可逆性后部脑白质病综合征MRI诊断分析

目的探讨可逆性后部脑白质病综合征(PRES)MRI及临床特点。方法回顾性分析9例PRES患者的MRI表现及临床资料,所有患者均接受MRI平扫,包括常规T2WI、T1WI、FLAIR序列扫描、DWI,5例行MRV检查,3例行MR增强扫描,5例经治疗后复查MRI。结果 9例患者均有突发性血压升高病史,其中6例为先兆子痫或子痫,高血压病2例,肾功能不全1例。病变主要累及顶枕叶白质区,其次为额叶、基底节区,MRI呈对称性长T1长T2信号,FLAIR为高信号,DWI为等信号,ADC图呈高信号7例,2例为等信号。5例复查MRI脑白质病灶完全恢复。结论 MRI对PRES可作出明确诊断,其典型征象为双侧顶枕叶白质区多发对称性血管源性水肿,FLAIR、T2W序列显示病灶最佳,DWI、MRV在鉴别诊断中具有重要意义。     

脑后部可逆性脑病综合征的MRI及DWI特点

目的：探讨脑后部可逆性脑病综合征（PRES）的MRI及扩散加权成像（DWI）特点。方法：回顾性分析3例临床诊断为PRES患者的临床资料,患者均表现为头痛、视物不清,并伴有高血压。所有患者均行常规生化、脑脊液、血及尿常规检查,行常规MRI、MRA及Dwl扫描。结果：3例PRES患者MRI示双侧顶枕区皮质及皮层下白质多发病灶,在T1WI上病灶呈等信号或略低信号,FLAIR及T2wI上呈高信号,DWI显示部分病灶呈等信号或低信号,表观弥散系数图（ADC）上呈高信号,部分病灶DwI上呈高信号,ADC上呈等信号。治疗后随访MRI显示所有患者病灶逐渐减小、消失。结论：PRES好发于顶枕叶皮质及皮层下白质,病变早期为血管源性水肿,晚期可表现为细胞毒性水肿,治疗及时可逆转,采用MRI及DwI成像结合其临床特征可做出较为准确的诊断。     

妊娠高血压综合征致脑后部可逆性脑病综合征的MRI表现

目的:探讨妊娠高血压综合征(PIH)致脑后部可逆性脑病综合征(PRES)的MRI表现。方法:回顾性分析9例临床诊断为PIH致PRES患者的MRI平扫及扩散加权扫描(DWI)表现。结果:9例PRES患者MRI均可见双侧顶枕区皮质及皮层下白质多发病灶,在T1WI上病灶呈等信号或略低信号,FLAIR及T2WI上呈高信号,6例DWI显示病灶呈等信号或低信号,扩散系数(ADC值)升高,3例病灶DWI上呈高信号,ADC值不变。治疗后随访MRI显示所有患者病灶逐渐减小、消失。结论:PIH妊娠晚期发生的PRES病好发于顶枕叶皮质及皮层下白质,治疗及时可逆转,采用MRI平扫及DWI成像结合临床特征,可做出较为明确诊断。     

可复性后部脑病综合征的MR诊断

目的 提高对可复性后部脑病综合征(PRES)的MRI诊断及鉴别诊断的认识.资料与方法 回顾性分析8例经临床证实的PRES患者的临床及MRI表现.8例均行MRI检查,其中3例行钆喷替酸葡甲胺(Gd-DTPA)增强扫描,2例行磁共振血管造影(3D-TOF MRA)检查,1例行增强磁共振静脉成像(CE-MRV)检查,6例行扩散加权成像(DWI).结果 MRI显示病灶基本上呈双侧对称性分布,6例位于顶、枕叶皮层及皮层下,2例累及脑干.T_1WI呈等或略低信号,T_2WI及液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)呈高信号,注射Gd-DTPA后无明显异常对比强化,MRA未见明显异常,DWI显示病变扩散受限呈高信号,ADC图呈高信号或为正常.7例经对症处理后多次复查示所有病灶几乎完全吸收消失,临床症状好转;1例因多系统衰竭死亡.结论 MRI对PRES的病变范围显示清楚,具有一定的特征性,多种MR检查方法并结合治疗后复查可以明确该病的诊断.     

