2019-2021年我国介入放射工作人员眼晶状体剂量水平调查与分析

目的 调查与分析我国2019-2021年介入放射工作人员眼晶状体剂量水平。方法 通过国家放射卫生信息平台,收集我国31个省、直辖市、自治区2019-2021年介入放射工作人员的眼晶状体剂量监测数据。眼晶状体剂量评价指标为个人剂量当量H_p（3）,每次监测周期不超过3个月。用Kusall-Wallis H检验比较不同年份、职业岗位、介入科室、工作所限的介入放射工作人员眼晶状体剂量分布的差异。结果 2019-2021年共调查6 643人次介入放射工作人员,平均眼晶状体年剂量为1.03 mSv,中位数为0.17 mSv,最大值为94.88 mSv,其中有59人次超过20 mSv。经分析发现,2019年、2020年医生眼晶状体年剂量水平略高于护士,差异有统计学意义（平均秩次差=118.29、129.71,P<0.01）,2019年从事心脏介入的放射工作人员眼晶状体剂量水平高于从事周围血管介入的放射工作人员,差异有统计学意义（平均秩次差=46.52,P<0.05）。结论 介入放射工作人员眼晶状体剂量水平低于我国现行标准,但部分人员超过了国际最新推荐剂量限值,为保护介入放射工作人员职业健康,应加强对其眼晶状体剂量的监测。     

10种介入诊疗程序中患者的辐射剂量调查

目的 调查研究介入诊疗程序中患者的受照剂量,评估其放射诊疗风险.方法 利用配置有符合IEC 60601-2标准的穿透型电离室的飞利浦Allura Xper FD20 DSA系统,收集记录10种介入诊疗程序共198例患者的剂量参数,估算出可供评估皮肤损伤的最高皮肤剂量及有效剂量.结果 累计透视时间范围为2.1～80.9 min,摄影帧数范围为15～678帧,剂量面积乘积范围为11～825 Gy·cm2,累计剂量范围为24～3374 mGy.有16例患者最高皮肤剂量超过1 Gy,79例患者有效剂量大于20 mSv.结论 有部分病例的最高皮肤剂量超过了皮肤损伤阈值,所以对患者的放射防护应给予足够的重枧.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate radiation dose to the patients undergoing interventional radiology and make radiation risk assessment.Methods Data was collected on 198 instances of 10 interventional radiology procedures by using Philips Allura Xper FD20 DSA, which was equipped with the transparent ionization chamber system in compliance with IEC 60601-2.Patient peak skin dose and effective dose were estimated.Results Cumulative fluoroscopy time was 2.1 - 80.9 min, and number of images monitored for PSD were above 1 Gy and 79 cases monitored for E were above 20 mSv.Conclusions Substantial number of cases exceeded the dose threshold for erythema.Due attention should be paid to radiation protection of patients.     

放射性介入操作中辐射剂量与防护措施

由放射性介入操作所导致的辐射剂量已引起人们越来越多的关注,尤其是考虑到该项操作的频率不断增加和日趋复杂化。现有研究的主要集中于三个方面:目前放射性介入操作中的剂量水平、操作人员和患者的辐射危险以及辐射防护措施。     

脑血管造影术中X射线机房内辐射剂量分布研究

目的 研究脑血管造影术中不同照射方向下X射线机房内辐射剂量场的分布情况.方法 选用脑血管造影术程序,选取后前位、前后位、右前斜30°、左前斜30°、右侧位和左侧位6种照射方式,使用451B型空气电离室巡测仪对以散射模体为中心、半径为3 m范围内的辐射场的剂量率分布进行测量.结果 后前位及右侧位照射时主要操作人员所受到的辐射剂量最低,均为0.4 mGy/h;左侧位照射时主要操作人员受到的辐射剂量最高,为1.54 mGy/h;机架侧区域的辐射剂量水平最低,均小于10 μGy/h.结论 在脑血管造影术中,医护操作人员应尽可能选择剂量较低的后前位及右侧位照射方式投照,并合理选择工作位置,可明显降低受照剂量.

