加工方法及存放时间对蔬菜亚硝酸盐含量的影响

目的　了解不同加工方法及加工后存放时间对蔬菜亚硝酸盐含量影响的规律 ,为减少亚硝酸盐危害提供依据。方法　采用萘基盐酸二氨基乙烯法检测新鲜及经加工的蔬菜中亚硝酸盐含量并进行分析。结果　蔬菜中亚硝酸盐含量受加工方法、存放时间影响。腌芹菜比炒芹菜亚硝酸盐含量高 ;差异具显著性 (P<0 .0 1 ) ;经加工的青菜放置 2 4h后亚硝酸盐含量持续增加。结论　少吃腌菜、剩菜 ,可以减少亚硝酸盐危害。     

怎样合理烹调蔬菜

蔬菜的营养价值除了受品种、部位、产地、季节等因素的影响外,还受烹调加工方法的影响。加热烹调可降低蔬菜的营养价值,西红柿、黄瓜、生菜等可生吃的蔬菜应在洗净后食用,烹调蔬菜的正确方法是：     

大同市饮水型地方性砷中毒病区环境生态中砷暴露水平调查

目的调查山西省大同市饮水型地方性砷中毒病区外环境中砷暴露水平。方法从山西省大同市某地方性砷中毒病区抽取85名常住人口作为调查对象,慢性砷中毒按照《地方性砷中毒诊断标准》进行诊断,并采集暴露人群的日常饮用水、土壤和瓜果蔬菜。日常饮用水和土壤通过原子荧光分光光度计定量检测其中砷含量,瓜果蔬菜中的总砷含量采用电感耦合等离子体质谱联用仪(ICP-MS)测定。结果在抽取的85名居民日常饮用水中,水砷范围14.41~90.34μg/L,中位数为43.88μg/L。采集的瓜果蔬菜砷含量范围为0.001~0.771 mg/kg,均数为0.0598 mg/kg,超标率为43.04%,其中瓜果蔬菜中砷超标率呈现叶菜类>根茎类>果菜类的趋势。食用污染严重的叶菜类蔬菜中摄入砷引起的健康风险达到71.77%。本地方性砷中毒病区东南西北4个方向的土壤砷含量未超过国家标准。结论山西省大同市饮水型地方性砷中毒病区饮用水、自产瓜果蔬菜砷含量均高,饮用砷污染的水是引起慢性砷中毒的主要因素,通过食用自产瓜果蔬菜染砷这一途径也不可忽视。     

高砷饮水对云南傣族儿童生长发育的影响研究

目的了解高砷饮水对傣族儿童生长发育的影响。方法选择高砷饮水（〉0.05mg/L）地区38名傣族6～15岁中小学生作为暴露组,饮水砷含量正常（〈0.05mg/L）的邻村43名同龄中小学生为对照组,采集所有研究对象晨尿、家庭饮用水水样和发样（30份）测定砷含量。采用联合型瑞文测试（中国第二次修订版）对研究对象进行智力测试。按照全国学校卫生体检技术规范进行身高、体重的测量。结果暴露组尿砷、发砷含量均值均高于对照组,且两组发砷含量差异有统计学意义,但暴露组尿砷、发砷含量均值远远低于推荐的正常参考值。暴露组中小学生的智商低于对照组6.35分,并且暴露组与对照组男生智商的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,暴露组随着饮水砷含量的增加,儿童智商呈明显的下降趋势,儿童智商与水砷含量呈显著性负相关（R=-0.62,t=4.72,P〈0.01）。暴露组儿童身高、体重发育不正常的发生率也高于对照组,但差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论饮用水砷含量在0.11mg/L以上的水,对傣族儿童的智力发育可能会造成不利影响。长期低剂量（〈0.07mg/L）饮水砷暴露,尚未发现对傣族儿童身高、体重造成明显的不利影响。     

