上腔静脉综合征继发改变的CT评价

目的:探讨肺癌致上腔静脉综合征(SVCS)继发改变的CT表现类型及CT价值。方法:经病理证实肺癌致SVCS51例,其中7例行上腔静脉支架植入术,回顾分析上腔静脉梗阻程度、继发改变CT表现,并作统计分析。结果:①上腔静脉梗阻程度:轻~中度18例,重度28例,完全闭塞5例;②继发改变CT表现:单纯侧枝循环建立与开放14例,单纯胸壁肿胀12例,侧支循环建立并胸壁水肿16例,两种表现均未发现9例。肺癌致SVCS时上腔静脉梗阻程度不同,胸部侧枝循环和/或胸壁水肿CT显示率不同(P<0.05)。肺癌致SVCS时血栓形成7例。结论:胸部CT增强扫描是显示肺癌致SVCS继发改变的一种很有价值的影像学方法。     

肺癌致上腔静脉综合征的CT诊断

目的:探讨肺癌致上腔静脉综合征(SVCS)的CT表现。材料和方法:病理确诊肺癌致SVCS51例,回顾性分析肺癌、上腔静脉梗阻及SVCS继发病变的CT特征,并作统计分析。结果:(1)原发疾病特征:致SVCS肺癌位于右上肺叶32例、右中肺叶3例、右下肺叶5例、左上肺叶2例、左下肺叶5例、右全肺4例;大体类型:中央型35例、右上纵隔型12例、周围型4例。(2)上腔静脉梗阻征:环状包埋11例、半环状包埋5例、夹心状包埋5例、推移10例、向左推压15例、完全闭塞5例。梗阻程度不同,前五者发生率有差异(P<0.05)。(3)继发病变征:单纯侧枝循环建立与开放14例、单纯胸壁肿胀12例、二者均有16例、二者均无9例,上腔静脉梗阻程度不同,侧枝循环和/或胸壁水肿CT显示率不同(P<0.05)。结论:CT增强扫描能全面诊断肺癌致SVCS。     

肺癌致上腔静脉综合征CT特征及其病理学基础

目的探讨肺癌致上腔静脉综合征(SVCS)生物学行为、肺癌与上腔静脉梗阻段周围病变位置关系的CT特征及病理学基础.资料与方法病理确诊肺癌致SVCS共51例,回顾分析肺癌解剖部位、大体类型及其致SVCS生物学行为、与上腔静脉梗阻段周围病变间位置关系的CT表现,并作统计分析.结果肺癌致SVCS生物学行为CT表现:直接蔓延7例,淋巴结转移17例,二者并存27例.致SVCS肺癌与上腔静脉梗阻段周围病变间位置关系CT表现:直接相连32例,间接相连10例,不相连接9例.不同肺叶不同大体类型肺癌致SVCS生物学行为及其与上腔静脉梗阻段周围病变间位置关系均不同(P<0.05).结论肺癌致SVCS生物学行为、与上腔静脉梗阻段周围病变间位置关系均与肺癌解剖部位及大体类型有关.     

64层螺旋CT血管造影对癌性上腔静脉综合征的诊断

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT血管造影对上腔静脉综合征(SVCS)的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析18例病理确诊为癌性SVCS的64层螺旋CT血管造影表现.结果 (1)原发病变:肺癌位于右上肺叶8例,右上纵隔型7例,淋巴瘤2例,侵袭性胸腺瘤1例.(2)上腔静脉梗阻征:单侧压迫(5例)、半环状包埋(8例)、环状包埋(4例)、夹心状包埋(1例).(3)继发侧枝循环:侧枝循环开放10例.结论 多层螺旋CT血管造影能全面、准确地诊断SVCS,为临床诊断与治疗提供更丰富的影像学信息.     

肺癌致上腔静脉综合征螺旋CT诊断

本文收集了我院经病理确诊的肺癌致上腔静脉综合征（superior vena cava syndrome,SVCS）26例,探讨SVCS螺旋CT的表现及侧枝循环形成情况。1材料与方法1.1一般资料肺癌致上腔静脉综合征26例中,男18例,女8例,年龄48～80岁,平均64.2岁。所有患者均经病理确诊为肺癌,其中鳞癌8例,腺癌12例,小细胞肺癌6例。     

恶性上腔静脉综合征的综合介入治疗

目的 评价介入法治疗恶性肿瘤所致上腔静脉综合征(SVCS)的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析20例SVCS患者的临床资料.男12例,女8例,年龄35～63岁.20例患者均伴有颜面、上肢水肿等临床表现.全部患者使用支架置入,治疗前后测量梗阻流入端血管内压力.4例患者随后行CT导向下125I粒子植入术,2例行支气管动脉化疗灌注术.结果 20例患者均完成支架置入术.术后症状均有明显改善.支架置入术后梗阻流入端静脉压力由(35.48±7.65) cmH2O降至(7.53±2.30) cmH2O,其差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).6例患者术后行125I粒子植入术或支气管动脉化疗灌注术,复查提示完全缓解1例,部分缓解3例,稳定2例.结论 支架置入术是一种安全、有效治疗SVCS的方法,介入治疗能够参与原发病灶的治疗.     

