武警某部战士艾滋病健康教育现状与需求分析

 目的 了解武警部队战士艾滋病健康教育现状和健康教育需求.方法 采用多阶段抽样对4个地区3154名武警战士进行现场自填问卷调查,内容包括基本情况、艾滋病知识、态度信念、行为和艾滋病健康教育需求5项内容.结果 本次调查结果 显示,战士对艾滋病基本知识和传播途径总体掌握较好,艾滋病流行状态的相关信念持有率为79.5%,对部队应加强艾滋病健康教育的信念持有率为95.1%;对自身感染艾滋病的应对的行为持有率为93.1%,自愿进行艾滋病检测的行为持有率为92.0%,而非理性性行为中,使用安全套(54.6%)的行为持有率则较低.战士对艾滋病的基本概念和传播途径有着较高的需求.结论 武警部队基层战士艾滋病健康教育有待加强、需求较高,应大力开展健康教育.     

孕妇学校式健康教育对降低艾滋病母婴垂直传播的效果评价

目的通过评价在孕妇学校中增设预防艾滋病母婴垂直传播的专题健康教育课程,对提高孕妇艾滋病知识知晓率及降低艾滋病母婴垂直传播的干预效果,为在全市开展预防艾滋病母婴垂直传播专题健康教育工作的常规化提供科学依据。方法在本市有产科资质医院的孕妇学校中,增设预防艾滋病知识的健康教育课程,对建册孕妇进行艾滋病科普知识及预防艾滋病母婴垂直传播知识健康教育。从中选取12个孕妇学校,对孕妇进行培训前后知识知晓率调查分析,结合全部孕妇学校培训后孕妇主动接受艾滋病抗体检测率、艾滋病阳性确诊孕妇接受规范治疗情况的统计分析结果,评价艾滋病健康教育对阻断母婴垂直传播的干预效果。结果共完成600名孕妇的培训前后知识知晓率调查统计分析,干预后孕妇对预防艾滋病母婴垂直传播的知识及艾滋病的一般防治知识的知晓率明显高于干预前（P〈0.001）。通过孕妇学校的健康教育,3年来孕妇自觉接受艾滋病的检测率〉90%,47例阳性者自觉接受规范治疗,母婴垂直传播率〈2%。结论通过孕妇学校对孕妇系统地进行预防艾滋病健康教育,提高了孕妇对艾滋病科普知识及艾滋病母婴垂直传播防治知识的知晓率,使孕妇在孕期能主动地接受艾滋病检测,阳性者能主动地接受规范治疗,能达到有效地降低艾滋病母婴垂直传播的实效,因此,应制定和完善相应的规范,使开展＂孕妇学校＂式的预防艾滋病母婴垂直传播健康教育干预活动常规化、普及化。     

护理学校学生艾滋病知晓情况调查分析

目的通过问卷调查了解中等护理职业教育中护生对艾滋病的知晓率及应对策略。方法通过现场问卷调查了解护生艾滋病知晓率,对待艾滋病的态度及传染方式、信息来源等。并进行数据统计。结果艾滋病知晓得分较高,病毒知识得分较差,传染方式不清楚,对艾滋病的态度不明确,存在部分的歧视。结论中等职业艾滋病健康教育普及不够,不专业,不能满足自身防护的需求,同时专业防护及作为健康宣教的知识不够,总体表现对艾滋病的了解不够,应加强综合专业艾滋病宣教。     

我校学生性病、艾滋病知识水平的初步调查

目的:对我校学生性病、艾滋病知识水平的初步调查,进行初步的艾滋病性病健康教育.方法:问卷调查.结果:共收回有效问卷548份,正确率为68.43%～95.98%,平均为89.93%.结论:我校学生的性病、艾滋病知识有待进一步提高.     

青海省1020名大学生艾滋病相关知识知晓现状及性行为影响因素分析

目的：了解青海省高校大学生艾滋病相关知识知晓情况及性行为现状，探讨高校大学生婚前性行为的影响因素，为针对性地开展性安全教育提供理论依据。方法：收集青海大学、青海师范大学、青海民族大学3所综合类高校的部分学生为调查对象，以年级进行分层，共随机整群抽取30个班级的全体学生。结果：共调查1 020名在校大学生，艾滋病知识总知晓率为58.73%(599/1 020),16.27%(166/1 020)的学生表示赞同婚前性行为，14.12%(144/1 020)的学生表示发生过性行为，其中76.39%(110/144)的学生第一次发生性行为时采取了安全措施。多因素Logistic回归分析显示：年龄> 18岁（OR=3.868,95%CI=1.324～11.298）是发生性行为的危险因素；女性（OR=0.572,95%CI=0.377～0.868）、回族（OR=0.355,95%CI=0.144～0.874）、对婚前性行为持不赞成（OR=0.056,95%CI=0.032～0.099）和中立态度（OR=0.383,95%CI=0.244～0.602），是发生婚前性行为的保护因素。结论：青海省...     

在新兵中进行艾滋病健康教育的效果评价

目的提高新兵对艾滋病的认识。方法采用问卷法对2006年入伍新兵进行艾滋病相关知识调查,并对所调查艾滋病相关知识的问题当场进行解答和健康教育,4~6周后再对部分新兵进行第2次调查。结果新兵对有关艾滋病知识贫乏,教育前后差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。结论对新兵进行艾滋病知识教育非常必要。     

新疆石河子市石河子乡不同民族居民艾滋病知识知晓率调查分析

目的:了解石河子市石河子乡居民艾滋病知识的掌握情况,找出合适的健康教育方式;方法:采用面对面询问式调查方法,对586名居民进行无记名问卷调查;结果:该市居民艾滋病知识知晓率达79%,不同民族的调查对象艾滋病知识知晓率有差异,汉族高于少数民族,文化程度高的高于文化程度低的;结论:仍需对居民采取有效的健康教育方式,加大艾滋病知识的宣传力度,重点加大对少数民族群众和文化程度低的农村居民的健康教育力度。     

辽宁省特殊教育学校学生口腔健康状况的调查比较

目的探讨具有智力障碍、肢体障碍、聋哑盲人群的对口腔健康知识知晓情况、口腔保健行为执行情况,以及龋病、牙周疾病等发生情况,指导该类人群口腔预防保健。方法通过对辽宁省特殊教育学校202名学生(A组)和沈阳市广全中学同龄202名学生(B组)发放调查问卷,并对口腔健康状况进行检查,了解两组调查对象口腔健康知识和行为的状况,比较其龋病、牙龈炎和牙结石的发病率。结果 A组学生的龋病、牙龈炎、牙结石患病率分别为61.4%、53.0%、31.4%,与B组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论辽宁省特殊教育学校学生的口腔健康状况不佳,需要加强对他们的口腔宣传教育和预防保健,提高其口腔健康水平。     

广西某高校大学生甲型H1N1流感健康教育实施效果与评价

目的：评价健康教育对大学生甲型H1N1流感知、信、行改善的效果。方法：通过比较教育前、后及平行对照班知、信、行总正确率差异,评价健康教育效果。结果：教育后知识总正确率为97.66%,教育前57.83%、对照59.70%;教育后信念（态度）总正确率为97.12%,教育前80.71%、对照64.32%;教育后行为总正确率为94.71%,教育前48.65%、对照43.23%。教育后知、信、行总正确率与教育前、对照比较P值均〈0.01,差别有高度统计学意义。结论：以讲座、承诺、督促的模式开展学校甲型H1N1流感专题健康教育,可有效提高大学生预防甲型H1N1流感的知识、信念、行为水平。     

驻陕西部队官兵艾滋病认知水平及防治知识需求调查

 目的 了解驻陕部队人员防治艾滋病知识知晓情况、相关态度与知识需求,为部队防治艾滋病宣传教育提供依据.方法 2008-04至2008-12,采用整群随机抽样的方法抽取驻陕部队4个单位共1833人作为研究对象,进行艾滋病知识的问卷调查.结果 51.0%调查对象对艾滋病知识掌握合格,对性传播途径防护方式的知晓率相对较低(67.7%).掌握艾滋病知识合格率,不同年龄、民族的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),入伍前居住地为省、地级城市的人员,干部、学员,入伍时间2年以上人员知识合格率较高(P<0.001);相关态度影响认知,视艾滋病患者为社会危险分子、拒绝与身边的艾滋病患者交往者艾滋病知识合格率只有22.9%和38%;艾滋病知识获得途径和期望途径之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 部队人群艾滋病宣传教育需要进一步加强,医疗咨询和课堂传授有望发挥更大作用.     

Predicting healthy and unhealthy behaviors through physical education: A self‐determination theory‐based longitudinal approach

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relations between three dimensions of the structured teaching environment (promotion of theoretical knowledge, physical learning, and health improvement) in physical education (PE) and the adoption of health‐related behaviors by students. The study adopted a two‐occasion longitudinal design based on self‐determination theory (SDT). PE students (N = 654, mean age = 16.13, SD = .77) completed measures of perceived structured teaching environment, satisfaction of basic psychological needs and motivation for PE, and healthy (physical activity, sport participation, and healthy eating) and unhealthy (consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs) behaviors at the beginning and end of the first year of post‐compulsory secondary education. Path analysis of the proposed relations among variables supported SDT tenets and showed positive relations between the three dimensions of the structured teaching environment, the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and autonomous motivation in PE. Autonomous motivation contributed to an explanation of variance in two healthy behaviors, physical activity and sport participation. However, no relation was found among motivation in PE, healthy eating, and consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs. These results show negligible trans‐contextual influence of SDT motivational factors in PE on other healthy behaviors beyond physical activity.     

