鼻咽癌放疗后主动脉弓上动脉狭窄血管内支架置入的疗效分析

目的探讨血管内支架置入治疗鼻咽癌放疗后主动脉弓上动脉狭窄病变的疗效。方法回顾性分析8例鼻咽癌放疗后症状性主动脉弓上动脉中重度狭窄行血管内支架置入术患者的临床资料,观察治疗后脑缺血症状的改善情况。通过颈部血管彩色多普勒血流显像随访。结果 8例患者均经全脑DSA证实,主动脉弓上颅外段共有中重度狭窄动脉24处,其中包括颈内动脉11处,颈总动脉2处,椎动脉10处,锁骨下动脉1处。(1)经血管扩张成形及支架置入后,血管腔残余狭窄率平均20%。术后复查头部CT未见出血。术后定期复查颈部血管彩色多普勒血流显像,显示血管形态良好,血流通畅,未见支架内血栓形成及再狭窄,无过度灌注等不良事件发生。(2)随访1年所有患者无再发脑缺血症状,颈部血管彩色多普勒血流显像未发现明显再狭窄。结论血管内支架置入是鼻咽癌放疗后主动脉弓上动脉狭窄可以选择的治疗方法。     

Peripheral transluminal angioplasty of the subclavian and innominate arteries utilizing the brachial approach: acute outcome and follow-up

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of the subclavian and innominate arteries was performed in 27 patients at 33 sites (30 subclavian, 3 innominate). All procedures were successful angiographically and clinically and were without complication. The ipsilateral arm was utilized in all cases. Indications for the procedure included claudication (ten patients), neurological symptoms (seven patients), to gain vascular access for other interventions (eight patients), and scheduled coronary bypass surgery with internal mammary utilization (two patients). There were 22 stenoses and 11 occlusions. Thrombi was retrogradely recovered through the arteriotomy site in three patients with vessel occlusions. No early or late episode of neurological deficit was seen. Follow-up was obtained in 22 patients (82%) at a mean time of 28 months (range, 2-73 months). The cumulative patency rate was 95%. The three restenosed sites were treated with successful repeat PTA. Angioplasty of stenotic or occluded subclavian or innominate arteries should be the procedure of choice in symptomatic patients.     

PTA of the subclavian and innominate arteries: long-term results.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the long-term clinical and duplex sonographic results of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of the subclavian and innominate arteries, and the potential of a new double balloon technique to avoid cerebrovascular thromboembolism. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-three PTAs were performed on 38 subclavian, four innominate arteries and one subclavian-subclavian bypass in 37 patients. In three instances a protective double balloon technique was used. Indication for the intervention was: subclavian steal syndrome (n = 14 [38%]), upper extremity arterial insufficiency (n = 26 [70%]), peripheral thromboembolism (n = 8 [22%]) and PRIND/stroke (n = 3 [8%]). Analysis of long-term follow-up (median 15, range 2 to 100 months) was possible of 28 patients including duplex sonographic assessment in 23 patients. The cumulative patency rate was calculated by means of life-table analysis. RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in 36 endovascular procedures (84%). Minor peripheral catheter complications occurred in three interventions (7%), cerebrovascular thromboembolism in four (9%). No cerebrovascular complications were seen using the double balloon technique. On final check-up 4 patients (14%) suffered from subclavian steal syndrome, 3 (11%) from mild upper extremity arterial insufficiency and one (4%) from rest pain. Duplex sonography showed no stenosis in 12 of 23 patients (52%) and a stenosis of less than 50% in 8 (35%). The life-table analysis showed a secondary cumulative patency rate of 72% after 100 months with all restenoses occurring within 24 months. CONCLUSIONS: PTA of the subclavian and innominate arteries appears to be a useful alternative to surgery with a low complication rate. The long-term patency rate of 72% is comparable to results of other series. In high risk situations cerebrovascular complications may be reduced using the new double balloon technique.     