上腔静脉综合征支架植入术后并发症分析

目的 探讨上腔静脉综合征(SVCS)支架植入术的并发症及其影响因素,以便制定合理的预防和处理措施.方法 对39例不同原因所致的SVCS患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.39例患者均行静脉造影,明确上腔静脉狭窄位置、程度、范围,然后行上腔静脉支架植入术.支架植入后以狭窄程度<50%或狭窄程度减少20%以上,同时患者症状在治疗后短期缓解作为支架植入有效的标准,观察术后并发症情况.结果 39例共植入支架40枚.术后35例患者症状明显好转,有效率89.7%(35/39).6例发生并发症,发生率15.4%,其中1例因术后化疗有效、病变缩小致支架移位,症状未加重而未予处理;1例因未抗凝等后续治疗导致血栓形成,后行溶栓及放射治疗致支架移位,患者自动出院;1例因植入大网眼Gianturco Z形支架,肿瘤向网眼内生长导致再狭窄,患者自动出院;急性肺梗死及急性右心功能不全各1例,内科保守治疗后症状缓解;急性心包积液1例,急诊行心包抽液后症状缓解.结论 SVCS支架植入术并发症种类较多,部分后果严重.需根据病因选择合适的治疗方法和合适的支架型号,术中操作轻柔仔细,重视术后处理等方能有效减少并发症.     

上腔静脉综合征多排螺旋CT诊断价值

目的 探讨多排螺旋CT血管成像在上腔静脉综合征(SVCS)中的诊断价值.方法 46例上腔静脉综合征行颈胸部多排螺旋CT平扫及增强扫描,发送工作站后处理(包括VR、MPR、MIP、CPR)作出诊断,并与手术或穿刺病理作对比分析.结果 46例中肺癌所致SVCS 36例、恶性淋巴瘤5例、胸腺癌3例,慢性纵隔炎1例,甲状腺癌伴颈内静脉及上腔静脉癌栓形成1例.奇静脉入口以上梗阻31例,奇静脉入口以下梗阻4例,奇静脉人口上下同时阻塞者11例.轻～中度梗阻16例,重度梗阻21例,完全梗阻9例.结论 多排螺旋CT是诊断SVCS理想的检查手段.对临床进一步治疗具有重大指导作用.     

上腔静脉梗阻的影像学检查进展

上腔静脉综合征(superior vena cava syndrome,SVCS)是因上腔静脉受到邻近病变的侵犯、压迫或腔内血栓形成等原因引起的上腔静脉部分或完全阻塞,从而导致上腔静脉血液回流障碍所引起的临床症候群.恶性病变是SVCS的主要病因,约占80%[1,2],所以将SVCS病因、上腔静脉梗阻的部位、程度、范围等尽早确诊,对于指导临床及时制定合适的治疗方案,提高患者的生存率有着重要意义,各种影像检查技术是解决上述问题的重要途径.     

血管内支架置入术治疗肺癌引起的上腔静脉综合征

目的:观察血管内支架置入治疗肺癌引起的上腔静脉综合征的疗效。方法:对56例肺癌引起的上腔静脉综合征患者行经股静脉上腔静脉内支架置入治疗。结果:56例患者均成功置入支架,患者症状缓解。8例支架内继发血栓形成,其中1例支架内再次置入支架,7例经溶栓后症状缓解。结论:血管内支架置入术是一种治疗肺癌引起的上腔静脉综合征安全有效的方法。     

The superior vena cava syndrome caused by malignant disease. Imaging with multi-detector row CT

