如东县育龄妇女麻疹风疹抗体水平及疫苗接种意愿调查

目的了解如东县有生育意愿育龄妇女的麻疹和风疹抗体水平及疫苗接种意愿,为预防初免前婴儿麻疹、风疹及新生儿先天性风疹综合征的发生提供科学的免疫策略。方法将2017年1～12月前往如东县人民医院就诊的638名育龄妇女纳入调查,采用酶联免疫吸附测定法检测研究对象血清麻疹和风疹IgG抗体水平,应用问卷调查所纳入育龄妇女的疫苗接种意愿。结果 638名育龄妇女平均年龄(28.25±4.03)岁,本地居民占71.16%。育龄妇女的麻疹抗体GMT为(2.58±0.54) mIU/mL,抗体阳性率82.13%,抗体保护率42.32%。风疹抗体GMT为(1.49±0.46) IU/mL,抗体阳性率58.46%,抗体保护率20.06%。不同人口学特征育龄妇女的风疹和麻疹抗体阳性率之间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。638名育龄妇女的疫苗接种意愿率为57.37%,年龄大、学历低、外来人口育龄妇女,其疫苗的接种意愿率较低。结论如东县育龄妇女的麻疹和风疹抗体水平较低,尤其是保护率水平低。同时育龄妇女接种疫苗的整体意愿率不高,年龄大、学历低、外来人口是主要影响因素。今后需加强宣传,提高育龄妇女的疫苗接种意识,强化母体的抗体水平,保障母婴健康。     

孕妇及婴儿麻疹抗体水平监测情况分析

目的探讨儿童最佳免疫月龄,为降低小月龄儿童麻疹发病率提供科学依据.方法对孕妇麻疹抗体水平,婴儿胎传抗体衰减情况进行对比研究.结果孕妇麻疹抗体阳性率为91.96%,GMT 636.90.母婴配对母亲抗体阳性率为91.57%,GMT679.70;6月龄婴儿抗体阳性率为12.05%,GMT 19.25,抗体滴度几乎在保护水平以下.部分母亲的抗体滴度和GMT虽然较高,但其婴儿抗体滴度都较低或者没有抗体.结论建议将儿童麻疹基础免疫时间提前在6月龄、1岁复种及在18～22岁育龄妇女中开展麻疹疫苗普种工作.     

玉溪市麻疹疫苗免疫效果的血清流行病学研究

目的为了解玉溪市产妇体内麻疹抗体及胎传抗体水平,同时观察麻疹疫苗(MV)免疫后抗体产生效果,从而提出有效预防控制麻疹措施。方法随机抽取2005年玉溪市的产妇82人在预产期前采血、产后婴儿脐带血及所生婴儿MV免疫后血清标本共246份,用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法测定其抗体水平。结果82名产妇麻疹IgG抗体阳性率为84.15%,GMT 1:234.11;新生儿胎传麻疹IgG抗体阳性率为14.63%,GMT 1:2.25;两者之间抗体阳性率和GMT差异均有统计学意义(χ2=79.26,P<0.01;t=13.25,P<0.01)。所观察的82名儿童免疫前与免疫后麻疹IgG抗体阳性率和GMT差异亦有统计学意义(χ2=82.05,P<0.01;t=118.81,P<0.01)。不同性别儿童MV免疫后抗体阳性率和GMT差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.196,t=0.15,P>0.05)。结论所观察产妇麻疹抗体阳性率和GMT水平较高,但胎传抗体和GMT较低,新生儿抵御麻疹野病毒感染能力较弱;经1针次0.2 m l冻干沪191株MV接种免疫后,产生的麻疹抗体免疫效价并不十分理想,有待进一步研究。     