Healthcare issues of detainees in police custody in London,UK

Little is known about the general healthcare needs of detainees in police custody. The aims of this study were to: determine the level of general health issues, diseases and/or pathology for detainees in police custody, and to determine how well those general health issues, diseases and/or pathology are being managed. This was done by a detailed analysis of healthcare issues of a cohort of detainees and reviewing intended and prescribed medication needs with current medication availability. In August 2007, a prospective detailed, anonymised, structured questionnaire survey was undertaken of 201 detainees in police custody in London, UK. Of these 83.6% consented to participate in the study. 85.1% of subjects were male; mean age was 33.9 years; 70.8% had English as a first language; 13.7% were of no fixed abode; 70.2% were registered with a general practitioner (primary care physician); 25% were already in contact with other healthcare teams; 7.1% had previously been sectioned under the Mental Health Act 1983; 16.7% had previously intentionally self-injured; 33.9% were dependent on heroin, 33.9% on crack cocaine; 25% on alcohol, 16.6% on benzodiazepines and 63.1% on cigarettes. 56% of subjects had active medical conditions; of those with active medical conditions 74% were prescribed medication for those medical conditions; only 3/70 had their medication available. 28/70 were not taking medication regularly, and many were not taking it at all. Three subjects who had deep vein thromboses were not taking their prescribed anticoagulants and six subjects with severe mental health issues were not taking their anti-psychotic medication. Mental health issues and depression predominated, but there was a very large range of mixed diseases and pathology. Asthma, epilepsy, diabetes, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, hepatitis, and hypertension were all represented. The study has achieved its aims and has also shown that – in part because of the chaotic lifestyle of many detainees – appropriate care was not being rendered, thereby, putting both detainee, and potentially others coming into contact with them, at risk.     

A review of suspected cases of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) involved in traffic accidents in Istanbul (Turkey)

Nowadays traffic accidents, which have high mortality and morbidity, are an important public health problem. The association between the use of alcohol and/or drugs by drivers and the increased risk of traffic accidents with a high risk of death and injury has been well described in the literature.This study aimed to review the incidence of cases of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) among all cases of driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol and/or other drugs involved in traffic accidents and to evaluate the type of the psychoactive drugs (with or without alcohol) detected in blood samples in Istanbul and its surrounding area. This study is the first investigation on the subject of DUID cases in Turkey.The reports of the Istanbul Toxicology Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine (Turkey) on suspected DUID cases involved in traffic accidents between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2011 were retrospectively reviewed for alcohol and/or drug use.Alcohol analysis was requested in 4274 suspected DUI cases, whereas drug along with alcohol analysis was requested in only 91. The rate of suspected DUID cases (n = 91) among the suspected DUI cases (n = 4274) was only 2.1% and in this study, we evaluated only the DUID cases in detail. Alcohol was present in 44% of suspected DUID cases. Psychoactive drugs were present in 15.4% of cases. The incidence among 46 confirmed DUID cases was found to be 17.4% for cannabis, 8.7% for benzodiazepines, 4.3% for barbiturates, 4.3% for antidepressants, 2.2% for cocaine and 2.2% for amphetamines.Although there is a zero-tolerance approach for DUID in the Turkish regulations, it is not well recognised and not inspected by police and legal authorities who are responsible for taking measures in traffic accidents and for routine traffic controls in Turkey. It is concluded that psychoactive drugs should be checked as well as alcohol in all traffic accident cases and roadside controls.     

Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for sexual assault: A retrospective analysis

The aim of this study was to establish whether there is a correlation between alcohol consumption and reported sexual assaults among young people in the UK. A retrospective analysis of all cases between 01/05/2011 and 30/04/2012 involving complainants between the ages of 12 and 25 was carried out at the Lancashire SAFE Centre. In total 286 cases were included. Case notes were audited for evidence of alcohol consumption by the complainant in the 24 h prior to their assault. Further information regarding amount of alcohol consumed and any other drugs involved was also collected. In total it was found that 70.6% of complainants had consumed alcohol before being assaulted. This percentage was noted to vary with the complainant's age, ranging from 0% (age 12) to 100% (age 24). Of those who had consumed alcohol, complainants in 76.2% of cases had drunk more than the recommended daily alcohol intake, and almost a third had also taken drugs. There was only one case of suspected covert drug administration, and one forcible drug usage; in all other cases alcohol or drugs were taken voluntarily. Stranger rape (including where the complainant had known the assailant only briefly, such as meeting them the same day) was more common in complainants who had consumed alcohol. In summary, alcohol consumption often precedes sexual assaults among young people in the UK. This study therefore recommends the more widespread use of public awareness campaigns to highlight the risk of rape associated with excessive alcohol consumption.     

