侧脑室肿瘤的显微手术治疗

目的分析侧脑室肿瘤的手术方式和临床效果。方法回顾性分析89例病人的临床特点和预后。其中行颢枕经皮质入路45例，经额皮质人路34例，经额胼胝体人路8例，经额纵裂人路1例，经颢人路1例。结果全切除63例．近全切除22例．大部分切除3例，活检1例。术后恢复良好79例，偏瘫7例，死亡3例。结论选择合适的手术人路，有助于改善侧脑室肿瘤病人的预后。     

显微手术治疗侧脑室肿瘤

目的 总结32例侧脑室肿瘤的主要临床表现，手术入路和治疗效果，以提高侧脑室肿瘤的全切率，减少并发症，改善手术效果。方法 回顾性分析一组32例侧脑室肿瘤，CT、MRI作为术前诊断及设计手术入路的主要依据。本组按肿瘤叶中心部位不同分别采用经皮质入路和经胼胝体入路，运用显微外科手术切除肿瘤。结果 手术全切肿瘤26例，次全切除肿瘤4例，大部切除肿瘤2例，无手术死亡。结论 选择合适的手术入路，合理运用显微手术技术切除侧脑室肿瘤．可获得良好的手术效果。     

改良经额侧脑室前入路切除室间孔区肿瘤

目的 通过对室间孔区域的显微解剖，结合临床经验，设计新型的手术入路，以提高室间孔区域肿瘤的手术效果。方法 选择侧脑室室间孔区域肿瘤16例，行改良经额皮质侧脑室前入路，作为研究组(第1组)；选择同期常规手术方法治疗的室间孔区域肿瘤25例，作为对照组(第2组)；将两组资料进行比较。结果 现有的室间孔区域肿瘤的手术方法，临床效果仍不满意。改良经额皮质侧脑室前入路切除室间孔区域肿瘤，手术全切率为81．2％，术后恢复良好。结论 改良经额皮质侧脑室前入路切除室间孔区域肿瘤的手术视野扩大，易于操作，皮质功能保护肯定，手术效果较为满意。     

松果体区肿瘤的显微外科治疗(附31例报告)

目的研究松果体区肿瘤外科治疗的方法、入路和注意事项。方法回顾分析31例松果体区肿瘤直接手术患者的临床特点、手术及预后情况。31例患者中，枕下经小脑幕入路（Poppen入路）22例，幕下小脑上入路（Krause入路）6例，经胼胝体后部入路（Dandy入路）2例。颞部侧脑室三角部入路1例。结果肿瘤全切除24例，次全切除4例，大部分切除3例。术后死于并发症2例；随访4个月至4年，19例恢复良好，5例生活基本自理，4例术后复发，1例术后1年死亡。结论松果体区肿瘤的手术治疗效果较好，合理的手术入路及体位，娴熟的显微外科手术技巧是手术成功的关键。     

侧脑室肿瘤的诊断与手术治疗

目的探讨侧脑室肿瘤临床特点,诊断,手术治疗方式以及治疗效果。方法回顾性分析40例侧脑室肿瘤患者临床资料,手术处理方式及预后。其中侧脑室额部12例,体部7例,三角部11例,颞角6例,枕角4例。经皮质入路35例,经胼胝体5例。结果肿瘤全切30例,大部分切除6例,部分切除3例,活检1例。根据GOS预后评分标准良好者35例,轻残3例,重残1例,死亡1例。结论侧脑室肿瘤良性居多,常需外科手术治疗,选择适当的手术入路及精细的显微操作可获得良好效果。     

丘脑肿瘤的手术治疗

目的总结丘脑肿瘤的手术入路和注意事项。方法回顾性分析17例丘脑肿瘤病人的临床资料,比较不同手术入路的优缺点,根据肿瘤大小、位置、生长方向、脑室扩大情况,采用胼胝体-透明膈-穹隆间入路7例,经顶枕皮质侧脑室入路10例。结果肿瘤全切8例,近全切6例,大部切除3例;术后症状改善12例,无明显改善3例,加重2例。无死亡病例。结论胼胝体-透明膈-穹隆间入路和经颈枕皮质侧脑室入路切除丘脑肿瘤相对距离近,暴露良好,对正常脑组织损伤小,术后严重并发症少。     

丘脑肿瘤的显微外科治疗

目的总结丘脑肿瘤的临床特点,探讨其显微外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析21例丘脑肿瘤患者手术入路的选择、手术技巧以及术后并发症。本组经脑室前角入路9例,经侧脑室后角入路7例,经三角区入路2例,经颞后皮质入路1例,经胼胝体侧脑室入路2例。结果21例肿瘤中全切除15例,大部分切除6例。手术后2例昏迷,7例出现神志淡漠;5例肢体运动障碍加重,仅2例有不同程度的恢复;术前8例脑积水患者中,术后5例得到改善,另3例行脑室-腹腔分流术。结论丘脑肿瘤手术仍是神经外科高风险手术,显微外科手术切除是有效的治疗方法。     

儿童丘脑胶质瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨儿童丘脑胶质瘤的临床特征和显微外科治疗.方法 总结49例儿童丘脑胶质瘤的临床特征,分别采取经胼胝体-穹窿间入路、胼胝体-侧脑室入路、经顶或顶枕-侧脑室(经三角区)入路、经额-侧脑室入路、经颞皮层入路、经颞下小脑幕入路进行显微外科治疗.结果 初次手术中,近全切除23例,大部切除17例,部分切除9例,围手术期死亡2例.39例获得随访,16例存活,其中15例生活可以自理.结论 手术是儿童丘脑胶质瘤的首选治疗,根据肿瘤的位置、生长方向及术者经验采取合理的手术入路,尽可能减少重要结构的损伤,减少术后并发症.     

颞下-经小脑幕入路切除复发性听神经瘤

自1973年1月到1984年12月,采用颞下-经小脑 幕入路切除6例复发性听神经瘤。6例中5例第一次手术是经常用的枕下入路将肿瘤部分切除,术后7个月到7年病人因肿瘤复发再次入院。第二次手术均采用颞下-经小脑幕入路,有2例肿瘤全切,3例肿瘤次全切除;另1例第一次由耳科医生经迷路后入路,将肿瘤部分切除,6个月后因肿瘤复发再次入院,第二次手术采用枕下入路,亦部分地切除了肿瘤,1年后,病人又出现颅内压增高症状入院,第三次手术采用颞下-经小脑幕入路,终于将肿瘤全切除。治疗结果:5例恢复原工作或轻工作,1例由于视力障碍需别人照顾。 文中简要地介绍了6例病人的治疗情况,讨论了复发性听神经瘤的手术入路,颞下-经小脑幕入路的操作方法,以及此入路的优缺点。     

经额中回皮质入路显微手术切除侧脑室前部肿瘤

目的总结并分析经额中回皮质入路切除侧脑室前部肿瘤的显微外科手术技巧及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析20例经额中回皮质入路手术切除侧脑室前部肿瘤病人的临床资料。结果肿瘤全切除l5例,次全切除3例,部分切除2例。无手术死亡病例。术后随访6个月～3年,平均1年;术后6个月GOS评分:5分14例,4分2例,3分1例(术后2年死于其他疾病),失访3例。结论额中回皮质入路具有手术损伤小、术野暴露清楚等优点,是切除侧脑室前部肿瘤的首选入路之一。     

Fields of origin and pathways of the interhemispheric commissures in the temporal lobe of macaques

The interhemispheric connections of the cortical areas of the temporal lobe and some neighboring regions were investigated in monkeys (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis) by anterograde autoradiographic tracing, following injection of radioactively labeled amino acids. The results revealed that the interhemispheric projections of the temporal lobe course through three interhemispheric commissures on their way to the opposite hemisphere. The anterior commissure receives fibers from virtually the entire temporal lobe, including the temporal pole, superior and inferior temporal gyri, and parahippocampal gyrus. Moreover, area 13 of the orbitofrontal cortex, the frontal and temporal subdivisions of the prepiriform cortex, and the cortical and deep nuclei of the amygdala also contribute fibers to the anterior commissure. The heaviest projections arise in the rostral third of the temporal isocortex. These projections become progressively lighter from more caudal regions. By contrast, the corpus callosum receives fibers from the caudal two-thirds of the temporal lobe, including the temporal pole, superior and inferior temporal gyri, and parahippocampal gyrus. The heaviest projections arise in the caudal third of the temporal lobe and cross primarily in the caudal third of the corpus callosum, including the splenium. Progressively lighter projections arise more rostrally. Fibers from proisocortical and isocortical areas of the posterior parahippocampal gyrus cross in the ventralmost part of the splenium (inferior forceps), whereas cortical areas lateral to the occipitotemporal sulcus give rise to fibers that cross in the caudal part of the body of the corpus callosum and dorsal splenium. The dorsal hippocampal commissure receives fibers exclusively from the parahippocampal gyrus. The fibers of the corpus callosum, hippocampal commissure, and, to a lesser extent, the anterior commissure are intimately associated with the ventricular system as they course through the white matter of the temporal lobe. The fields of origin of the anterior commissure and corpus callosum overlap extensively over the caudal two-thirds of the temporal lobe. The posterior parahippocampal gyrus is unique in that it gives rise to fibers that cross in all three commissures.     

Functional consequences of the transcallosal removal of intraventricular tumours.

