤干细胞（CSC）不仅参与肿瘤的发生、发展和转移,而且还与肿瘤的放化疗耐密切相关,肿瘤干细胞假说也是目前学术界研究的热点;此外,CSC的细胞表面标记物能作为辨别肿瘤良恶性及其分化程度的有效手段.总结分析CSC及其细胞表面标志物在不同肉瘤类型的生物学特点,能进一步阐明其致病机制和探寻更有效的治疗策略.     

Cancer stem cell hypothesis in thyroid cancer

There is increasing evidence that many types of cancer contain their own stem cells: cancer stem cells, which are characterized by their self-renewing capacity and differentiation ability. Cancer could be regarded as an abnormal organ initiated by cancer stem cells, and cancer stem cells might play a decisive role in tumor initiation and progression. Dysregulation of stem cell self-renewal is a likely requirement for the development of cancer, and stem cells seem more likely to be the transformed target cells in carcinogenesis. This cancer stem cell model has great implications for understanding of oncogenesis and treatment for cancer. Abundant evidence suggests that, parallel to other solid tumors, cancer stem cells also exist in thyroid cancer, although their characteristics are largely unknown to date. The present review will discuss the potential traits of cancer stem cells in thyroid cancer and their transformation targets: stem cells in the thyroid gland.     

The realized niche of adult neural stem cells

This review gives an overview of current issues concerning the application of the concept of the stem cell niche to the adult mammalian brain. It describes how the niche manifests itself at different structural levels as well as the main applications that are influenced by this concept. Finally, special regard is given to what is known for the adult human brain and how far the findings from lower animals can be applied in harnessing the regenerative potential of stem cells for therapy.