Binge drinking, drinking and driving, and riding with a driver who had been drinking heavily among Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve Personnel

Heavy drinking is associated with significant health problems and increased risk for injury and death. Although several studies have investigated alcohol use among active duty and civilian populations, little is known about the alcohol use patterns of reserve personnel. This study examined the prevalence and correlates of binge drinking, driving after drinking, and riding in a vehicle with a driver who had consumed alcohol among 4,836 guardsmen and reservists who were taking part in basic military training (mean age = 21.3 years; 29.4% female). Forty-six percent reported one or more binge drinking episodes in the month before basic military training. Four percent drove after consuming five or more drinks, while 8.9% rode as a passenger with a driver who had been drinking heavily. Several demographic, behavioral, and attitudinal correlates of risky drinking patterns were identified. Findings have potentially important implications for the health, safety, and military readiness of reserve personnel.     

Physical activity,muscular strength,and polypharmacy among older multimorbid persons: Results from the KORA‐Age study

The purpose of this study was to examine whether physical activity (PA ) and muscular strength (MS ) are related to polypharmacy. Our cross‐sectional analysis was based on 711 patients with multimorbidity (MMB ), aged 65‐94 years, who participated in the KORA ‐Age study. Participants underwent a face‐to‐face interview and extensive physical examinations including anthropometric measurements, registration of chronic diseases, determination of health‐related behaviors (smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, etc.), collection of blood samples and measurement of hand‐grip strength. PP ha was defined as the use of >4 drugs and MMB as having ≥2 of 13 chronic diseases. Prevalence of PP ha was 44.6% (n=317), and a significant difference was found in the number of drugs used between participants with and without PP ha (7.2±2.1 vs 2.5±1.2, P <.001). Patients in the lower compared to the upper tertile of physical activity had a significantly increased odds to be on PP ha (OR : 1.64, 95% CI : 1.05‐2.56, P =.031) after controlling for age, gender, BMI , family status, education, alcohol intake, smoking habits, number of diseases, hs‐CRP , and telomere length. On the contrary, no significant association between muscular strength and PP ha was found (OR : 1.04, 95% CI : 0.66‐1.63, P =.873) after multivariable adjustment. Among older persons with MMB , lower levels of physical activity, but not low muscular strength, are associated with higher odds of PP ha. Increasing the levels of physical activity appears to be highly recommended in order to potentially reduce the risk of PP ha among multimorbid persons aged 65 and older.     

Health assessment of U.S. Army Rangers

PURPOSE: Assess the health behaviors of U.S. Army Rangers, including their diet and physical activity patterns, and their use of alcohol, tobacco, and nutritional supplements. METHODS: Army Rangers (N=38) completed selected self-report and food frequency questionnaires, and anthropometric measures (height, weight, circumferences) were taken. RESULTS: Dietary patterns were collected from questionnaires that asked respondents to report the frequency of usual consumption from a list of foods over a period of 1 year. The data collected indicated a diet high in fat (38.0% of energy) and low in carbohydrates (41.9%). Protein intake (17.9% of energy) was consistent with recommendations for endurance and strength training athletes. Hours engaged in physical activity averaged 12 per week. Overall, 76% of the volunteers reported using alcohol on a regular basis, and 52.6% used some form of tobacco: 50% reported using either snuff or chewing tobacco. The use of supplements was high with 13% taking creatine and ephedrine products on a regular basis. CONCLUSION: Although physical activity patterns indicated a high level of activity, dietary and other health behaviors, such as smoking, alcohol use, and patterns of supplement use, suggest that health education programs may be important in this select Army population.     

典型非铀矿山工人氡危险认知研究

目的 调查非铀矿山工人对氡所致健康危害的认知水平及影响因素。方法 采用当面填写调查表或询问方式调查了9个省区24个矿山的2836名矿工。结果 13.3%的矿工知晓氡,其中,29.0%的人知道氡的来源,8.5%的矿工对氡危害有一定认识,仅有1.8%的矿工对氡致健康危害有正确认知。在影响非铀矿山工人对氡致健康危害正确认知水平的因素中,受教育程度与氡认知水平正相关;正式职工对氡的认知水平优于临时雇用工人;性别、年龄、从事现工作的工龄等因素对氡认知水平没有明显影响;不同省区及矿山的氡认知水平不同。结论 我国非铀矿山矿工对氡危险认知水平较低,应进一步落实并规范《职业病防治法》规定的职业危害告知义务。