内镜下注射肉毒毒素治疗贲门失弛缓症的研究

将48例贲门失弛缓症患者随机分为两组，A组注射肉毒毒素治疗，B组用小气囊扩张治疗。分别于治疗后1周、3个月和1年比较两组患者的临床症状积分、下食管插约肌的压力（LESP）、松弛率（LESRR）。结果：治疗后1周、3个月和1年的有效率及治疗前后LESP、LESRR的差值，注射肉毒毒素组均高于小气囊扩张组；两组均无并发症发生。认为内镜下食管下括约肌内注射肉毒毒素治疗贲门失弛缓症的近期疗效高，且患者痛苦小。     

内镜下注射肉毒毒素治疗贲门失弛缓症的临床研究

目的探讨内镜下注射肉毒毒素治疗贲门失弛缓症的治疗效果。方法对30例贲门失弛缓症患者进行内镜下注射肉毒毒素治疗,观察其疗效。结果治疗后患者症状及LESP、LESRR均有改善。结论肉毒毒素治疗贲门失弛缓症,方法简单,疗效较好,值得临床推广应用。     

气囊扩张与肉毒毒素注射联合治疗贲门失弛缓症的临床研究

目的：比较单纯小气囊扩张、单纯肉毒毒素(BT)注射和两者联合治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效与副作用。方法：48例患者随机被分为3组：扩张组只用小气囊扩张治疗；注射组只注射BT治疗；联合组两种方法联合应用。分别于术前，治疗后1周、3个月和1年时比较3组患者的临床症状积分(有效率)、下食管括约肌的压力(LESP)、松弛率(LESRR)。结果：在治疗后1周、3个月和1年时，有效率及治疗前后LESP和LESRR的差值，联合组和注射组该3项指标均高于扩张组；在治疗后l周和3个月时，联合组与注射组相比无明显差异；但1年时，联合组高于注射组。3组均无并发症发生。结论：小气囊扩张术与下食管括约肌内注射BT联合治疗贲门失弛缓症，具有疗效高、持续时间长、患者痛苦小等优点。值得临床上推广应用。     

贲门失弛缓症经胃镜球囊扩张治疗的随访研究

贲门失弛缓症是原发性食管运动障碍性疾病，临床主要表现为吞咽困难、胸骨后疼痛和反食等。我们对18例贲门失弛缓症患者经胃镜下定位进行球囊扩张治疗，并于扩张术前后测量下食管括约肌压力(LESP)、下食管括约肌松弛残余压力(LESRP)和吞咽时下食管括约肌松弛率(LESRR)，研究扩张前后下食管括约肌动力学特征及其近、远期疗效。     

贲门失弛缓症气囊扩张对食管动力近期和中期的影响

目的　探讨气囊扩张对贲门失弛缓症患者食管动力的影响及与扩张疗效的关系。方法　4 8例经临床、钡餐造影、内镜检查及食管测压确诊的贲门失弛缓症 ,采用上消化道动力监测系统。观察扩张前和扩张后 4周以及 12～ 2 4周时的症状计分、钡餐造影显示的食管最大宽度、下食管括约肌压力(LESP)、下食管括约肌松弛率 (LESRR)及食管体部收缩振幅。结果　①扩张后吞咽困难、胸痛和反食症状的计分以及食管的最大宽度均明显低于扩张前 (P <0 .0 5 )。②扩张后 4周、12～ 2 4周 4个方位的LESP明显降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,4个方位相应的LESRR扩张后较扩张前明显增加 (P <0 .0 5 )。③扩张前后LESP <2 .6 7kPa次数百分比分别为 4 5 .4 1% ,82 .4 8%和 85 .87% (与扩张前比P <0 .0 5 ) ,LESRR≥80 %的次数百分比分别占 6 .74 % ,5 5 .97%和 4 3.78% (与扩张前比P <0 .0 5 )。④ 4 8例患者中未发现食管体部恢复推进性蠕动波。食管体部收缩振幅扩张前 ,后均表现为无效收缩。结论　①气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症近期、中期疗效较好 ,并有维持治疗作用。②气囊扩张不仅降低LESP且改善LESRR ,是气囊扩张缓解症状、减少食管扩张程度的重要病理生理改变的基础。提示是否再行扩张的食管动力指标除LESP外 ,还要考虑LESRR。     