山西省农村居民生活饮用水中砷安全风险的调查研究

目的掌握山西省农村居民饮用水水砷的分布范围和危害程度,为今后的防治工作提供科学依据。方法根据已确定的高砷水地区,并在其周围扩大选择点,最终在山西省8个市开展了调查,对所有调查点进行水砷筛查,对筛查出的水砷超标村进行水砷定量普查;水砷筛查采用半定量试剂盒法,采用氢化物发生-原子荧光法(HG-AFS)进行水砷定量测定。结果 8个市的农村地区共调查了1 730个村,其中有7个市151个村的水砷含量超过了国家标准,高砷暴露人口177 018人。对151个超标村进行高砷水源普查,水井超标率35.10%,最高水砷浓度1.733 0mg/L。高水砷地区水砷含量随着水井深度的增加呈增高趋势(F=176.55,P0.01),高砷水的井深大部分在50m以上。结论山西省7个市农村居民砷中毒风险性高,主要以大同盆地和晋中盆地为主,低砷水源多埋深于50m左右,应因地制宜地选择安全水源,确保今后以除砷改水工程防治措施落实为重点的防治工作顺利实施。     

吃掉生蔬菜 返老还童来

生的食物生吃有营养,这是生物界的一条原则。对有生命的人类来说,吃生的食物能给予体内更多的营养。吃生蔬菜、喝生水对健康最有益,生蔬菜不仅能预防、治愈多种疾病,且能延年益寿,尤其能使女性容光焕发,保持青春,可谓返老还童的灵丹妙药。社会上泛滥的各种营养药、营养食品,远不如吃生的胡萝卜、萝卜、卷心菜等营养丰富。     

某县土法金银冶炼业环境污染调查

目的 了解某县土法金银冶炼业周围环境的污染现状及对居民健康的影响.方法 于2000年4-7月采用现场调查与实验室检测相结合的方法,对土法金银冶炼业污染的环境介质(车间空气、农田水、饮用水、蔬菜、稻谷和土壤)中的砷进行监测,对当地居民的健康状况进行调查.结果 调查发现土法金银冶炼生产工艺落后,冶炼业布局不合理,"三废"未进行处理.环境介质均不同程度受到砷污染,其中农田水砷浓度最大超标达1 749倍,致使稻谷砷含量最大超标达37倍,蔬菜砷含量最大超标达35倍,车间空气砷浓度最大超标16倍.当地部分居民被检出为慢性砷中毒.结论 土法金银冶炼业对周围环境造成了不同程度的砷污染,危害当地居民的健康.     

不能喝的水

生水生水中有各种对人体有害的细菌、病毒和人畜共患的寄生虫。喝了生水,很容易引起急性胃肠炎、病毒性肝炎、伤寒、痢疾及寄生虫感染。现今大小河道、水库、井水都不同程度地遭受工厂废水、农药残余、生活废水等污染,喝生水更容易引起疾病。老化水俗称“死水”,也就是长时间储存不动的水。常饮这种水,对未成年人来说,使细胞新陈代谢明显减慢,影响身体生长发育;对中老年人则会加速衰老。许多地方食道癌、胃癌发病率日益增高,据医学家们研究,可能与长期饮用老化水有关。有关资料表明,老化水中的有毒物质,也随着水储存时间增加而增加。千滚水…     

平阴县食管癌发病率与当地重金属污染之间的关系

目的研究食管癌高、低发区的土壤、蔬菜、水质、粮食样品中的亚硝酸盐、重金属(铅、镉、汞、砷)的含量与食管癌患病率之间的关系。方法用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法检测平阴县食管癌高、低发区的土壤、蔬菜、水质、粮食样品中重金属含量。结果 2个患病组与对照组相比水汞含量差异均有统计学意义(P1001、P20.05);组别2与对照组水砷含量差异有统计学意义(P0.01);组别2与对照组蔬菜汞的含量差异有统计学意义(P0.05);组别2与对照组蔬菜铅的含量差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论水中砷、粮食中铅和蔬菜汞含量可能是食管癌的危险因素。     

蔬菜生吃是否更好呢?