儿童后部可逆性脑病综合征的CT及MRI表现

目的 探讨儿童后部可逆性脑病综合征(PRES)的CT及MRI表现.资料与方法 搜集本院患儿资料8例,男7例,女1例,其中淋巴瘤化疗患儿、急性肾炎和肾病综合征各2例,紫癜肾和急性肾功能衰竭各1例.其中,5例肾病患儿血压升高.8例患儿行MRI扫描,包括T1WI、T2WI、液体衰减反转恢复序列(FLAIR)成像及扩散加权成像(DWI),其中1例间时行增强MR及MR血管威像(MRA),1例行MRA和MR静脉血管成像(MRV);其中4例行CT平扫.结果 MRI及CT显示双侧顶枕叶(8例)、额叶(2例)、颞叶(1例)、基底节区(1例)及左脑半球(1例)多发异常信号或低密度,主要位于双侧顶枕叶皮质及皮质下自质内,6例患儿皮质受累.在T1WI上病灶呈等或略低信号,T2WI及FLAIR上呈高信号,以FLAIR像显示皮质病变为佳.DWI显示大部分病灶呈等信号,表观扩散系数(ADC)图呈等或高信号.部分病灶DWI表现为高信号.1例行MR增强扫描患儿显示病灶部位沿脑膜斑片状及线样强化,皮层下脑组织内病变呈片状强化.2例MRA及1例MRV各大动脉血管及静脉窦未见明显狭窄、扩张或栓塞征象.随访MRI及CT显示所有患儿病灶范围逐渐缩小,数目减少.结论 FRES好发于顶枕叶皮层及皮层下白质,病变大部分为血管源性水肿,增强T1WI示病灶有强化.儿童与成人病变影像学表现及临床特点有所不同.MRI是PRES的主要检查方法.     

可逆性后部脑病综合征的影像学表现

目的 探讨可逆性后部脑病综合征(PRES)的影像学表现及诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析8例PRES患者的临床和影像学资料,子痫7例,高血压脑病1例.8 例均行CT检查,其中4例行MRI检查.结果 PRES的CT主要表现为顶枕叶白质低密度影,病变累计双侧顶叶7例、枕叶4例、额叶5例、基底节区3例、颞叶及小脑1例,单纯桥脑1例.MRI表现为T1WI呈低信号,T2WI、FLAIR呈高信号.MRI对于显示病变有无、范围及皮质受累较CT更敏感.8例经积极治疗后症状消失,随访CT、MRI显示病灶逐渐减少、消失,呈可逆性改变.结论 PRES的影像学特点结合其临床资料可作出较为准确的诊断.     

可逆性后部白质脑病综合征的CT及磁共振成像表现

目的探讨可逆性后部白质脑病综合征（PRES）的CT及磁共振成像（MRI）表现。方法回顾性分析8例可逆性后部白质脑病综合征患者的影像学特征,其中女性7例,男性1例。8例患者行MRI扫描,包括T₁WI、T₂WI、液体衰减反转恢复序列（FLAIR）成像及扩散加权成像（DWI）,其中2例同时行增强MRI及MRI血管成像（动脉及静脉成像）;其中4例行CT平扫。结果病灶累及双侧顶枕叶白质区4例,额颞叶白质区3例,其中累及灰质者5例,基底节区、脑干、小脑受累1例。病变CT表现为白质区多发斑片状低密度,MRI呈对称性T₁低T₂高信号,FLAIR呈高信号,DWI等低信号,表观扩散系数（ADC）图呈高信号6例,ADC图等信号2例,颅内动脉纤细2例,MRI增强显示病灶部位脑膜线样强化1例。结论 PRES的典型影像学征象是双侧顶枕叶白质区多发对称性血管源性水肿,灰质也可受累,FLAIR是显示病灶的最佳序列。     

可逆性后部脑病综合征影像学分布模式的初步探讨

目的 探讨可逆性后部脑病综合征(PRES)的影像学病灶分布模式.资料与方法 回顾性分析32例PRES患者的临床和影像学资料,32例均行MRI检查和复查,包括常规T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR序列,其中21例行扩散加权成像(DWI)检查.对病灶部位分布的关系采用四格表x2检验,以P<0.05作为差异有统计学意义.结果 在病灶累及部位上,顶枕叶与其他各部位如深部白质、脑干、基底节区及胼胝体相比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);在病灶分布模式上,除16例(50%)以顶枕叶分布为主的经典型以外,还有3种变异影像学分布模式:全脑型(8例)、不对称型(5例)和脑干型(3例).结论 双侧大脑半球后部尤其是顶枕叶白质内血管源性脑水肿是PRES最特征性影像学表现,准确识别其不典型影像学表现对PRES的正确诊断具有重要意义.     