Colloid cysts and other benign tumours of the third and lateral ventricles may be exposed through a small incision in the body of the corpus callosum. This approach is practicable even when ventricular dilatation is slight, and is theoretically less likely to cause epilepsy than the more usual transcortical approach. Disturbances of memory have been noted soon after such operations, but do not cause serious long-term disability. Three patients who underwent transcallosal removal of cysts or tumours some years earlier have been tested by procedures designed to demonstrate interhemispheric transfer of information: they were all found to have defects in transfer of tactile data, but not of information obtained visually. They were not aware of this inability, and do not appear to be inconvenienced by it. The transcallosal route is convenient. The operation sacrifices a functionally significant part of the corpus callosum, but the neurological sequelae have seemed acceptable. However, especially in the elderly, stereoventriculoscopic aspiration may be considered as the initial method of treatment.     

侧脑室脑膜瘤的诊断及显微手术治疗

目的 探讨侧脑室内脑膜瘤诊断特点及显微手术方法.方法 MRI和/或CT确诊并行显微手术切除侧脑室脑膜瘤24例,其中2例内窥镜辅助切除.肿瘤位于左侧三角区13例,右侧三角区7例,右侧体部1例,横跨双侧三角区1例,左侧颞角2例.顶枕入路15例,颞中回入路7例,经胼胝体后部入路2例.结果 24例影像学诊断与术后病理相符合,均给予全切.完整切除5例,分块切除19例.18例获得随访,完全正常10例,3例复发再次手术全切,癫痫2例,同向性偏盲3例.结论 CT和MRI是诊断侧脑室脑膜瘤的最可靠的手段,显微手术是目前侧脑室脑膜瘤的首选治疗方法.     

Ipsilateral hemiparesis and spontaneous horizontal nystagmus caused by middle cerebral artery territory infarct in a patient with agenesis of the corpus callosum

Ipsilateral hemiparesis and spontaneous nystagmus have rarely been reported after a cerebral lesion. A 35-year-old man with agenesis of the corpus callosum developed ipsilateral hemiparesis and spontaneous horizontal nystagmus after an infarct in the right middle cerebral artery territory. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed the presence of an acute infarct in the right middle and inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, insular gyrus, internal capsule, head of caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus. Transcranial stimulation of the hand area of the cerebral motor cortex produced motor-evoked potentials in the abductor pollicis brevis muscle exclusively on the ipsilateral side. No motor-evoked potentials were evoked in the abductor pollicis brevis muscle contralateral to the stimulation. The motor-evoked potentials and magnetic resonance imaging findings in our case suggest that anomalies of the decussation of the corticospinal tracts can be found in agenesis of the corpus callosum.     

Anatomical and physiological evidence for a relationship between the ‘cingular’ vocalization area and the auditory cortex in the squirrel monkey

With the aid of the autoradiographic tracing technique the projections from cortical limbic vocalization areas to the auditory cortex in the superior temporal gyrus were studied in the squirrel monkey. The vocalization areas were identified by exploring the anterior limbic cortex with moving electrodes until a site was found where electrical stimulation yielded vocalization. Projections from the region around the cingulate sulcus and supracallosal anterior cingulate gyrus have their terminal fields in the lower part of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus. Injections just in front of the genu of the corpus callosum and in the subcallosal gyrus and gyrus rectus lead to terminal fields in the middle part of STG. No projections were found in the upper part of STG, i.e. the primary auditory cortex.To test the functional properties of this pathway, action potentials of single neurons in the auditory cortex were recorded during electrical stimulation of the cingular vocalization area. From a total of 135 STG neurons, an effect on spontaneous activity was seen in 27 cells. All except one of these neurons also reacted to acoustic stimuli. In most cases, stimulation of the cingular area caused a decrease in the discharge rate of the STG neurons. In 4 neurons, stimulation of the vocalization area had an influence on the acoustic reactivity of the STG neurons. The results provide evidence that during phonation the ‘cingular’ vocalization area exerts a predominantly inhibitory influence on auditory cortex neurons. This effect probably is mediated via the extreme capsule. Its possible function is discussed.     

White matter microstructural abnormalities in late-life depression

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the location and the degree of white matter damage in late-life depression using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). METHODS: Thirty-one patients with late-life depression and 15 healthy volunteers matched for age, gender and years of education received conventional MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and MR-diffusion tensor scanning. The fractional anisotropy (FA) values of white matter were measured respectively in frontal and temporal regions and the corpus callosum. RESULTS: FA values were significantly decreased in the frontal (superior and middle frontal gyrus), and temporal (right parahippocampal gyrus) regions of elderly patients with depression compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Microstructural changes in the frontal (superior and middle frontal gyrus) and temporal (right parahippocampal gyrus) areas are associated with late-life depression.     