都说吃蔬菜有益健康,不过,很多人经常有疑虑:蔬菜生吃是不是更营养,看电视上外国人都是生吃蔬菜;还有不少人说,蔬菜加热后会破坏营养,降低营养价值. 但,真的是这样吗? 烹调加热会损失营养? 蔬菜加热后某些营养素的确会降低,例如会破坏其中的维生素C.研究发现,在88℃下,番茄加热2分钟后维生素C的含量会降低10％,加热半小时后维生素C的含量会降低29％.这是因为维生素C极不稳定,在氧化、加热(能增加维生素C与空气中的氧发生反应的速率)和水煮(维生素C溶于水)的过程中很容易降低.     

农村中老年居民高血压危险因素研究

对５０ ２６０ 名４０ 岁以上的农村中老年居民进行高血压问卷调查和血压测量。对所选取的二十多个可疑因素进行非条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ逐步回归分析,结果显示,体质指数、油脂摄入、早餐习惯、食盐摄入、蔬菜摄入、被动吸烟、饮茶习惯、饮酒、睡眠时间、婚姻状况、父母高血压史、女性生育次数、母乳喂养、其他妇科疾病等因素与中老年居民高血压发病存在统计学联系,其中经常进食早餐、常吃蔬菜、常饮茶水、足够睡眠时间是保护因素,而业余爱好、肉类摄入、居住面积、饮水质量、性格、月经规律和吸烟等因素未发现有统计学意义。     

农村居民膳食生活习惯及饮食行为对胃癌发病的影响

为探讨农村居民膳食生活习惯及其饮食行为因素对胃癌发病的影响,本文对农村胃癌高发现场配对病例对照研究中所取得的资料进行了单因素和多因素分析。膳食及其饮食行为单因素分析结果表明:高盐饮食、油炸食品、饮用不洁水源等都与胃癌发病显著相关,暴饮暴食、生气吃饭、进食快、烫、干、硬食等对胃癌发病有着非常显著性的影响。而常食新鲜蔬菜、豆类食品、素油、鲜肉、蒜葱、常饮绿茶等因素可能有保护性因素。条件Logistic多因素分析结果显示:经常暴饮暴食、生气吃饭、进食快最终被选入因子,提示了暴饮暴食、生气吃饭、进食快这三大饮食行为因素对胃癌的发病有着非常密切的关系。在农村,改善居民膳食结构,提倡合理的饮食习惯,对于预防胃癌的发生有着重要的意义。     

北京市某企业职工高血压患病情况及其影响因素

目的了解北京市某企业职工高血压患病情况,同时分析可能的影响因素,为该企业职业人群高血压预防工作提供理论依据。方法采用整群抽样的方法,对北京市某化工企业13个作业部共3 029名职工进行问卷调查,并结合当年的职业健康检查资料分析高血压的危险因素。结果该企业职工的高血压患病率为11.49%,男性职工患病率为14.6%,女性职工患病率为4.11%,男性高血压的患病率明显高于女性（P〈0.01）。且该人群高血压的患病率随年龄、工龄而逐步增加,脾气急躁、操作工、吸烟、饮酒、饮食口味偏咸、饮食习惯偏荤为危险因素,知道高血压诊断标准和保证睡眠质量、锻炼（≥3次/周）、高中和大专学历相对于小学及以下文化程度为保护因素。多因素logistic回归分析显示,吸烟、饮酒、工种、有高血压家族史等均为危险因素,知道高血压诊断标准和保证睡眠质量为保护因素。结论高血压的患病率与多种因素有关,其吸烟、饮酒、工种、高血压家族史为高血压的危险因素,应引起人们的重视。     