OBJECTIVE: The superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction by malignant diseases is either by direct invasion and compression or by tumour thrombus of the SVC. Whatever is its cause, obstruction of the SVC causes elevated pressure in the veins draining into the SVC and increased or reversed blood flow through collateral vessels. Severity of the syndrome depends on the collateral vascular system development. Therefore, imaging of the collateral veins with variable location and connection is important in determining the extension and management of the disease. Our aims are to describe collateral vessels of the superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) related with the malignant diseases and to assess the ability of multi-detector row CT with multiplanar and 3D volume rendering techniques in determining and describing collateral circulations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present CT angiography findings of seven patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung (n = 2), squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (n = 3), Hodgkin disease of the thorax (n = 1), and squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus (n = 1). The patients received contrast-enhanced CT scans of the chest and abdomen on a multi-detector row CT during breath holding at suspended inspiration. RESULTS: CT images revealed the cause and level of the SVC obstruction in all patients with axial and multiplanar reconstructed images. The SVC showed total obstruction in five patients and partial obstruction in two patients. The most common experienced collateral vessels were azygos vein (6), intercostal veins (6), mediastinal veins (6), paravertebral veins (5), hemiazygos vein (5), thoracoepigastric vein (5), internal mammary vein (5), thoracoacromioclavicular venous plexus (5), and anterior chest wall veins (5). While one case showed the portal-systemic shunt, V. cordis media and sinus coronarius with phrenic veins were enlarged in two cases, and the left adrenal vein was enlarged in a patient. In one case, the azygos vein with reversed blood flow was drained into both inferior vena cava and hemiazygos vein with the left renal vein. CONCLUSION: Multi-detector row CT with multiplanar and 3D imaging is an effective tool in evaluation of the SVCS and has a greater advantage than the other imaging techniques. 3D volume rendering is a useful technique in determining and describing collateral circulations in addition to the primary disease process.     

Gianturco-Rösch expandable Z-stents in the treatment of superior vena cava syndrome

Gianturco-Rösch expandable Z-stents were used in 22 patients with superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS). Stents were placed in all patients in the SVC and in 17 patients, also into the innominate veins. Stent placement resulted in complete relief of symptoms in all patients. Twenty-one patients had no SVCS recurrence from 1 to 16 months, to their death, or to the present time. SVCS recurred only in 1 patient 9 months after stent placement due to tumor ingrowth and secondary thrombosis. Based on ours and on other reported experiences, expandable metallic stents are effective devices for treatment of the SVCS which is difficult to manage by other means.     

Superior vena cava syndrome and bilateral subclavian vein thrombosis. CT and radionuclide venography correlation

Radionuclide venography (RNV) and CT with contrast infusion were performed in a patient with superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome and upper extremity swelling due to SVC and bilateral subclavian vein thrombosis resulting from infection of a Le Veen peritoneovenous shunt. Although CT was suggestive of thrombosis and excluded extrinsic compression by a mass, obstruction of the SVC and deliniation of collateral venous channels were best demonstrated by RNV.     

肺癌合并上腔静脉综合征的介入治疗

目的探讨经皮血管内支架植入联合肿瘤供血动脉化疗栓塞治疗肺癌合并上腔静脉综合征的方法及临床价值。方法28例肺癌合并上腔静脉阻塞患者,经螺旋CT和静脉造影明确诊断,以阻塞远侧静脉压大于22mmHg为支架植入适应证,支架植入前明确伴有继发血栓形成患者行抗凝及溶栓治疗,经肘前静脉或股静脉入路,先行狭窄部位球囊扩张术,然后在上腔静脉和头臂静脉狭窄段植入支架,支架植入前后联合支气管动脉栓塞化疗。结果28例患者成功植入支架30枚,3例支架内继发急性血栓形成,经过保留导管溶栓治疗成功溶解血栓,2例术后出现肺栓塞,经过血栓抽吸 抗凝溶栓治疗症状缓解,1例3个月后上腔静脉综合征复发,再次植入1枚支架后上腔静脉重新开通,其余病例在生存期内支架保持通畅。结论上腔静脉支架植入联合支气管动脉栓塞化疗治疗肺癌所致上腔静脉综合征,缓解症状迅速有效、微创、并发症较少,可以明显提高患者的生存质量。     

Percutaneous treatment of superior vena cava syndrome using metallic stents

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of treatment of superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) in patients with benign and malignant disease using expandable metallic stent. From January 1995 to April 2000, 87 expandable stents were implanted in 82 patients (59 men, 23 women; mean age 57.8 years, age range 39–79 years) for the treatment of SVCS. The SVCS was defined as symptomatic bilateral obstruction of venous drainage from head, neck and upper extremities. In 68 patients SVCS was due to malignant neoplasia, and in 14 cases it was due to benign aetiology. All patients were treated with expandable stent. We implanted 81 Wallstent prostheses and 6 Palmaz stents. Adjuvant thrombolysis was applied in 12 patients who required fibrinolysis. After recanalization, the stent was implanted in all cases in SVC (infra- or supra-azygos vein). All patients were treated with heparin of low molecular weight (HBPM) during 6 months. Patency was analyzed according to clinical symptoms and Doppler US or venograms exploration. Technical success was observed in all cases. Clinical success was reached in 78 of 82 patients (95.1%) (absence of symptoms in 2 or 3 days). Four patients suffered immediate thrombosis which required fibrinolitic treatment with a new prosthesis placement in 1 case. The follow-up for the malignant process was of 7.1 months (range 1–39 months) and in benign cases was 31.2 months (range 11–61 months). Sixty-two (91.1%) patients with malignancy died without SVCS symptomatology. All the patients with benign pathology are alive. Clinical primary patency in malignant cases was 87% with assisted patency of 96.2%. Endovascular therapy using metallic stent and thrombolysis is a successful method to treat SVCS due to benign or malignant aetiology. Electronic Publication     

Follow-up Results of 71 Patients Undergoing Metallic Stent Placement for the Treatment of a Malignant Obstruction of the Superior Vena Cava

Purpose To retrospectively clarify the utility of metallic stent placement for the treatment of the malignant obstruction of the superior vena cava (SVC) in 71 patients with VC syndrome (SVCS) on the basis of long-term follow-up data. Materials and Methods Seventy-one patients underwent stent placement and were followed until death. The applicability of the spiral Z-stent (S-Z-stent) mainly used the initial and follow-up results, stent placement for bilateral BCV obstruction and the value of concurrent anticancer therapy were studied. Results The technical success rate was 100%, the initial clinical success rate was 87% (62/71), the primary clinical patency rate was 88% (57/65), and the secondary clinical patency rate was 95% (62/65). The obstruction rate of the stent was 12% (8/65), and an additional stent was useful for relief of recurrent SVCS. Survival of 57 patients in whom there was no recurrence of SVCS until death ranged from 1 week to 29 months (mean, 5.4 months and the S-Z-stent appeared to be suitable for the treatment of the malignant obstruction of SVC. Unilateral stent placement was effective for relief of SVCS with bilateral BCV obstruction. Patients who received concurrent anticancer therapy survived 2 months longer than those who did not. Conclusion Stent placement is an effective treatment for SVCS. Further, the utility of S-Z-stent for SVCS, an additional stent for recurrence, unilateral stent for patients with bilateral BCV obstruction, and anticancer therapy after stent placement were verified.     

上腔静脉阻塞综合征患者肝脏CT异常强化灶(附12例分析)

目的 分析上腔静脉阻塞综合征(SVCS)患者CT增强扫描肝内异常强化灶的影像学特征,以提高对该征象的认识.资料与方法 回顾性分析12例SVCS CT肝内出现异常强化灶的患者资料,以电影回放(CT Cine)方式对所有CT图像进行复阅,结合调窗功能观察肝内强化灶位置、数目、形态、大小及强化特征,并追踪供血的侧支血管.将SVCS上腔静脉狭窄分为3度,并结合复诊情况评价上腔静脉受压情况与肝内出现异常强化灶的关系.结果 所有强化灶均位于肝左叶,单发多见,共计检出强化灶20个.强化灶呈不规则片状或类圆形结节状,1例呈多发结节状强化.10例表现为中心高、周边低的分层强化特征.全部病例均可显示供血的侧支静脉,分别来自内乳静脉和下段食管静脉.6例复诊病例中,2例上腔静脉狭窄减轻,肝内异常强化灶消失或缩小;2例上腔静脉受压加重,肝内出现强化灶或范围扩大.结论 SVCS患者CT肝内异常强化灶具有一定影像学特征,复查时可随上腔静脉阻塞程度的变化而发生改变,正确认识相关征象可减少误诊.     

Emergency computed tomography in the diagnosis of superior vena cava syndrome

Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) presents with a number of nonspecific symptoms that must be assessed rapidly to prevent life-threatening sequelae such as cerebral edema and respiratory failure. To define the utility of computed tomography (CT) in evaluating SVCS, we initiated a retrospective analysis of all emergent chest CT scans performed at our affiliated institutions to rule out SVCS. Twenty-eight emergent chest CT scans were analyzed. In all 23 cases confirmed to have SVCS (true-positives), CT depicted the nature and extent of the obstructing lesions. In 4 of 5 symptomatic cases (80%) proven not to have SVCS, CT imaged the abnormalities responsible for the misleading clinical appearance. CT also outlined the extent and course of superficial chest wall venous collaterals in all 23 true-positive cases and that of mediastinal collaterals in 18 cases. We also found 12 patients to have CT evidence of soft tissue edema of the upper thorax, an indicator of SVCS not previously detailed. A large number of related, unsuspected lesions were also identified. Our study supports the emergent use of chest CT as the imaging modality of choice in the work-up of patients presenting with the clinical suspicion of SVCS.