后循环可恢复性脑病综合症（PRES）的MR诊断

目的：明确PRES的发病机制、临床及影像学表现，明确MRI在该病诊断中的作用。材料与方法：对8例可疑病人进行临床及影像学检查，跟踪随访并进行回顾性分析。结果：8例患者均出现双侧长T1、长T2信号，其中6例（75％）患者DWI检查呈显著低信号，ADC值明显高于正常脑白质。而有2例（25％）患者DWI呈稍高信号。经临床治疗，4例患者完全康复，另外4例患者复查MR仍可见片状长T1长T2信号。结论：PRES的MRI检查有一定特异性，因此在该病诊断中具有重要的诊断价值。     

脑后部可逆性脑病综合征的MRI特征和临床价值

目的探讨脑后部可逆性脑病综合征的MRI特征和临床价值。方法回顾性分析25例脑后部可逆性脑病综合征(PRES)孕妇的MRI资料并随访观察。结果所有病例MRI均显示脑实质内多发性的斑片状T1WI低信号、T2WI及FLAIR高信号病灶,大致对称分布。病灶分布以顶枕叶白质为主,额颞叶、基底节、小脑、脑干及皮层灰质也可受累。DWI(b=1000)显示高信号病灶9例,其中ADC图呈低信号3例,提示形成脑梗死。随访发现22例病灶于治疗后短期内恢复,病灶范围大、分布广或于DWI、ADC图显示弥散受限者预后较差。结论孕妇PRES的MRI表现具有显著的特征,MRI对早期诊断、判断预后和指导治疗有重要价值。     

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in infection, sepsis, and shock

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The cause of "posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome" (PRES) is not established. We recently encountered several patients who developed PRES in the setting of severe infection. In this study, we comprehensively reviewed the clinical and imaging features in a large cohort of patients who developed PRES, with particular attention to those with isolated infection, sepsis, or shock (I/S/S). METHODS: The clinical/imaging features of 106 patients who developed PRES were comprehensively evaluated. In 25 of these patients, PRES occurred in association with severe I/S/S separate from transplantation. The clinical/imaging features (computer tomography, MR imaging, and MR angiography [MRA]) of the patients with I/S/S were further evaluated, including organ/tissue/blood culture results, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) at toxicity, extent of cerebral edema, and presence of vasospasm. RESULTS: PRES occurred in association with I/S/S in 25 of 106 patients (23.6%), in addition to 4 other major clinical settings, including cyclosporine/FK-506 (post-transplant) neurotoxicity (46.2%), autoimmune disease (10.4%), postchemotherapy (3.7%), and eclampsia (10.4%). In the 25 patients with I/S/S, available cultures demonstrated a predominance of gram-positive organisms (84%). Blood pressure was "normal" at toxicity in 10 patients (MAP, 95 mm Hg); "severe" hypertension was present in 15 patients (MAP, 137 mm Hg). Extent of brain edema graded on imaging studies was greater in the normal MAP group compared with the severe hypertension group (P < .05). MRA demonstrated vasospasm in patients with severe hypertension and vessel "pruning" in the normal MAP group. CONCLUSION: Infection/sepsis/shock may be an important cause of PRES, particularly in relation to infection with gram-positive organisms.     

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: utility of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging in the detection of cortical and subcortical lesions

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is typically characterized by headache, altered mental functioning, seizures, and visual loss associated with imaging findings of bilateral subcortical and cortical edema with a predominantly posterior distribution. Our goal was to determine whether fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging improves the ability to detect subtle peripheral lesions of PRES, as compared with conventional MR techniques. METHODS: Sixteen patients with clinical and imaging findings consistent with PRES were studied. Thirteen patients had undergone transplantation and had cyclosporin A neurotoxicity. Fast-FLAIR images were compared with spin-echo proton density- and T2-weighted images. RESULTS: FLAIR imaging improved diagnostic confidence and conspicuity of the T2 hyperintense lesions of PRES, typically in the subcortical white matter of the parietooccipital regions bilaterally. On all 23 abnormal MR studies, FLAIR was judged superior to proton density- and T2-weighted images for the detection of PRES in the supratentorial brain. In a mean of 6.7 of 23 studies, FLAIR findings prompted a raise in the grade of disease severity. FLAIR also showed cortical involvement in 94% of patients with PRES and in a mean of 46% of the total lesion burden. In four cases, subtle lesions were virtually undetectable without FLAIR. Brain stem or cerebellar disease was encountered in 56% of patients. CONCLUSION: FLAIR improves the ability to diagnose and detect subcortical and cortical lesions in PRES as compared with proton density- and T2-weighted spin-echo images. We therefore believe that FLAIR should be performed in patients with suspected PRES to allow more confident recognition of the often subtle imaging abnormalities.     

