营养不良，首选饮食调补

众所周知,营养不良是影响健康的重要因素之一,而食物供应匮乏、疾病、不良的生活方式等,都可能导致机体发生营养不良。营养不良会使疾病发生率增加,如果机体已经处于疾病状态,营养不良必然会导致病情加重,并发症增加和预后不良。因此,营养不良的高危个体（如消化道疾病患者、较大创伤的外科手术患者、患有慢性疾病的老年人、对营养有特别需求的个体及容易发生营养不良的其他疾病患者）和已存在营养不良的患者,了解科学合理的营养知识和营养治疗是非常必要的。     

老年人营养不良的识别与对策

老年人营养不良系指在老年人群中,由于机体需要与营养素摄入之间不平衡所导致的一系列症状。广义的营养不良包括营养不足及营养过剩,营养不足指各种营养素摄入不足或蛋白质-能量营养不良[1]。良好的营养对维持健康有着重要的作用。国外报道,在疾病保健开支中有近30%用于治疗因不合理饮食营养而发生的有关疾病[2]。尽管营养不良在老年人群十分常见,但往往被忽略,即使     

老年住院患者营养风险发生与综合评估的相关性研究

<正>充足多样的营养摄入是维持人体正常的生理功能的前提,对改善衰弱状态和疾病的防治有积极的作用。老年人各器官功能随着年龄的增长逐渐衰退而消化系统功能衰退更加明显,因此老年人要保证充足的营养摄入较为困难[1],因此营养不良成为了一种常见的老年性疾病。本研究应用营养风险筛查评分简表(NRS2002)对老年住院患者进行营养风险筛查,同时运用老年综合评估(compre-     

肠内营养制剂的临床应用浅析

目的探讨肠内营养制剂的临床应用。方法 2012年7月至2013年1月期间,我院诊治的30例肠内营养制剂治疗患者,其中14例消化道疾病患者、10例严重创伤患者,以及6例老年营养不良患者,回顾性分析其临床资料。结果经过肠内营养制剂的营养支持治疗后,达到较高的治疗有效率。结论肠内营养制剂能够改善机体免疫功能,满足机体对营养物质的需求,值得临床推广。     

不同营养教育模式对老年2型糖尿病患者营养状态及生活质量的影响

<正>医学营养教育模式包括科学的饮食、良好的生活习惯,是治疗糖尿病的基础;老年人由于生理功能退化,更容易出现营养不良,预后较差。开展营养教育的主要目的是希望患者参与到疾病的治疗过程中,学会疾病的自我管理。个体化教育是根据患者的具体病情、饮食生活习惯,针对性地提出教育方法,有效改善老年人肾病的营养状态及生活质量。     

消化内科老年住院患者营养不良和营养风险评估分析

目的对消化内科老年住院患者营养不良以及营养风险评估状况进行分析探讨,为今后的临床治疗与护理工作提供可靠的参考依据。方法消化内科老年患者276例,对其采取欧洲营养风险筛查方法展开营养风险筛查,将患者按照居住地分成城市组（109例）和农村组（167例）,对这两组患者的筛查结果进行统计分析。结果 276例患者中营养不良状况者66例,发生率为23.91%,存在营养风险者128例,发生率为46.38%。城市组与农村组营养不良及营养风险评估比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论消化内科老年患者营养状况较差,且不同地区患者的营养不良发生率存在差异,临床应引起重视,采取积极有效手段改善患者的营养状况。     

肠内营养粉剂（TP）对老年人营养不良的疗效观察

目的探讨肠内营养粉剜（TP）安素对老年营养不良的临床疗效。方法收集2012年5月至2013年1月于我院消化内科住院的符合营养不良诊断标准的老年人30例,入院时进行血清白蛋白（ALB）、前白蛋白（Pre-A）的检测及肱三头肌皮褶厚度（TSF）的测量,在患者平素饮食习惯的基础上,每次口服TP55．8g（加入200mL温水冲泡）,1日3次,2周后进行相关指标的复查。结果大部分患者出现不同程度的营养改善。结论合理的加强肠内营养（Enteralnutrition,EN）对老年人的营养不良具有改善作用。     

营养支持在恶性肿瘤患者治疗中的应用进展

已确诊的肿瘤患者,特别是在经历手术治疗和毒性很大的化学与放射治疗后,营养不良是导致其临床结局不佳的重要风险因素。为肿瘤患者提供营养支持,可以满足其营养需求并预防肿瘤相关恶病质。该文综述了肿瘤患者的营养与评估状况以及营养支持在肿瘤患者治疗中的应用进展。     

浅析肠内营养制剂临床应用现状

目的探讨肠内营养制剂的临床应用现状。方法 2012年1月至2012年7月期间,我院诊治的20例肠内营养制剂补充治疗患者,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 20例肠内营养制剂补充治疗患者中,9例消化道疾病患者,经过肠内营养制剂的营养补充治疗后,6例显效,3例有效;7例严重创伤患者,经过肠内营养制剂的营养补充治疗后,5例显效,2例有效;4例老年营养不良患者,经过肠内营养制剂的营养补充治疗后,3例显效,1例有效。结论肠内营养制剂能够给予患者有效的营养支持,改善患者的预后质量,促进患者的康复,值得临床推广。     