Abstract：

Objective To determine the distribution of irradiation dose in X-ray room with different radiation directions in cerebral angiography operations.Methods The Model 451B air ionization chamber survey meter was used to measure the irradiation dose distribution in the X-ray room when cerebral angiographies were performed at high kV and high dose.The doses were measured within 3 m when the phantom was irradiated in posterior-anterior (PA) position, anterior-posterior(AP) position, right anterior oblique (RAO) 30°, left anterior oblique (LAO) 30°, right-lateral (RL) position, and left-lateral(LL) position, respectively.Results Both the relative data and the distribution curves of the six radiation directions were obtained by using the same interventional operation model.The irradiation dose to the primary operator was minimal in P-A and RL positions,at 0.4 mGy/h, and was maximal in LL position, at up to 1.54 mGy/h.Furthermore, the lowest irradiation dose level was found to be lower than 10 μ Gy/h at the side of the framework field.Conclusions Low-irradiation position and rational work place were proposed to reduce the operators' absorption dose during interventional radiology procedures.     

两种数字乳腺X射线摄影系统的比较

目的探讨比较全视野数字乳腺X射线摄影系统(FFDM)与计算机乳腺X射线摄影系统(CRM)在影像质量与辐射剂量方面的差异。方法用FFDM对ALVIM乳腺摄影体模TRM进行自动曝光控制(AEC)摄影,再用CRM专用成像板(IP)在同一摄影机上用相同条件对体模摄影。固定AEC摄影时的kV值,选用曝光量数值14、16、18、22和24 mAs,在FFDM机上对模体摄影,记录上述摄影条件和入射皮肤剂量(ESD)及平均腺体剂量(AGD)。由5位影像科资深医师分别在相同条件下对所得影像进行软阅读,按照5分值判断法评判,然后绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)曲线,计算出每种信号的判断概率值(P_det),对所得数据进行统计学分析。结果在辐射剂量均为1.36 mGy时,FFDM对模体内钙化点和肿块灶P_det值比CRM高,尤其是微小钙化点和小肿块灶,微小钙化点最大差值为0.215,小肿块灶最大差值为0.245。在相同的P_det值下,FFDM的辐射剂量比CRM低,ESD的值降低了26%,腺体平均剂量降低了41%。在使用FFDM摄影时,当mAs值超过AEC值时,P_det值没有明显改变。结论在相同曝光条件下,FFDM对乳腺钙化点和肿块灶的检出率高于CRM;在获得相似图像质量时,FFDM的辐射剂量明显低于CRM。     

五种介入程序中职业人员手部受照剂量水平的评估

目的 评估5种临床介入程序中,职业人员手部受照剂量水平。方法 选择北京4家医院进行5种介入程序的治疗,职业人员术中左右手各佩戴1枚热释光指环剂量计（TLD,LiF：Mg,Ti）,进行手部剂量当量H_p（0.07）监测,同时分别记录患者的透视电压、透视电流、透视时间、摄影数,总累积剂量、剂量面积乘积等影响因素信息,对影响因素进行分析。结果 本研究共监测5种介入程序,119例手术。对5种介入程序中职业人员左手与右手受照剂量进行分析,差异有统计学意义（t=1.99,P<0.05）。不同介入程序的第一术者手部受照剂量左手、右手差异均有统计学意义（F=455.83、116.45,P<0.01）。影响因素分析中,随着透视管电压,透视电流,透视时间,摄影数的增加,操作者手部剂量也增加（r=0.570、0.712、0.564、0.711,P<0.05）。将上述单因素分析有统计学意义的变量引入多元线性回归方程中,采用逐步回归法拟合方程。经拟合方程为y=225.763+1.862x₁-98.125x₂（F=22.726,P<0.05）。其中变量x₁为透视时间,x₂为摄影数。表明影响操作者手部剂量的主要因素是透视时间和摄影数。结论 在开展上述5种介入程序治疗时,第一术者的手部剂量最高,其次第二术者、助手或护士;5类介入程序中,第一术者的手部受照剂量水平高低排列为心脏起搏器植入术（PM） > 射频消融（RFA） > 冠状动脉血管造影术（CA） > 支架植入术（PTCA+PCI） > 脑动脉瘤介入术（ITCA）;大量开展PM手术时,第一术者手部的年当量剂量有可能超过限值。     

Digital radiography: The balance between image quality and required radiation dose

Although the transition from conventional screen-film imaging to digital image acquisition has been almost completed during the last couple of years, examination parameters, such as tube voltage, tube current, and filtration have been adopted from screen-film technology without further adjustments.Digital systems, however, are characterised by their flexibility: the acquisition dose can be reduced at the expense of image quality and vice versa. The imaging parameters must be optimised according to the best performance of a particular system. The traditional means of dose containment, such as positioning and collimation, are as valid for digital techniques as they were for conventional techniques. Digital techniques increasingly offer options for dose reduction. At the same time, there is a risk of substantially increasing the patient dose, possibly unawares, due to the lack of visual control. Therefore, implementation of dose indicators and dose monitoring is mandatory for digital radiography. The use of image quality classes according to the dose requirements of given clinical indications are a further step toward modern radiation protection.     