经内镜球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症55例临床观察

目的探讨经内镜球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效及食管动力的变化。方法对2001-01—2005-12于中国医科大学附属第一医院就诊的55例贲门失弛缓症患者,在内镜直视下行球囊扩张治疗,并进行症状评分、食管钡餐造影及食管测压检查。结果经内镜球囊扩张后临床症状明显改善(P<0·01);食管钡餐造影食管最大宽度明显减小(P<0·01);LESP及LESRP明显降低(P<0·01),LESRR明显升高(P<0·01),LESRR与LESP高低无关;食管体部均表现为无效低幅收缩,未恢复推进性蠕动波。结论经内镜球囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症可明显缓解患者的临床症状,改善食管动力,是一种简单、安全、有效的治疗方法。     

食管压力测定在贲门失弛缓症诊治中的应用及评价

目的 研究贲门失弛缓症患者全覆膜防反流食管支架治疗前后食管压力变化.方法 对30例贲门失弛缓症患者经全覆膜防反流食管支架治疗前后食管压力测定数据进行分析.结果 贲门失弛缓症患者食管下括约肌静息压(LESP)较扩张前显著下降(P<0.05),食管下括约肌松弛率(LESRR)明显提高(P<0.05);支架治疗后食管体部同步收缩峰值增高,食管体部静息压降低(P<0.05),扩张后食管体部同步收缩波与扩张前比较无显著变化.结论 食管压力测定可用于评价全覆膜防反流食管支架治疗贲门失弛缓症的疗效.     

食管贲门失弛缓症注射肉毒杆菌毒素与安慰剂和气体扩张的比较

至今,治疗食管贲门失弛缓症的方法有三种:药物治疗、气体扩张和肌切开手术。尽管后两种方法的成功率达65%～90%,但可并发穿孔和返流。本实验通过括约肌内注射肉毒杆菌毒素(BT)治疗食管贲门失弛缓症,并与注射生理盐水和气体扩张相比较。 方法:16例新近诊断的食管贲门失弛缓症     

贲门失弛缓症内镜下注射肉毒毒素与气囊扩张术疗效比较的系统评价

目的 系统评价内镜下注射肉毒毒素与气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症的有效性和安全性.方法 应用国际Cochrane协作网系统评价方法进行评价.结果 共纳人12个试验包括559例患者.Meta分析显示:(1)短期总有效率内镜下气囊扩张治疗优于内镜下注射肉毒毒素治疗(83.21%比71.27%,P<0.01).(2)长期总有效率内镜下气囊扩张治疗优于内镜下注射肉毒毒素治疗(54.59%比27.60%,P<0.01).(3)临床复发率内镜下注射肉毒毒素治疗高于内镜下气囊扩张治疗(55.66%比18.84%,P<0.01).(4)副作用及并发症发生率内镜下气囊扩张治疗高于内镜下注射肉毒毒素治疗(13.01%比1.35%,P<0.01).结论 目前的证据表明:内镜下注射肉毒毒素与气囊扩张均有较好的短期疗效和安全性,内镜下气囊扩张治疗在长期疗效上更优于内镜下注射肉毒毒素.     

A型肉毒毒素局部注射治疗贲门失弛缓症前后的食管动力研究

目的探讨A型肉毒毒素局部注射治疗贲门失弛缓症前后的食管动力变化及疗效.方法在内镜下用Wilson-Cook、25G注射针选择贲门齿状线上1cm部位3、6、9、12点于食管黏膜面45°角进针5mm注射A型肉毒毒素(兰州生物制品研究所生产,(97)卫药准字(兰)S-01号),每点20～25U,共80～100U,术后禁食4～6小时.用瑞典CTDPCPolyraf多导胃肠功能测定仪对7例患者分别于注射治疗前后作了下食管括约肌静息压(LESP)压力及松弛率(LESR)、吞水时食管体部蠕动以及食管内24小时pH检测.结果7例患者治疗前静息压(LESP)为(7.58±1.65)kPa,松弛率(LESR)为(29.69±3.44)%,吞水时食管体部均为细小杂乱低平非推进性收缩波,治疗后1周LES静息压(LESP)降至(3.51±0.38)kPa,松弛率(LESR)为(51.94±3.58)%明显升高(P＜0.01);吞水时食管体部均为细小杂乱低平非推进性收缩波,治疗后1周出现低平规律性同步蠕动波;注射治疗前后食管24小时pH检测显示无异常反流,临床症状明显改善,可进半流质及普食.7例均未发生任何并发症.结论贲门失弛缓症患者存在明显的食管动力障碍,A型肉毒毒素局部注射治疗是行之有效的方法,无副作用,也无并发症,门诊即可进行,且费用低.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.