老年脑卒中患者康复治疗中的营养状况分析

目的对老年脑卒中患者康复治疗中的营养状况进行分析。方法对我院自2010年8月至2012年8月收治的185例老年脑卒中患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,患者均在我院进行康复治疗,采用微型营养评价方法对其3个月内的营养状况进行观察。结果 185例患者中,营养正常患者68例,占36.8%,潜在营养不良患者36例,占19.5%,营养不良患者81例,占43.7%。结论营养不良是老年脑卒中患者康复治疗中常见问题,因此进行临床治疗效果评价时,应将其作为纳入指标。     

Role of the liver in the disposition of intravenous nitroglycerin in the rat

Previous studies have indicated that the liver is the main site of nitroglycerin (NTG) elimination when the drug is systematically infused. To examine this hypothesis, we measured the apparent systemic clearance (Cls) of nitroglycerin in anesthesized rats receiving a constant intravenous infusion at a dose of 100 micrograms per kg per min. Animals were divided into shunt and sham groups; the former had undergone a portal vein ligation 10 days prior to the study, while the latter was subjected to a sham operation. On the study day, half of the animals of each group also received probenecid at 200 mg/kg, i.v., a drug previously reported to inhibit organic nitrate ester reductase (ONER) activity in rat liver. Arterial NTG samples were obtained at 41, 43 and 45 min of infusion in all four experimental groups; Cls was 439 +/- 32 ml per kg per min (mean +/- S.E.) in sham, 460 +/- 44 in sham and probenecid, 477 +/- 39 in shunt, and 461 +/- 34 in shunt and probenecid animals. During NTG infusion, hepatic blood flow (measured with a constant infusion of indocyanine green) was decreased markedly in shunted rats as was liver/body weight, indicating hepatic atrophy. The specific activity of hepatic ONER was similar in all four groups. In spite of marked differences in hepatic blood flow and hepatic mass, the Cls was similar in all four groups. The liver does not appear to be a major site for the elimination of systemic nitroglycerin as hitherto assumed.     

半导体激光治疗老年人压疮疗效观察

目的探讨半导体激光局部照射治疗老年人压疮疗效.方法:收集2012年1月-2015年6月48例压疮患者,分为半导体组和常规组各24例.常规组采用常规治疗,半导体组采用半导体激光加常规治疗,10 d为1个疗程,不超过3个疗程.疗程结束后比较两组疗效.结果:半导体组压疮愈显率为83.33％,创面愈合时间为(12.75±5.51)d,常规组分别为54.17％和(19.63±8.65)d,组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两组均未见不良反应.结论:半导体激光加常规治疗压疮效果肯定,无明显不良反应,且操作简便.     

Nifedipine in the treatment of hypertension in the elderly

The effect of nifedipine monotherapy, retard tablets, 20 mg bid, was evaluated in 23 hypertensive patients, mean age, 79 +/- 2 years. Twenty-one patients completed an eight-week study. Blood pressure (BP) decreased to 160/90 mm Hg in 15 patients; in four additional patients diastolic BP dropped by 15% to 28%. In a subset of five patients with isolated systolic hypertension, a significant reduction in systolic BP was noted. Side effects were relatively mild and only two patients discontinued the study. The results suggest that nifedipine monotherapy offers an alternative, logic, therapeutic approach to hypertension in the elderly.     

HACCP在学校集体食堂卫生管理中的应用研究

目的 通过HACCP在学校集体食堂管理中的应用,提高食品卫生水平,保障学生的身体健康。方法 HACCP原则。结果 食品卫生达到较高水平,极大地减少了食物中毒的发生。结论 提示HACCP原则可在学校集体食堂的卫生管理中发挥有效作用。     

The role of the gut flora in the reduction of sulphinpyrazone in the rat

Sulphinpyrazone underwent both reduction to a sulphide and oxidation to a sulphone after parenteral administration to normal Wistar rats. Oral administration was associated with a bioavailability of about 75% and with a 3-fold greater formation of the sulphide. However, no sulphide was detected in the plasma after oral administration of sulphinpyrazone to germ-free (BD/X) rats or normal rats treated with oral antibiotics. In vitro studies showed that the major site of reduction of sulphinpyrazone was the contents of the hind gut with little activity detected in the liver or other tissues. The sulphide was oxidised in vivo to sulphinpyrazone and small amounts of sulphone, while the latter underwent only slight reduction to sulphinpyrazone, but did not give detectable levels of the sulphide. These data suggest that the gut microflora are the main site of reduction of sulphinpyrazone in the rat in vivo.     

Problems in the evaluation of hypnosis in the treatment of alcoholism

Although hypnotherapy has been applied to alcoholism for over a century and is accepted by the AMA as a medically valid technique, the effectiveness of hypnosis in treating alcoholics remains controversial. Systematic evaluation has been hampered by the unique role of hypnosis as a cultural artifact, by problems in defining and verifying hypnotic intervention, by individual and situational variation in hypnotizability, and by difficulty in separating hypnosis from the therapies to which it is applied. Clinicians using hypnosis are likely to continue to base their claims for its effectiveness on intuition, especially since no study has demonstrated that hypnotherapy is contraindicated for patients requesting its use.     

Pharmacological analysis of the participation of the catecholaminergic system in the development of the abstinence syndrome in rats

The behavioural activity of rats in "the open field" was studied. It was revealed that rats alcoholized for 8 months do not practically differ in their behavioural indicators from the intact ones. After the discontinuation of alcohol marked disturbances appear in their behaviour, that are arrested by apomorphine (0,1 mg/kg). In intact animals dopamine (50 mkg into the brain ventricles) induces behavioural disorders similar to those in rats during abstinence. Noradrenaline does not induce similar disorders. A conclusion is made on the dopaminergic nature of disorders in the behaviour of rats in the state of alcohol abstinence.