Subclavian angioplasty: Immediate and late results in 50 patients

In order to assess the therapeutic outcome of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for subclavian stenosis, 50 patients were followed up clinically as well as with a velocimetric Doppler after attempted angioplasty. A minimal clinical follow-up of 9 months was expected. Subclavian stenoses were due to atheroma in 49 patients and to Takayasu's disease in 1 case. Indication of angioplasty was curative in 34 (68%) symptomatic patients (posterior fossa ischemia and/or upper limb ischemia) and preventive in 16 (32%) asymptomatic patients (severe difference of blood pressure between the 2 arms and/or association with carotid stenosis or axillo-femoral bypass). Angioplasty was successful in 45 patients (primary success rate = 90%). Three (6%) thrombosis occurred due to the percutaneous approach, one of the axillary and one of the brachial artery without any significant sequelae, and one of the aorta requiring an aorto-bifemoral bypass. A complication occurred in 2 unsuccessful angioplasties (4%): an ischemic stroke occurred in 1 case and a thrombosis of the dilated site requiring a surgical bypass. Clinical follow-up over a period of 9–101 months (mean = 41) was performed in 43 out of the 45 patients who had undergone angioplasty successfully. Two patients had a follow-up shorter than 9 months: one died after 5 months, the other was lost to follow-up. By the end of the clinical follow-up, 37 (84%) out of the 44 followed-up patients had benefitted from the procedure. Doppler study performed in 35 out of the 44 followed-up patients (80%) over a period of 2–90 months (mean = 39) showed 5 restenosis (14%). This study demonstrates the good long-term results of angioplasty in case of subclavian artery stenosis. Though there are complications, angioplasty could be proposed as a first choice treatment for subclavian stenosis as compared to surgery. Indications in asymptomatic patients should be carefully weighed as complications may occur. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

复合手术治疗老年主动脉弓部疾病

目的探讨“复合”手术治疗老年主动脉弓部病变患者的临床经验及早期随访结果。方法2009年2月至2012年2月,11例主动脉弓部疾病、无法耐受开胸体外循环／深低温停循环下外科手术而接受复合手术的老年患者,其中包括主动脉瘤6例、主动脉溃疡3例和Stanford B型夹层2例。男8例,女3例;平均年龄70岁。患者先行右腋动脉至左颈总动脉和左腋动脉转流手术,然后同期进行主动脉覆膜支架腔内隔绝术覆盖左颈总动脉及左锁骨下动脉。于术后第3、6、12个月及每年进行CT血管造影或MRI复查。结果手术成功率为100％。1例于术后8天死亡、脑卒中发生率为0．0％、截瘫发生率为0．0％,仅有2例术后早期出现少量Ⅰ型内漏。随访时间（15±10）个月,无新的死亡病例发生,无迟发主动脉相关事件,发生Ⅰ型内漏者分别于术后3个月及6个月内漏消失。结论复合手术治疗老年患者主动脉弓部疾病的近期结果满意。     

锁骨下动脉狭窄介入治疗20例随访分析

目的　总结采用两种介入方法治疗 2 0例锁骨下动脉狭窄患者的随访结果。方法　 2 0例有症状男性锁骨下动脉狭窄患者平均年龄 6 3 4岁 ,定量血管造影分析显示锁骨下动脉平均狭窄87% ,双上肢动脉收缩压差平均为 116mmHg。经右股动脉完成球囊血管成形术 8例、支架置入术 11例 ,经右桡动脉完成支架置入术 1例。结果　介入操作全部成功 ,术后即刻桡动脉搏动恢复正常 ,双上肢平均动脉收缩压差降低至 2 4mmHg。未发生严重并发症。 2 0例平均随访 18 5个月 ,除 1例行球囊血管成形术患者复发外 ,其余 19例均良好。结论　经皮球囊血管成形术和支架置入术的效果可靠、操作相对简单和安全 ,可以作为锁骨下动脉狭窄的一线治疗方法。     

An unusual cause of ischemia after coronary bypass grafting!!

Coronary subclavian steal syndrome is an uncommon cause of ischemia recurrence after coronary artery bypass grafting. Endovascular treatment of subclavian artery stenosis or occlusion is increasingly common and appears to offer a safe and effective alternative to surgical revascularization. We report a case of recurrent angina after coronary artery bypass grafting for critical subclavian artery stenosis. The anomalous origin of the vertebral artery from the aortic arch was an indication for endovascular treatment. We discuss the diagnostic difficulties and the management pitfalls of subclavian artery angioplasty in this syndrome.     