新疆哈萨克族食管癌危险因素病例对照研究

目的探讨新疆哈萨克族食管癌发病的危险因素。方法采用1∶2配比的病例对照研究方法,调查92例食管癌患者、184名正常对照。采用条件Logistic回归模型进行分析。结果单因素分析显示,职业为牧民、饮用手压机井水、河水、大量饮酒、喜辣食、食速快、不规律、有食管、胃病变史及食管癌家族史等因素与食管癌的发生有关;多因素Cox回归分析显示,饮用手压机井水或河水、有食管癌家族史、辛辣饮食及食速快为食管癌发生的主要危险因素,食用新鲜水果为保护因素。结论改善饮水条件,改变不良饮食生活习惯,经常食用新鲜蔬菜和水果,可减少哈萨克族食管癌发生的危险性。     

基于分类树模型的高同型半胱氨酸血症的影响因素分析

目的了解体检人群高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHcy)的检出情况及其影响因素,为防治HHcy提供有效途径。方法选取2017年10月—2018年5月在大连医科大学附属第二医院健康管理中心体检的3157名18岁以上成年人进行问卷调查、体格测量及实验室检查。采用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计分析,采用χ²检验分析不同人群HHcy的检出情况,采用因子分析法提取膳食模式,采用logistic回归分析膳食模式对HHcy的影响,应用分类树模型CRT法筛选HHcy的影响因素。结果研究对象HHcy检出率为24.61%。老年、男性、有吸烟史者、有饮酒史者、有高血压者、血脂异常者、肥胖和超重者中HHcy检出率更高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。因子分析法共提取出4种膳食模式,分别为谷肉蔬果膳食模式、油炸烟熏甜点模式、高蛋白膳食模式和鱼海鲜肉类模式。多因素logistic回归分析显示,女性人群中谷肉蔬果膳食模式(OR=0.46,95%CI:0.18~0.82)与同型半胱氨酸水平呈负相关,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。分类树模型结果显示,性别、年龄、吸烟、饮酒、社会压力、体质指数以及高蛋白膳食模式是HHcy的影响因素。结论不同性别人群HHcy的影响因素不同,为实现HHcy综合性个体化健康管理,男性应重点调整吸烟、饮酒、社会压力以及饮食习惯因素,女性应注重体重和饮食习惯的改变。     

Association of arsenic exposure during pregnancy with fetal loss and infant death: a cohort study in Bangladesh

The authors evaluated the effect of arsenic exposure on fetal and infant survival in a cohort of 29,134 pregnancies identified by the health and demographic surveillance system in Matlab, Bangladesh, in 1991-2000. Arsenic exposure, reflected by drinking water history and analysis of arsenic concentrations in tube-well water used by women during pregnancy, was assessed in a separate survey conducted in 2002-2003. Data on vital events, including pregnancy outcome and infant mortality, were collected by monthly surveillance at the household level. The risk of fetal loss and infant death in relation to arsenic exposure was estimated by a Cox proportional hazards model. Drinking tube-well water with more than 50 microg of arsenic per liter during pregnancy significantly increased the risks of fetal loss (relative risk = 1.14, 95% confidence interval: 1.04, 1.25) and infant death (relative risk = 1.17, 95% confidence interval: 1.03, 1.32). There was a significant dose response of arsenic exposure to risk of infant death (p = 0.02). Women of reproductive age should urgently be prioritized for mitigation activities where drinking water is contaminated by arsenic.     