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 2: controversies surrounding pathophysiology of vasogenic edema

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a neurotoxic state accompanied by a unique brain imaging pattern typically associated with a number of complex clinical conditions including: preeclampsia/eclampsia, allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, solid organ transplantation, autoimmune diseases and high dose cancer chemotherapy. The mechanism behind the developing vasogenic edema and CT or MR imaging appearance of PRES is not known. Two theories have historically been proposed: 1) Severe hypertension leads to failed auto-regulation, subsequent hyperperfusion, with endothelial injury/vasogenic edema and; 2) vasoconstriction and hypoperfusion leads to brain ischemia and subsequent vasogenic edema. The strengths/weaknesses of these hypotheses are reviewed in a translational fashion including supporting evidence and current available imaging/clinical data related to the conditions that develop PRES. While the hypertension/hyperperfusion theory has been most popular, the conditions associated with PRES have a similar immune challenge present and develop a similar state of T-cell/endothelial cell activation that may be the basis of leukocyte trafficking and systemic/cerebral vasoconstriction. These systemic features along with current vascular and perfusion imaging features in PRES appear to render strong support for the older theory of vasoconstriction coupled with hypoperfusion as the mechanism.     

Distinct imaging patterns and lesion distribution in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although the term posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) was popularized because of the typical presence of vasogenic edema in the parietal and occipital lobes, other regions of the brain are also frequently affected. We evaluated lesion distribution with CT and MR in a large cohort of patients who experienced PRES to comprehensively assess the imaging patterns identified. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The locations of the PRES lesion at toxicity were comprehensively identified and tabulated in 136 patients by CT (22 patients) and MR (114 patients) imaging including the hemispheric, basal ganglial, and infratentorial locations. Clinical associations along with presentation at toxicity including blood pressure were assessed. RESULTS: Vasogenic edema was consistently present in the parietal or occipital regions (98%), but other locations were common including the frontal lobes (68%), inferior temporal lobes (40%), and cerebellar hemispheres (30%). Involvement of the basal ganglia (14%), brain stem (13%), and deep white matter (18%) including the splenium (10%) was not rare. Three major patterns of PRES were noted: the holohemispheric watershed (23%), superior frontal sulcal (27%), and dominant parietal-occipital (22%), with additional common partial or asymmetric expression of these primary PRES patterns (28%). CONCLUSION: Involvement of the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and cerebellar hemispheres is common in PRES, along with the occasional presence of lesions in the brain stem, basal ganglia, deep white matter, and splenium. Three primary PRES patterns are noted in the cerebral hemispheres, along with frequent partial or asymmetric expression of these PRES patterns. Awareness of these patterns and variations is important to recognize PRES neurotoxicity more accurately when present.     

The many faces of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome

The classic imaging findings of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) are of bilateral parietal and occipital subcortical vasogenic oedema, and are well established in the literature. As experience with PRES grows, varied and atypical presentations are being increasingly described. This pictorial review illustrates the variable presentations of PRES, including cases with atypical imaging findings. We illustrate cases of PRES with varying distributions of vasogenic oedema as well as cases with atypical imaging findings, such as variations of haemorrhage and restricted diffusion. Atypical imaging findings should not dissuade the diagnosis of PRES in the appropriate clinical situation, and knowledge of the varied appearance and atypical findings of PRES allows the radiologist to make this diagnosis.Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) describes a neurological syndrome characterised by a variety of symptoms, including headache, altered mental status, visual disturbances and seizures, and is accompanied by a unique, potentially reversible imaging pattern [1,2]. Causes of PRES are diverse and include hypertension, eclampsia/pre-eclampsia, sepsis, immunosuppressive agents, chemotherapy, collagen vascular disease and renal failure [2]. Although the pathophysiology of PRES remains unknown, the currently preferred explanation relates to hypertension, impaired autoregulation and hyperperfusion [2]. The classic imaging findings are of vasogenic oedema in the subcortical white matter of the parietal and occipital lobes [3]. As experience with PRES grows in the literature, atypical presentations of PRES are being increasingly described. Authors have demonstrated cases of PRES with atypical vasogenic oedema patterns of distribution, such as frontal lobe, cerebellum, basal ganglia or brain stem involvement [3-6]. Unilateral cases of PRES have also been demonstrated [4]. In addition, cases of PRES with haemorrhage [7] and reversible restricted diffusion [8] have been described. Knowledge of the different presentations of PRES is important, as atypical imaging findings should not dissuade a diagnosis of PRES in the correct clinical context. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate the diverse imaging features of PRES. The cases illustrated in this review demonstrate clinical and imaging presentations characteristic of PRES, with the characteristic clinical and imaging reversibility associated with this diagnosis.     

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: do predisposing risk factors make a difference in MRI appearance?

Introduction  Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinico-neuroradiological entity, characterized by typical neurological deficits, distinctive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features, and a usually benign clinical course. Although frequently seen in association with hypertensive conditions, many other predisposing factors, notably cytotoxic and immunosuppressant drugs have been associated with PRES. The aim of this study was to determine differences in the MR appearance of PRES according to various risk factors. Methods  Thirty consecutive patients with clinical and MRI findings consistent with PRES were included. We identified 24 patients with hypertension-related conditions, including 14 patients with preeclampsia–eclampsia, and six patients without hypertension, in whom PRES was associated with exposition to neurotoxic substances. Lesion distribution, extent of disease, and number of affected brain regions were compared between patients with PRES with and without hypertension, and patients with PRES with and without preeclampsia–eclampsia, respectively. Results  No statistically significant differences in distribution of lesions and extent of disease were observed between patients with PRES with or without hypertension, and patients with or without preeclampsia–eclampsia, respectively. The number of affected brain regions was significantly higher in patients with preeclampsia–eclampsia (p = 0.046), and the basal ganglia region was more frequently involved in these patients (p = 0.066). Conclusion  Apart from a significant higher number of involved brain regions and a tendency for basal ganglia involvement in patients with PRES associated with preeclampsia–eclampsia, the MRI appearance of patients with PRES does not seem to be influenced by predisposing risk factors.     

Clinicoradiological factors influencing the reversibility of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: a multicenter study

Purpose The aim of this retrospective study was to clarify the relation between the reversibility of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) with three factors: the anatomical region of the brain involved, the background clinical cause, and the diffusion weighted image (DWI) intensity of PRES lesions. Material and methods This multicenter study, conducted by the PRES Study Group of the Neuroradiology Workshop, involved 52 cases from 28 institutions. Initial and follow-up magnetic resonance imaging were compared regarding the reversibility of PRES lesions according to anatomical location and clinical background. Initial DWI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were reviewed in 20 cases. Results Reversibility was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the brain stem (44%) and deep white matter (47%) compared to the other cortical and subcortical areas (76%–91%). The reversibility was greater in the eclampsia subgroup followed by the hypertension and chemotherapy subgroups. DWI, even with ADC maps, had limitations in predicting the outcome of PRES lesions. Conclusion The typical cortical and subcortical PRES lesions showed reversibility, whereas the brain stem and deep white matter lesions showed less reversibility. PRES due to eclampsia showed maximum reversibility compared to hypertension- and drug-related PRES. DWI, even with ADC maps, had limitations in predicting the course of PRES. Some parts of the study were used for poster presentations at the Japan Radiological Society meetings in 2005 and 2006, in Yokohama, Japan.     

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 1: fundamental imaging and clinical features

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a neurotoxic state coupled with a unique CT or MR imaging appearance. Recognized in the setting of a number of complex conditions (preeclampsia/eclampsia, allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, organ transplantation, autoimmune disease and high dose chemotherapy) the imaging, clinical and laboratory features of this toxic state are becoming better elucidated. This review summarizes the basic and advanced imaging features of PRES, along with pertinent features of the clinical and laboratory presentation and available histopathology. Many common imaging/clinical/laboratory observations are present among these patients, despite the perception of widely different associated clinical conditions.     

Type of edema in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome depends on serum albumin levels: an MR imaging study in 28 patients

PRES is a clinicoradiologic entity, combining seizures, blindness, and coma with MR imaging findings of predominantly vasogenic and occasional cytotoxic edema. In this clinical report, we determined the type of edema by using DWI and FLAIR sequences on MR imaging as well as ADC maps in 28 patients with PRES. The neuradiologic findings were correlated with levels of serum albumin, which is a main contributor to colloid osmotic pressure and vascular integrity. The presence of vasogenic edema was significantly associated with decreased serum albumin levels, which may be a particular risk factor for the development of PRES.