Voxel-based morphometry study of brain volumetry and diffusivity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with mild disability

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive and simultaneous degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. The pathological process associated to ALS, albeit more pronounced in the motor/premotor cortices and along the corticospinal tracts (CST), does not spare extra-motor brain gray (GM) and white (WM) matter structures. However, it remains unclear whether such extra-motor cerebral abnormalities occur with mildly disabling disease, and how irreversible tissue loss and intrinsic tissue damage are interrelated. To this end, we used an optimized version of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis to investigate the patterns of regional GM density changes and to quantify GM and WM diffusivity alterations of the entire brain from mildly disabled patients with ALS. A high-resolution T1-weighted 3D magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo and a pulsed gradient spin-echo single shot echo-planar sequence of the brain were acquired from 25 mildly disabled patients with ALS and 18 matched healthy controls. An analysis of covariance was used to compare volumetry and diffusivity measurements between patients and controls. Compared with controls, ALS patients had significant clusters of locally reduced GM density (P < 0.001) in the right premotor cortex, left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and superior temporal gyrus (STG), bilaterally. In ALS patients contrasted to controls, we also found significant clusters of locally increased MD (P < 0.001) in the splenium of the corpus callosum and in the WM adjacent to the IFG, STG, and middle temporal gyrus (MTG) of the right hemisphere, and in the WM adjacent to the MTG and lingual gyrus in the left hemisphere. Compared with controls, ALS patients also had significant clusters of locally decreased FA values (P < 0.001) in the CST in the midbrain and corpus callosum, bilaterally. This study supports the notion that ALS is a multisystem disorder and suggests that extra-motor involvement may be an early feature of the disease.     

Transcortical selective amygdalohippocampectomy technique through the middle temporal gyrus revisited: An anatomical study laboratory investigation

The anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) and selective amygdalohippocampectomy (SelAH) have been used for surgical treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. We examined the comprehensive white matter tract anatomy of the temporal lobe to gain an insight into the trans-middle temporal gyrus, a lateral approach which has been commonly used. The transmiddle temporal gyrus approach was performed in a stepwise manner on cadaveric human heads to examine the traversing white matter pathways through it and the structures located in the temporal horn. We reviewed the literature to compare the trans-middle temporal gyrus approach with other SelAH techniques based on surgical outcomes. There does not appear to be a significant difference in seizure outcome between SelAH and ATL. However, the SelAH provides a better neuropsychological outcomes than the ATL in selected patients. Each SelAH approach has individual advantages and disadvantages. Based on our anatomical study, in the transcortical amygdalohippocampectomy technique through the middle temporal gyrus the white matter pathways to be encountered. In the temporal horn, the collateral eminence, hippocampus, lateral ventricular sulcus, choroidal fissure, inferior choroidal point, choroid plexus, fimbria of the fornix, and amygdala are exposed. The subpial dissection is performed along the lateral ventricular sulcus from the collateral eminence on lateral side and from the choroidal fissure on medial side by microdissector for en bloc resection of the hippocampus proper. The trans-middle temporal gyrus approach is commonly used in treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients. A better anatomical and functional understanding of the structures of the temporal lobe is crucial for safer and more accurate surgery.     

MRI study of white matter diffusion anisotropy in schizophrenia

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can provide information about brain white matter integrity. The results of DTI studies in schizophrenia are somewhat variable and could benefit from standardized image processing methods. Fourteen patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 14 healthy volunteers underwent DTI. Scans were analyzed using a rigorous voxelwise approach. The key dependent variable, fractional anisotropy, was lower for patients in the corpus callosum, left superior temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyri, middle temporal gyri, inferior parietal gyri, medial occipital lobe, and the deep frontal perigenual region. Regions showing reduced white matter fractional anisotropy are known to be abnormal in schizophrenia. The voxelwise method used in the current study can provide the basis for hypothesis-driven research.     

经胼胝体进入第三脑室的手术入路选择

目的探讨经胼胝体进入第三脑室的手术入路选择。方法在10例成人尸头上,模拟经透明膈间腔-穹隆间入路、经室间孔入路及经脉络裂入路,观察与入路相关的重要解剖结构。随机观察50例正常人透明膈影像学资料。总结7例经胼胝体切除第三脑室肿瘤病人的临床资料。结果①解剖结果:切开胼胝体后,直接进入透明膈间腔5例,进入右侧侧脑室4例,进入左侧1例;标本存在透明膈间腔且容易分开8例,占80%,无法分开2例;标本在穹隆缝区容易分开9例,分离较困难1例。②影像结果:透明膈位于中线41例,占82%,偏向一侧4例,第五脑室形成5例。③临床结果:经透明膈间腔-穹隆间入路切除第三脑室肿瘤5例,经室间孔及脉络裂入路各1例。结论胼胝体切开后,首选经透明膈间腔-穹隆间入路进入第三脑室。若透明膈间腔无法分开,可经室间孔或脉络裂入路。