Case studies--arsenic

Arsenic is found naturally in the environment. People may be exposed to arsenic by eating food, drinking water, breathing air, or by skin contact with soil or water that contains arsenic. In the U.S., the diet is a predominant source of exposure for the general population with smaller amounts coming from drinking water and air. Children may also be exposed to arsenic because of hand to mouth contact or eating dirt. In addition to the normal levels of arsenic in air, water, soil, and food, people could by exposed to higher levels in several ways such as in areas containing unusually high natural levels of arsenic in rocks which can lead to unusually high levels of arsenic in soil or water. People living in an area like this could take in elevated amounts of arsenic in drinking water. Workers in an occupation that involves arsenic production or use (for example, copper or lead smelting, wood treatment, pesticide application) could be exposed to elevated levels of arsenic at work. People who saw or sand arsenic-treated wood could inhale/ingest some of the sawdust which contains high levels of arsenic. Similarly, when pressure-treated wood is burned, high levels of arsenic could be released in the smoke. In agricultural areas where arsenic pesticides were used on crops the soil could contain high levels of arsenic. Some hazardous waste sites contain large quantities of arsenic. Arsenic ranks #1 on the ATSDR/EPA priority list of hazardous substances. Arsenic has been found in at least 1,014 current or former NPL sites. At the hazardous waster sites evaluated by ATSDR, exposure to arsenic in soil predominated over exposure to water, and no exposure to air had been recorded. However, there is no information on morbidity or mortality from exposure to arsenic in soil at hazardous waste sites. Exposure assessment, community and tribal involvement, and evaluation and surveillance of health effects are among the ATSDR future Superfund research program priority focus areas. Examples of exposures to arsenic in drinking water, diet and pesticide are given.     

Sources of sporadic Yersinia enterocolitica infections in Norway: a prospective case-control study.

Yersinia enterocolitica is a recognized cause of gastroenteritis in northern Europe. During October 1988-January 1990, a prospective case-control study was performed to address risk factors associated with sporadic Y. enterocolitica infections in southeastern Norway. Sixty-seven case-patients (mean age 23.4 years, range 8 months-88 years) and 132 age-, sex- and geographically-matched controls were enrolled in the study. Multivariate analysis of the data showed that persons with Y. enterocolitica infection reported having eaten significantly more pork items (3.79 v. 2.30 meals, P = 0.02) and sausage (2.84 v. 2.20 meals, P = 0.03) in the 2 weeks before illness onset than their matched controls; only one patient had eaten raw pork. Patients were also more likely than controls to report a preference for eating meat prepared raw or rare (47 v. 27%, P = 0.01), and to report drinking untreated water (39 v. 25%, P = 0.01) in the 2 weeks before illness onset. Each of these factors was independently associated with disease, suggesting a link between yersiniosis and consumption of undercooked pork and sausage products and untreated water. Efforts should be directed towards developing techniques to reduce Y. enterocolitica contamination of pork and educating consumers about (1) proper handling and preparation of pork items and (2) the hazards of drinking untreated water.     

Arsenic geochemistry and human health in South East Asia

Arsenic occurs naturally in many environmental components and enters the human body through several exposure pathways. Natural enrichment of arsenic may result in considerable contamination of soil, water, and air. Arsenic in groundwater can exceed values hundreds of time higher than the concentration recommended for drinking water. Such exposure levels indicate a serious potential health risk to individuals consuming raw groundwater. Human activities that have an impact on the environment may increase the distribution of inorganic arsenic. Abandoned mines are of great concern due to the extremely high arsenic concentrations detected in mine drainage and tailings. Diet, drinking water, air, soil, and occupational exposures are all sources of inorganic arsenic for humans. Interdisciplinary efforts to better characterize the transport of arsenic and reactants that facilitate their release to the environment are important for human health studies. Multi-disciplinary efforts are needed to study diet, infectious disease, genetics, and cultural practices unique to each region to better understand human health risk and to design public health interventions.     

砷中毒地区外环境砷暴露水平的研究现状

地方性砷中毒是一种严重危害病区居民健康的地方病.根据砷源不同,分为饮水型职业性砷中毒、燃煤型职业性砷中毒和职业性砷中毒.饮水型地方性砷中毒主要是由于长期暴露于饮用水中的砷而引起的慢性砷中毒.饮水中的砷还可以通过农田灌溉等引起粮食、土壤等砷浓度的升高,间接危害居民健康.在以往的研究中发现,饮水型砷中毒地区饮用水砷超标,不...