Radiation dose optimization in coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). II. Clinical evaluation

In a previous part of this study, the fluoroscopy dose rate was reduced in a cardiac catheterization laboratory. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects in a clinical population undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of the dose-reducing measures detailed previously. Kerma area-product (KAP) values were first recorded for 154 patients undergoing PCI. Then, the fluoroscopy KAP rate was reduced from 44 to 16 mGy cm²/s by increasing filtration and reducing the image intensifier dose request. After this optimization, KAP was recorded for another 138 PCI procedures. After adjustment for differing proportions of combined procedures (coronary angiography+PCI), the total KAP was reduced to 67% of the original value with a 95% confidence interval from 57 to 78%, statistically significant. The mean total KAP values were 93.6 Gy cm² before and 69.1 Gy cm² after optimization. The KAP for digital acquisition did not change significantly. It is possible to make a large dose reduction in PCI by reducing the fluoroscopy dose rate. This dose reduction is beneficial for both patients and staff. Electronic Publication     

Radiation dose optimization in coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). I. Experimental studies

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence on image quality and dose to the patient and operator of various equipment settings for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and to optimize the set-up. With an Alderson phantom, different settings, such as projection, protective screens, filtration, image intensifier size and collimation, were evaluated. Kerma-area product (KAP) was recorded as a measure of patient dose and scattered radiation was measured with an ionization chamber. Effective dose for a standardized PCI procedure was measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters inside the phantom. Image quality was evaluated with a contrast-detail phantom. Based on these findings, the equipment set-up was optimized to a low fluoroscopy dose rate with a sufficient image quality. Several operating parameters affected dose, particularly scattered radiation. The optimization reduced the fluoroscopy KAP rate from 44 to 16 mGy cm(2)/s using 15 cm of acrylic. The effective dose was reduced from 13 to 4.6 mSv for a standardized PCI procedure. Radiation dose to patient and operator in PCI is heavily dependent on both equipment set-up and operating parameters which can be influenced by the operator. With a careful optimization, a large reduction of radiation dose is possible.     

加强放射诊断辐射剂量管理的必要性及应对策略

近年来, 我国放射诊断检查特别是CT检查的频次迅猛增加, 已经成为国民人均辐射剂量的最大人工辐射来源, 并有可能超过天然辐射源的贡献。临床诊疗活动中, 患者和受检者短时间内可能进行多项目、多频次的放射诊断成像, 所接受的累积辐射剂量较高, 甚至一天检查的剂量贡献超过50或100 mSv, 从而对其健康产生潜在风险。因此, 有必要对放射诊断辐射剂量信息进行统计分析与控制管理, 以尽可能降低过高剂量及其辐射危险的发生概率。本文对放射诊断辐射风险的国际认识、我国放射诊断设备和检查频次、放射诊断辐射剂量及其管理现状进行阐述, 并就辐射剂量的管理提出应对策略, 为进一步推进临床实践中的辐射防护提供参考。     

蒙特卡罗模拟在放射诊断辐射剂量估算和优化中的应用

放射诊断成像的频次和对公众的累积剂量不断提升, 带来的辐射风险引起广泛关注, 但人体所接受辐射剂量的准确测量很难实现。蒙特卡罗模拟作为以概率统计理论为指导的数值计算方法, 已应用于各种放射诊断成像的剂量评估、成像优化和辐射防护。本文就蒙特卡罗方法的原理、蒙特卡罗模拟的建模过程及其在放射诊断剂量估算的应用进展进行综述。     

心血管病介入操作时患者受照剂量研究

目的 对心血管介入手术中患者所受辐射剂量及与辐射剂量相关的指标进行采集和分析,为改善患者的辐射防护提供依据.方法 对在省属三级甲等医院进行的26例完整的心血管介入手术的患者进行临床数据采集,按手术类别分成冠状动脉血管造影术(CA)及行冠状动脉血管造影术(CA)后继续行经皮穿刺腔内冠状动脉成形术(PTCA)两组,采用TLD个人剂量计照射野矩阵测量法,检测患者荧光照射时间、入射皮肤剂量(ESD)、最高皮肤剂量(PSD)、剂量-面积乘积(DAP)等指标,用TLD测量在模拟心血管手术条件下体模器官剂量.结果 荧光透视时间为(17.7±15.6)min,范围为0.80～42.4 min;ESD范围为(159±138)mGy,4.40～459 mGy;PSD范围为(769±705)mGy,22.6～2.43×103mGy.CA+PTCA组的荧光照射时间、ESD、PSD均大于CA组,差异有统计学意义.最大皮肤受照剂量与透视时间有较好的相关性(r=0.84,P＜0.01).结论 心血管病放射性介入操作时,可通过透视时间来估算最大皮肤受照剂量.

Abstract：

Objective To collect and analyze the radiation dose to patients in cardiovascular interventional procedures and the radiation dose-related indicators,in order to provide a basis for improving radiation protection of patients.MethodsThe clinical data of 26 cases of complete cardiovascular interventional procedures was collected in the municipal Grade A Class Three hospitals,including coronary angiography (CA) and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA),and the patient-received radiation doses and other related factors was studied.TLD personal dosimeter radiation field matrix method was used to measure fluorescence time,the entrance skin dose (ESD),the peak skin dose (PSD),dosearea product (DAP) and other indicators.TLD was used to measure the organ dose of the phantom under the cardiovascular interventional procedure condition.ResultsThe fluoroscopy time was (17.7 ±15.6) min during the range of 0.80-42.4 min.The average entrance skin dose (ESD) was (159 ± 138)mGy during the range of 4.40-459 mGy.The peak skin dose (PSD) was (769 ± 705) mGy during the range of 22.6 - 2.43 × 103mGy.The fluorescence time,entrance skin dose (ESD) ,peak skin dose (PSD) of the group CA + PTCA are greater than the group CA and the difference has statistical significan.The peak skin dose and the fluoroscopy time have good linear correlation (r = 0.84,P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusion The peak skin dose the patient received in cardiovascular interventional radiological operation can be estimated through the fluoroscopy time.     

乳腺计算机X射线摄影自动曝光模式的校正

目的 通过参照乳腺屏-片系统摄影自动曝光控制模式,对乳腺CR摄影自动曝光进行校正,从而实现影像质量与辐射剂量的最优化。方法 应用屏-片组合,28 kV条件下,对40 mm厚的有机玻璃进行自动曝光,以此所得曝光量(mAs)为基准,分10档分别采用±10 mAs的曝光量用CR进行曝光,选取LgM=2.0的曝光量作为基准,对CR的自动曝光模式进行校正。采用经校正后的CR自动曝光模式,分别采用26、28和30 kV对Fluke NA 18-220 乳腺模体进行摄影,模体采用自动曝光控制(AEC)模式进行摄影,记录曝光量数值(mAs),对CR影像进行处理。同时CR采用相同的kV和照射野及不同的曝光量对模体进行摄影,CR影像经后处理后请4位放射医师进行双盲阅片,按照美国放射学会(ACR)的评分标准评价打分。结果 采用稍高于传统屏-片组合的曝光量作为CR自动曝光校正基准值,可实现乳腺CR摄影自动曝光模式的校正,经校正后模体测试影像的评分均高于ACR的评分标准。结论 乳腺CR摄影自动曝光模式可根据CR特点进行校正,经校正后的乳腺CR摄影的自动曝光控制模式应用于临床既可明显降低病人辐射剂量,又可得到满足临床诊断需求的优质乳腺影像。     

Digital radiography in urologic imaging: Radiation dose reduction on urethrocystography

Digital luminescent radiography (DLR) is a new form of digital radiographic technology which can be used as an alternative to conventional radiologic systems; it replaces conventional screen-film systems by photostimulable phosphorus. Due to the linear dynamic range of photostimulable phosphorus, x-ray examinations can be performed with significantly lower radiation exposure. In this study radiation dose was reduced by about 90% using DLR for urethrocystography.     

Radiation surveys and dose equivalent assessments for Co-contaminated rebar buildings

The first ⁶⁰Co-contaminated rebar building was found in Taipei City in 1992. In order to provide effective remedial suggestions to the building owner and residents of contaminated housing units, and to evaluate the dose equivalent to the residents, the Atomic Energy Council (AEC) organized a survey team on October 17, 1992. The main object of this team was to perform a detailed survey and dose equivalent evaluation of the ⁶⁰Co-contaminated buildings. By the end of 2000, 181 buildings with 1607 housing units were identified as being contaminated with radioactive rebars at different levels. This article presents the detailed radiation survey and dose equivalent evaluation procedures employed by the survey team.     

Radiation protection value to the operator from augmented reality smart glasses in interventional fluoroscopy procedures using phantoms

IntroductionSmart glasses can be adapted to display radiographic images to allow clinician's gaze not to be directionally fixed or predetermined by computer monitor location. This study presents an analysis of eye lens dose during interventional fluoroscopy guided procedures, comparing fixed monitor positions against the use of smart glasses.MethodsUsing a head phantom (simulating the clinician), thermoluminescent dosimeters and lead shielded glasses, the dose to the eye was measured for different head ‘rotations and tilts’ for: gaze directed towards the main scattering source (patient/primary beam) to represent potential gaze direction if smart glasses are used; gaze directed to a range of potential computer monitor positions. An anthropomorphic pelvis phantom was utilised to simulate the patient. Accumulated dose rates (μGy sˉ¹) from five 10-second exposures at 75 kV 25.2 mAs were recorded.ResultsAn average DAP reading of 758.84 cGy cm² was measured during each 10 second exposure. Whilst wearing lead shielded glasses a 6.10 – fold reduction in dose rate to the lens is possible (p < 0.05). Influence of the direction of gaze by the clinician demonstrated a wide range of dose rate reduction from 3.13% (p = 0.16) to 143.69% (p < 0.05) when the clinician's gaze was towards the main scattering source. Increased dose rate to the clinician's eyes was received despite wearing lead shielded glasses, as the angle of gaze moved 45° and 90° from 0°.ConclusionIf the clinician's gaze is directed towards the main scattering source a potential exists for reducing eye lens dose compared with fixed location computer monitors. Introduction of lead lined smart glasses into interventional radiology may lead to improvements in patient care, reducing the need for the clinician to look away from the patient to observe a radiographic image.     

北京市放射诊断受检者剂量调查与分析

目的 探讨北京地区放射诊断检查对成年受检者的辐射剂量水平。方法 选取北京市城区与远郊共10个区域的30家不同级别医疗机构,以1 182例X射线摄影、542例乳腺摄影和410例CT检查为研究对象,测读不同投照部位下照射野内受检者/模体所受的辐射剂量。结果 普通X射线摄影、CR摄影和DR摄影受检者剂量范围分别为0.4~24.1、0.3~13.9、0.1~15.9 mGy;乳腺受检者乳腺腺体平均剂量为0.3~5.4 mGy;CT受检者CTDI_w值为28.1~96.3 mGy、CTDI_vol值为7.0~23.4 mGy、DLP值为162.2~898.1 mGy ·cm。结论 个别放射诊断检查受检者所受辐射剂量高于国标中医疗照射指导水平值,应引起注意。     

Clinical evaluation of a new stationary high strip density antiscatter grid in comparison with a conventional moving grid: influence on image quality and patient radiation dose

This study aimed to evaluate a new stationary 13/75 antiscatter grid in comparison with a moving 12/40 grid with regard to its influence on image quality and patient radiation dose. One hundred consecutive patients had plain films of the abdomen using a moving 12/40 grid and another 100 patients were examined with a stationary 13/75 grid (tube voltage 73 kV, film size 35 cm x 43 cm, film-screen system speed class 400). As an intraindividual comparison, radiographs of the abdomen with a film size of 18 cm x 43 cm were taken of 27 patients using both grid types for every patient. Patients' weight and dose-area product were recorded. Image quality was evaluated by a multireader study using standardized questionnaires and three- or five-level grading systems. Results showed that use of the 13/75 grid accords with the ALARA principle: measurement of the dose-area product demonstrated a dose saving of 24% for a film size of 35 cm x 43 cm and a saving of 34% for a film size of 18 cm x 43 cm without calling into question the diagnostic image quality. The mean scores of the 12/40 grid were lower for three out of six normal anatomic structures (P<0.05) among the 200 patients, indicating a loss of image quality with the 13/75 grid. Assessment of the intraindividual trial revealed reduced detectability of three out of four anatomical details when the 13/75 grid was employed. At the cost of a minor loss of image quality in comparison with the 12/40 grid, the new stationary grid provides a clear reduction of radiation dose under clinical circumstances.