孕妇及婴儿麻疹抗体水平监测情况分析

目的:探讨儿童最佳免疫月龄,为降低小月龄儿童麻疹发病率提供科学依据。方法:对孕妇麻疹抗体水平,婴儿胎传抗体衰减情况进行对比研究。结果:孕妇麻疹抗体阳性率为91.96％,GMT 636.90。母婴配对母亲抗体阳性率为91.57%,GMT679.70;6月龄婴儿抗体阳性率为12.05％,GMT 19.25,抗体滴度几乎在保护水平以下。部分母亲的抗体滴度和GMT虽然较高,但其婴儿抗体滴度都较低或者没有抗体。结论:建议将儿童麻疹基础免疫时间提前在6月龄、1岁复种及在18-22岁育龄妇女中开展麻疹疫苗普种工作。     

母婴麻疹抗体水平检测结果分析

目的:通过对母婴及5～8月龄婴儿麻疹抗体水平的观察,了解本地新生儿胎传抗体水平,探讨降低小月龄婴儿麻疹发病率.为制定基础免疫最适时间提供依据.方法:采用ELISA间接法检测麻疹IgG抗体.结果:母亲及其所生新生儿麻疹抗体阳性率分别为85.50%,GMT774.59和78.50%,GMT408.93;新生儿麻疹胎传抗体远高于5～8月龄.不同月龄的婴儿阳性率及GMT随月龄的增大出现下降趋势.结论:建议可将麻疹初免月龄提前,对育龄妇女进行麻疹疫苗接种,以提高婴儿胎传抗体水平.     

开封市祥符区育龄妇女及母婴麻疹IgG抗体水平分析

目的探索育龄妇女及母婴麻疹的IgG抗体水平,为科学地制定预防麻疹措施、降低育龄妇女及母婴麻疹发病提供指导。方法选取2013年4月至2016年8月于开封市祥符区第一人民医院产科随机选取的120名产妇及所生新生儿及在我院妇保门诊随机抽取的120名育龄妇女作为研究对象,对产妇及其新生儿、育龄妇女进行外周静脉采血测定麻疹IgG的抗体水平以及问卷调查。结果研究发现,血清麻疹IgG抗体阳性人数率、保护人数率、几何抗体平均浓度(GMC)新生儿组最高,育龄妇女组第二,妊娠母亲组最低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。不同年龄、户籍、文化程度的产妇麻疹IgG抗体水平差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。自然感染、接种疫苗以及自然产生抗体3组麻疹IgG抗体阳性率及保护率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),麻疹自然感染母亲抗体水平高于接种疫苗母亲以及无自然感染麻疹且无接种疫苗母亲的抗体水平(P0.05)。母亲麻疹IgG抗体水平与新生儿麻疹IgG抗体水平有显著的正相关(r=0.862,P0.01)。结论母亲麻疹IgG抗体水平是影响婴儿麻疹发病率的重要原因,因此我院建议育龄妇女进行麻疹疫苗接种,从而提高婴儿胎传抗体水平。     

婚前育龄妇女接种麻疹疫苗免疫效果观察

目的了解婚前育龄妇女麻疹免疫水平及接种麻疹疫苗(MV)后的免疫效果,为降低新生儿麻疹发病提供参考依据。方法随机抽取15个农场的474名婚前育龄妇女,观察强化接种麻疹疫苗前后的麻疹IgG抗体变化,采集静脉血,用ELISA间接法检测麻疹IgG抗体水平。结果474名婚前育龄妇女IgG抗体阳性率为82·28%,GMT为1∶478·62,低抗体水平者占94·39%,强化接种后GMT为1∶1386·38,显著高于接种前(P<0·01);不同年龄段IgG抗体阳性率接种后均显著高于接种前。结论为降低婴幼儿在麻疹疫苗初次免疫月龄前发病,减少麻疹易感人群,建议在婚前育龄妇女中进行MV复种,从而降低婴儿麻疹发病率。     