Percutaneous revascularization of atherosclerotic obstruction of aortic arch vessels

OBJECTIVES: To compare stenting of aortic arch vessel obstruction with surgical therapy and to establish recommendations for treatment. BACKGROUND: Though surgery has been considered to be the procedure of choice for subclavian and brachiocephalic obstruction, little work has been done to compare it with stenting. METHODS: Eighteen patients with symptomatic aortic arch vessel stenosis or occlusion were treated with stenting, followed by periodic clinical follow-up and noninvasive arterial Doppler studies. Data were compared with the results as shown in a systematic review of a published series of surgery and stenting procedures which included comparison of technical success, complications, mortality and patency. RESULTS: Primary success in our series was 100% with improvement in mean stenosis from 84+/-11% to 1+/-5% and mean arm systolic blood pressure difference from 44+/-16 mm Hg to 3+/-3 mm Hg. There were no major complications (death, stroke, TIA, stent thrombosis or myocardial infarction). At follow-up (mean 17 months), all patients were asymptomatic with 100% primary patency. Literature review demonstrates equivalent patency and complications in the other published series of stenting. In contrast, there was a similar patency but overall incidence of stroke of 3+/-4% and death of 2+/-2% in the published surgical series. CONCLUSIONS: Subclavian or brachiocephalic artery obstruction can be effectively treated by primary stenting or surgery. Comparison of stenting and the surgical experience demonstrates equal effectiveness but fewer complications and suggests that stenting should be considered as first line therapy for subclavian or brachiocephalic obstruction.     

Cross-sectional echocardiographic recognition of interruption of aortic arch between left carotid and subclavian arteries.

Interrupted aortic arch is a rare condition, usually lethal in early infancy without treatment. The only characteristic feature on conventional non-invasive investigation is peripheral pulse inequality, which indicates ductal construction, and therefore may be absent or transient and preterminal. We report the cross-sectional echocardiographic findings in seven patients with aortic arch interruption between the left carotid and subclavian arteries. Their ages were 1 day to 7 months (median 7.5 days). The arterial connection was concordant in four, double outlet right ventricle in two, and truncus arteriosus in one. In each case the ascending aorta was small in comparison to the pulmonary trunk. From the suprasternal approach the ascending aorta could be seen to terminate in the left carotid artery, and the ductus to continue smoothly into the descending aorta, with no vestige of an aortic arch linking its ascending and descending portions. The left subclavian artery was seen to arise distal to the ductus in all but one patient. All four patients with ventriculoarterial concordance had pronounced subaortic stenosis caused by posterior displacement of the infundibular septum. Cross-sectional echocardiography therefore provides the only accurate method of non-invasive diagnosis of this condition. It permits early treatment with prostaglandins to prevent ductal closure, a planned approach to cardiac catheterisation, and a further means of investigating the nature of subaortic stenosis in this condition.     

Subclavian balloon angioplasty in the management of the coronary-subclavian steal syndrome.

The syndrome of coronary-subclavian steal presenting with angina pectoris after coronary revascularization with the mammary arteries is not common. This disorder should be suspected in post LIMA patients with blood pressure differences between the arms and confirmed by angiography. PTA of the subclavian artery via the brachial approach, in appropriately selected patients, offers potential advantages over carotid subclavian bypass including an apparent lower complication rate with equally good results. Recurrences, which are apt to be more common after PTA versus carotid subclavian bypass, are easily managed with repeat dilatation. This course of management in our patient resulted in an excellent clinical outcome without complication. This report emphasizes the importance of considering subclavian stenosis in patients with prior LIMA bypass grafting, particularly when the ipsilateral arm blood pressure is reduced. In such cases, subclavian PTA offers a reasonable nonsurgical approach for correction.     

Intravascular ultrasonic assessment of post-operative remodelling of aortic coarctation repaired by use of a subclavian flap

BACKGROUND: We have used intravascular ultrasound in an attempt to clarify the extent of vascular remodelling of the aortic arch after the repair of aortic coarctation by use of a subclavian flap. METHODS: We investigated 13 patients with coarctation of the aorta, ranging in age from 1.4 to 43.0 months, with a mean of 20.8 months, who underwent aortoplasty by incorporation of a subclavian flap. The mean postoperative period was 19.6 months, with a range from 0.03 to 41.2 months. The luminal morphology of the aortic arch was evaluated by intravascular ultrasound at the time of post-operative catheterization. RESULTS: We observed 3 cases longitudinally. Over the period of observation, we found three types o f morphology of the aorta at the site of incorporation of the subclavian flap, namely a snowman shape with two inflection points, a pisiform shape with one inflection point, and a round shape without any points of inflection. There was a correlation between the cross-sectional shapes at the site of the subclavian flap in the postoperative period (p < 0.01). In each case, we measured the cross-sectional area at the site of subclavian flap, at the descending aorta, and at the distal aortic arch. The cross-sectional area, and the increment of the cross-sectional area at the site of subclavian flap, was larger. CONCLUSION: The shape of the lumen subsequent to repair of aortic coarctation changes progressively from a snowman, to a pisiform, and finally to a round shape. Greater growth of the subclavian flap compared to the native wall of the aorta was observed for at least the first 4 years after repair. This finding may improve our understanding of the remodelling process of the arterial trunks after surgical repair.     

Takayasu's disease involving the vessels arising from the arch of the aorta and those of the upper limbs (author's transl)

Lesions localized to the vessels arising from the aortic arch and those in the upper limbs were observed in 72 out of 84 patients with Takayasu's disease. In 54% of these 72 cases, other regions were affected, while only the vessels arising from the arch of the aorta were the site of lesions in the other 46% (isolated axillo-post-vertebral subclavian lesions were present in 14% of cases). Semiological features, long-term complications, and prognosis are discussed. 53 revascularizations were performed in 47 patients without mortality. Surgery is definitely indicated when severe stenosis of the brachiocephalic vessels or the main carotid arteries or their division exists. Revascularization of a subclavian artery stenosis should be limited to cases with ischemia of the upper limb on effort or when a histological diagnosis is required. Controversy exists as to the need for this operation in ectatic forms.     

Role of angioplasty in patients with previous coronary artery bypass surgery

Fifty-nine patients with previous coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) underwent coronary artery or vein graft angioplasty following a recurrence of symptoms, 141 lesions were attempted in 70 procedures. The overall angiographic success rate was 77%. Some angiographic success was achieved in 83% of patients. Complications included myocardial infarction in three (4.3%), death in one (1.4%), and iliac artery thrombosis in one (1.4%). No patients were referred for urgent surgery. Twenty-eight patients have undergone repeat coronary arteriography after 7.5 +/- 2.6 months (mean +/- SD), and 31% of lesions have recurred. Fifty-eight percent of patients without recurrence at follow-up continue to have improved symptoms. Treadmill exercise time was significantly prolonged in patients in whom all attempted lesions had been successfully dilated and in those in whom only some lesions were dilated. Our experience suggests that approximately 29% of patients with recurrence of angina following CABG may be suitable for angioplasty.     

Takayasu's arteritis: reversal of pulse deficit after early treatment with corticosteroids

Takayasu's arteritis is a rare disease characterized by inflammation and stenosis of large arteries. The aortic arch and its branches are most often affected. Initial symptoms are nonspecific and the diagnosis may be delayed until signs of vascular insufficiency appear. Results of medical treatment have been conflicting. We report a case of a young woman with a short history of pulse deficits, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, narrowing of the subclavian arteries on arteriography, and a complete return of pulses after high dose corticosteroids. Takayasu's arteritis is a treatable disease in its early phase, but treatment response may be disappointing after irreversible vascular lesions develop.     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty using a new peripheral cutting balloon for stenosis of arch vessels in aorto arteritis.

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with or without stenting of steno-occlusions in the supra-aortic arch vessels in aortoarteritis is associated with higher residual stenosis and restenosis, particularly in those with diffuse disease. The use of the new peripheral cutting balloon (Boston Scientific Interventional Technologies, San Diego, CA, USA) in these lesions in aortoarteritis has not been described. We report here the first 2 cases of stand alone cutting angioplasty for 2 patients (3 arteries). One patient presented with a critical stenosis of the common carotid artery. We obtained a good immediate result but a restenosis appeared at 6 months, easily treated by a new angioplasty with cutting balloon and stent implantation. The second patient had an occlusion of the subclavian artery associated with a severe ostial vertebral artery stenosis. The immediate result was excellent and the 6-month clinical and angiographic control showed no restenosis.     

Hybrid repair of aortic arch aneurysm

Aneurysms of the transverse aortic arch requiring surgery most often affects elderly patients with multiple co-morbidities and represents a significant challenge to both patient and surgeon. The hybrid approach developed in recent years (debranching followed by endovascular repair) may improve the morbidity and mortality of the population risk. We present the case report of a 72-year-old man with aortic arch aneurysm arising at the origin of the left subclavian artery involving whole caudal segment of an aortic arch with concomitant single vessel coronary disease. The hybrid procedure was carried out in two stages, first (open surgical approach) performing an extra-anatomic bypass – debranching combining with concomitant coronary artery bypass procedure without heart–lung machine and following day deploying the aortic endograft. Postoperative period was uneventful. On the 15th day after hybrid procedure, the patient was discharged in a stabilized condition for ambulatory care. This approach may be an alternative to standard open procedures in high-risk patients with promising midterm results.     

Stent PTA in secondary symptomatic proximal subclavian artery obstruction

Stent-PTA of secondary symptomatic proximal subclavian artery stenosis In comparison with conventional surgical revascularisation, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is an alternative treatment for short stenoses or occlusions involving the origin of the subclavian artery. If there is clinical suspicion of subclavian artery obstruction (e.g. blood pressure difference in both arms), digital subtraction angiography of the aortic arch and upper limb should be performed prior to creating radial haemodialysis shunts or coronary bypass crafting involving the internal mammary artery. PTA and stenting can be successfully carried out in symptomatic secondary proximal subclavian artery stenosis, e.g. in radial haemodialysis fistulas with distal ischaemia.     

Localizations of Takayasu's disease (author's transl)

Localizations of Takayasu's disease are described and discussed in relation to 10 cases. The affection causes panaortitis which produces stenosis, or less often dilatation, of the thoracic and/or abdominal aorta, and stenosis of occlusion of the arteries arising from the aorta. Lesions of the aortic arch and superior aortic branches, mainly subclavian and carotid, are the most frequently observed form of the disease, but coronary stenosis and aortic incompetence are sometimes noted. Lesions in the descending thoraco-abdominal aorta are frequently present, and stenosis and occlusion of the renal arteries are usually associated with the abdominal aortitis. Stenosis of the terminal aorta and iliofemoral axes is a more rare occurrence. The association of lesions in the aortic arch and its branches, and the descending aorta and its branches, was found in about 2/3rds of cases. Pulmonary arteries are affected in about half the cases according to recent reports.     

Life saving carotid artery stenting in Takayasu arteritis

We present two patients who had high grade unilateral carotid artery stenosis and controlateral carotid artery occlusion secondary to active stage of Takayasu arteritis. The patients were presented with hemiplegia and history of transient ischemic attacks and visual disturbances. Despite the administration of high dose systemic corticosteroids, both patients deteriorated clinically and surgery was not preferred. Angiogram of the first patient revealed the occlusion of the right common carotid, right subclavian and left subclavian artery and high grade stenosis (>95%) of the left common carotid and right vertebral artery. These two stenotic arteries were stented. Angiogram of the second patient revealed the occlusion of the left common carotid and subclavian artery and high grade stenosis (>90%) of the right common carotid artery. PTA + stenting of the right carotid artery was performed. There were no complications during a follow-up period of 10.5±7 months and control angiograms revealed that all stented vessels were free of restenosis. In conclusion, stent-supported PTA to carotid arteries provides immediate symptomatic relief for patients in the active phase of the disease. Its efficacy in the long term should be investigated.     

Lesions of the aortic arch in Recklinghausen's disease

Two young patients with Von Recklinghausen's disease developed an obstructive aortic arch syndrome. Follow-up over several years showed progressive changes in the clinical signs with no development of symptoms. Angiography demonstrated great changes in the anatomical relationship of the supraaortic trunks which lead to surgical repair. In one case, the histology of operative biopsies established a relation between the neurofibromatous and the arterial lesions. Modern investigative procedures and therapeutic possibilities are reviewed in the light of these two cases. These two patients seem to be the first reported cases of neurofibromatosis causing the aortic arch syndrome.