郑州市人群麻疹免疫水平调查

本文对郑州市不同人群作了麻疹免疫水平调查。共调查不同年龄组人群760人,麻疹 HA1抗体阳性率为98.29%,抗体 GMT 为17.93±3.25,结合有关资料分析,认为全市麻疹免疫状况较好,其中计划免疫起了主导作用,预测全市不会出现大面积流行,麻疹发病将处于低水平。调查不同年龄产妇及其所产新生儿各59名,其抗体阳性率分别为88.14%和91.53%,抗体 GMT 分别为7.8±83.82和8.00±3.21,表明目前母体麻疹抗体水平尚不会影响新生儿获得麻疹被动抗体,因此,尚不必考虑对产妇或育龄妇女接种麻疹疫苗。但应加强对母婴麻疹抗体水平的监测工作.对新生儿麻疹抗体 GMT 略高于母体之原因进行了讨论。     

孕妇及婴儿麻疹抗体水平监测情况分析

探讨儿童最佳免疫月龄，为降低小月龄儿童麻疹发病率提供科学依据。方法：对孕妇麻疹抗体水平，婴儿胎传抗体衰减情况进行对比研究。结果：孕妇麻疹抗体阳性率为91．96％，GMT636．90。母婴配对母亲抗体阳性率为91．57％，GMT679．70；6月龄婴儿抗体阳性率为12．05％，GMT19．25，抗体滴度几乎在保护水平以下。部分母亲的抗体滴度和GMT虽然较高．但其婴儿抗体滴度都较低或者没有抗体。结论：建议将儿童麻疹基础免疫时间提前在6月龄、1岁复种及在18～22岁育龄妇女中开展麻疹疫苗普种工作。     

母婴配对及不同月龄婴儿麻疹减毒活疫苗免疫后抗体水平分析

目的为研究母婴麻疹抗体水平的关系及6月龄和8月龄儿童接种麻疹减毒活疫苗(MV)的血清学免疫效果。方法开展母婴配对及不同月龄婴儿MV免疫后麻疹抗体水平研究。2003~2005年在徐州市和盐城市,采集到174对母亲、出生婴儿和3月龄婴儿的配对齐全者血清,及97名6月龄、62名8月龄婴儿的免疫前、后的血清,用微量血凝抑制(HI)试验检测麻疹HI抗体。结果①母亲与出生婴儿、出生婴儿与3月龄婴儿、3月龄婴儿与6月龄婴儿抗体滴度之间均有相关性,随着母亲抗体水平变化,婴儿抗体水平相应变化。②婴儿母传麻疹抗体随着月龄增加而下降,到6月龄时大部分婴儿抗体已降到低滴度,达不到保护抗体水平;8月龄时抗体水平基本消失。③97名6月龄婴儿免疫前麻疹抗体阳性率为11.34%,免疫后为97.94%;HI抗体总几何平均滴度(GMT)为1∶24.22。62名8月龄婴儿免疫前麻疹抗体阳性率为1.61%,免疫后为100.00%;HI抗体总GMT为1∶54.12。两组婴儿免疫前HI抗体总GMT差异无显著的统计学意义(t=0.521,P>0.05);免疫后1个月的抗体GMT差异有非常显著的统计学意义(t=8.348,P<0.001)。结论婴儿在8月龄时的免疫效果要明显好于6月龄,但在必要时对6月龄婴儿实行初免以提高保护率,同时开展6月龄和8月龄婴儿免疫前麻疹中和抗体水平的研究,以探讨最佳初免月龄。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Bacteriology and constitutional health--genomics and proteomics: concepts in medicine and concepts in health insurance in the past and future

Future discussions on health issues on the individual or society level will be fundamentally linked to genetic dispositions. This genetic world will become reality in the same way the world of hygiene and bacteriology has become real for everyone. Approaches of molecular medicine for public health issues have not yet been created so far. The secret dreams of molecular eugenics must be made public and critically discussed. Up to now only a few monogenetically recessive hereditary diseases can be detected by screening. This kind of screening should be carefully considered. However, for the sciences, for medicine and thus for the physicians in practice, for health care sciences as well as for public health care, new tasks will emerge from genetics and molecular medicine. In individual as well as public health these new tasks will at first mainly turn in on the sphere of diagnosis and specific screening as well as health education and consultation. With regard to the considerable social implications the public health care sector should be aware of the coming issues of molecular medicine in time.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries