急性肾损伤的定义及其临床诊断新标准

急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,AKI）是近年临床关注的热点.本文重点介绍急性肾衰竭（ARF）更名为急性肾损伤（AKI）的原因,AKI诊断的ADQI标准与AKIN标准,以及迄今最新的KDIGO指南中对AKI的定义、分期及新的诊断标准,以供相关专业及临床医生学习、掌握与正确应用.     

当代急性肾损伤诊断标准的沿革

急性肾功能衰竭(acute renal failure,ARF)的定义和分期标准不断被更新并趋于统一,从ARF到急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI),从风险期、损伤期、衰竭期、丧失期、终末期肾病(risk,injury,failure,loss,end stage kidney disease,RIFLE)标准到急性肾损伤网络(acute kidney injury network,AKIN)分期,这2种分期标准在进行诊断时各有利弊。文中对AKI的定义、诊断标准等问题作一简述。     

中医医院急性肾损伤的临床分析

近年来研究表明,急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)发病率呈逐渐升高趋势,且预后较差,病死率高.为此,临床和基础的研究工作者们针对急性肾衰竭(acute renal failure,AKI)进行了广泛的研究,传统常用的"急性肾衰竭"被"急性肾损伤"取代了[1],因为后者更好地反应了疾病的病理生理学本质,其基本出发点是将这一综合征的临床诊断提前.     

AKIN与RIFLE诊断标准在心脏手术患者中急性肾损伤的发病率的应用研究

目的 探讨早期诊断心脏术后急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的标准,比较急性肾损伤网(acute kidney injury network,AKIN)及RIFLE标准对心脏术后AKI的发病率及预后差异.方法 收集昆明医科大学第一附属医院心外科2012年6月至2013年6月期间所有行心脏手术的住院患者资料,根据AKIN与RIFLE诊断标准,对心脏术后AKI患者的发病率进行统计学分析,比较AKIN及RIFLE标准对心脏术后AKI的发病率差异,并对心脏术后AKI患者进行电话随访调查,观察比较患者长期预后情况.结果 (1) 548例心脏手术患者中,根据RIFLE标准诊断心脏术后AKI的发生,与AKIN标准比较,发现AKIN标准诊断的1期AKI的发生率与相对应的RIFLE标准诊断的Risk期AKI的发生率明显升高,而2期AKI的发生率与Injury期AKI的发生率明显下降(P＜0.05),对于两者诊断的Ⅲ期AKI发生率无明显差别,两者差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05); (2)对于2诊断标准在AKI患者预后比较发现,AKIN标准对患者预后没有表现出优势.在对AKI患者进行电话随访调查中,53例参与随访,28例出现失访,失访率为34.57％;随访患者第1月、第3月、第6月肾功能与出院时肾功能比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 (1) AKIN标准较RIFLE标准诊断术后AKI发病率稍高,但差异没有达到统计学意义; (2) AKIN与RIFLE两标准比较,对改善心脏术后AKI患者的预后无明显差异; (3) AKI患者出院后肾功能与出院时肾功能比较无明显差异.     

根据不同病因选择急性肾损伤生物标志更有效率

急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)是一种由多种病因导致的急性肾脏病变,它既可以单一存在,也能合并其他器官功能障碍。AKI的病因及发病机制多种多样,当下我们对于AKI的诊断大多遵循2007年发布的AKIN标准。该标准限制了诊断时限,且强调了肌酐或尿量的动态、微量变化,并根据其变化进行分期,协助临床医师进行早期诊断,及时干预,评估改善预后。然而该标准敏感性和特异性并不理想,而AKI又严重影响患者病死率及远期预后,故寻找新的诊断方法显得迫在眉睫。近年来发现多种AKI生物标记物与不同病因之间存在相关性。不同病因可导致基因差异性表达[1]或导致不同受损细胞释放不同细胞成分。所以根据不同病因选择早期预测AKI的生物标记物显得可行。     

急性肾损伤患者肾功能可复性评估指标的研究进展

急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)及急性肾脏病(acute kidney disease,AKD)是临床常见的危重症,目前改善全球肾脏病预后组织(Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes,KDIGO)指南仍将尿量与肌酐作为评估肾功能的标准。但尿量和肌酐有一定的延后性并受多种因素影响。AKI及AKD患者肾脏是否恢复可能是我们需要持续评估的内容。本文从肾脏功能常规指标、生物标志物、影像学方法 3个方面对AKI及AKD患者肾功能可复性应用现状和进展进行综述。     

ICU患者急性肾损伤的流行病学

2002年急性透析质量倡议组(acute dialysis quality initiative group,ADQI)制定了急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的RIFLE分成诊断标准[1],将AKI分为如下5期:1期,风险期(risk of renal dysfunction,R);2期,损伤期(injury to the kidney,I);3期,衰竭期(failure of kidney function,F);4期,失功能期(loss of kidney function,L);5期,终末期肾病期(end - stage kidney disease,ESKD).     

急性肾损伤早期诊断标志物的研究进展

急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury, AKI)是一种可由多种原因导致的,以急性肾功能突然下降为特征的病理生理学过程,可见于多种疾病。一旦出现AKI,患者预后较差。然而,现有的检测手段具有诸多局限性,对早期AKI的敏感性较低。本文作者对当前有助于诊断AKI的多种指标、临床新兴的检测手段及实验室在研的检验手段进行了文献综述。     

RIFLE和AKIN标准在评价住院急性肾损伤患者病死率及其相关危险因素中的应用

目的：应用风险期、损伤期、衰竭期、丧失期、终末期肾病（risk,injury,failure,loss,end stage kidney disease,RIFLE）和急性。肾损伤网络（acute kidney injury network,AKIN）两种标准评价住院急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,AKI）患者的病死率及其相关危险因素。方法：分析2006年2月至2011年1月中南大学湘雅二医院各临床科室收治的AKI患者的临床资料,分别采用RIFLE和AKIN标准对已诊断为AKI的病例重新确认AKI诊断并分级,比较两种标准诊断的住院AKI各期患者临床特征、院内病死率及其相关危险因素;应用logistic回归分析筛选出影响AKI院内病死率的相关危险因素。结果：采用RIFLE标准诊断出1020例、AKIN标准诊断出1027例AKI患者。RIFLE和AKIN标准的所有AKI患者及其相对应各期患者的院内病死率、住院天数、完全恢复率两两比较,差异均未见统计学意义（P〉0．05）。单因素方差分析显示,死亡组AKI患者的年龄、肾前性疾病、院内AKI、机械通气、低血压、多器官功能衰竭数目、急性肾小管坏死个体严重程度指数（ATN—ISS评分）、血清钾离子浓度与存活组患者比较均差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。多因素logistic回归分析筛选出年龄≥65岁、院内AKI、低血压、多器官功能衰竭数目、ATN—ISS评分、血清钾离子浓度为影响AⅪ患者院内病死率的独立危险因素。结论：RIFLE和AKIN标准对住院AKI患者近期预后的评价具有相同科学价值,且AKI分级与住院AKI患者的预后有关。     

心脏术后急性肾损伤的危险因素

目的探讨用急性肾损伤网络(acute kidney injury network,AKIN)标准诊断心脏术后AKI的危险因素.方法回顾性收集昆明医科大学第一附属医院心外科2012年6月至2013年6月期间所有行心脏手术的住院患者资料,根据AKIN诊断标准,对心脏术后AKI患者的发病率及危险因素进行统计学分析.结果 548例心脏手术患者中,用AKIN标准诊断心脏术后AKI的发生,其中81例发生AKI,发病率为14.78%,死亡患者3例;统计学分析表明:年龄、左室射血分数、高血压、术中甘露醇使用量、CPB时间、主动脉阻断时间、心脏停跳时间、机械通气时间、监护室停留时间、术前Scr、术前尿酸是心脏术后AKI发生的相关危险因素,而术前血肌酐(P<0.01)、年龄(P<0.01)、CPB时间(P<0.01)、机械通气时间(P=0.026)是心脏术后AKI发生的独立危险因素.结论 AKI是心脏手术后严重的并发症,术前血肌酐、年龄、CPB时间、机械通气时间是心脏术后AKI的独立危险因素.     

Non-invasive ventilation: current status

Mechanical ventilation is being increasingly used in many disciplines by specialists who manage critically ill patients. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) refers to the method of providing assisted ventilation without endotracheal intubation. This technique requires a positive-pressure ventilator, connected by a tubing to an interface device that directs intermittent positive pressure through the upper airway and actively assists ventilation. The use of NIV is increasing for patients with acute and chronic respiratory failure, because of its convenience, lower cost and minimal complications. The greatest advantage of NIV is that endotracheal intubation is not required. Although it is an extremely useful technique, it cannot be used in all patients and correct patient selection is important. It has been extensively used in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with acute or acute-on-chronic respiratory failure. It has also been found to be useful in acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema and acute severe asthma. All patients with respiratory failure need to be considered for NIV if they fulfil the requisite criteria. Patients who are unable to protect the upper airway, those with severe life-threatening hypoxaemia, or major associated organ dysfunction are unlikely to benefit from this technique. Despite these limitations, NIV can be useful in many conditions that lead to respiratory failure. NIV is a relatively new technique and has not found a place in all intensive care units. It is expected that this modality will be used more frequently in the near future.     

老年人急性谵妄综合征━附8例报道

[研究背景 ]老年人急性谵妄在精神紊乱的数据统计诊断手册第三修订版后才有了诊断标准 .[病例报告 ]8例在患急性意识模糊状态前均有发病诱因 ,临床表现主要为意识模糊、兴奋、躁动不安、幻觉、定向力差、哭笑不能控制 ,病情白天轻、夜间重 .在治疗原发病的原则上 ,肌肉注射安定 ,静脉点滴脑细胞营养剂、能量合剂等 ,2～ 14d后7例患者临床症状消失 ,1例患脑血栓病人出现了永久性脑病 .[讨论 ]本组病例预后较好     

慢加急性肝衰竭诊断标准的研究进展

慢加急性肝衰竭(ACLF)是指在慢性肝病基础上遭受急性打击后,出现严重的急性肝功能失代偿,其因病情进展迅速、短期死亡率极高,引起了全球肝病学家的关注。但由于不同国家(地区)ACLF的病因及临床特征等存在明显的差异,目前国内外ACLF的诊断标准多达十余种。本文通过回顾几种较为常用的ACLF定义,以及ACLF诊断标准相关研究,比较各ACLF诊断标准之间的差异,以期帮助临床医生更好地识别ACLF、优化临床决策。目前全球尚无公认的ACLF诊断标准,国内外ACLF的诊断标准存在着较大差异,临床医生在实际工作中选用何种ACLF诊断标准应根据患者慢性肝病的病因、临床特征等因素综合考虑。     

A retrospective study on diagnosis and treatment of severe acute pancreatitis.

Severe acute pancreatitis is highly controversial on its diagnostic criteria, the optimum time for surgery, the selection of surgical procedures, and the prevention and treatment of complications. We treated 40 patients with severe acute pancreatitis from July 1983 to July 1988. The comparison of clinical and laboratory data of severe acute pancreatitis and mild acute pancreatitis showed that in some patients neither Ranson's nor Bank's criteria are reliable in classifying or predicting the severity of the disease. The coexistence of acute peritonitis and bloody ascites with elevated amylase level is very helpful to identify the local conditions of pancreatic necrosis and hemorrhage. We suggest early operation (within 48 hours) be applied in severe acute pancreatitis. In our series, five types of surgical procedures were used. We consider that proper treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is most important in the management of severe pancreatitis.

     

Thrombolytic therapy of acute myocardial infarction. Keeping the unfulfilled promises.

OBJECTIVE--To assess the use of thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction, evaluating whether inclusion and exclusion criteria should be altered as well as the public health implications of any such alterations. DATA SOURCES--Data obtained were from English-language articles on the use of thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Articles that reported on inclusion and exclusion criteria as well as specific complications of this therapy were specifically sought. The review included articles under the terms thrombolytic therapy and acute myocardial infarction in the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE database. STUDY SELECTION--Studies selected for detailed review were those reporting specifics about inclusion and exclusion criteria and efficacy. Data extraction guidelines for assessing data quality included study size, patient population, detail of patient information acquired, and consecutive patient enrollment. DATA SYNTHESIS--Thrombolytic therapy can provide substantial decrements of morbidity and mortality of acute myocardial infarction in the subset of patients who receive this therapy, but is underused in the United States. Advanced age per se should not be an exclusion criterion. Improvements can be made in electrocardiographic diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Many of the clinical conditions initially excluded from thrombolytic consideration, such as hypertension or having received cardiopulmonary resuscitation, are only relative contraindications. The benefit/risk ratio in treatment of these patients is often acceptable. Several well-documented points of delay from onset of symptoms to treatment can be minimized, and accelerated therapy can result in a reduction in mortality rates. CONCLUSION--Significant public health benefits will result from greater use of thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction.     

依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死疗效的荟萃分析

目的系统评价依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死的疗效。方法检索并选取公开发表的关于依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死随机对照临床试验文献,利用RevMan4.2软件对国内2004～2010年公开发表的16篇文献进行荟萃分析。结果共有16项研究符合纳入标准,与对照组比较,依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死的率比(RR)合并值为1.23(95%的可信区间为1.17～1.29)。结论依达拉奉治疗急性脑梗死有明显改善神经功能缺损的作用。     

Nephropathy and viroses

The kidneys often are involved during viral diseases, but seem to be peculiarly resistant to injury in contrast to other organs and tissues. They rarely bear the brunt of infection. Clinical evidence of viral nephritis or nephrosis seldom is of serious import and when it occurs it may be indistinguishable from that of other cause unless specific diagnostic criteria are fulfilled. With increasing interest in the subject, as happens in other circumstances, more evidence of acute or chronic viral injury to the kidneys no doubt will accrue.     

流行性出血热急性肺水肿的紧急处理

本文报告用腹膜透析疗法抢救流行性出血热少尿期并发急性肺水肿11例。透析前经内科治疗均未取得明显效果。采用剖腹插管或腹腔穿刺术腹透。以含3～5％葡萄糖透析液,每次1000～1500ml,保留15～30min,经5～8次透析,历时3～5h即可解除肺水肿症状。故认为腹透疗法尤其适用于流行性出血热肾功能衰竭继发的急性肺水肿     

A case of post-streptococcal reactive arthritis

Reactive arthritis is a term used to describe a sterile inflammatory arthritis occurring after a documented infection elsewhere in the body. Group A streptococcus is known to cause such an arthropathy in the setting of acute rheumatic fever. Friedberg first postulated that a reactive arthritis might occur in response to a streptococcal pharyngeal infection as a separate entity from rheumatic fever in the 1950s. Then, in the 1980s, other investigators began describing cases of reactive arthritis that were not characteristic of acute rheumatic fever based on certain observations and application of criteria. We present a patient whose clinical features are more consistent with post-streptococcal reactive arthritis than acute rheumatic fever.     

KDIGO标准对重症病人造影剂相关肾损害风险的预测研究

目的:探究KDIGO诊断标准对急性肾损伤病人造影剂相关肾损害风险的预测作用.方法:选取2013年5月至2015年1月进行颅内动脉介入检查及治疗病人490例,分别采用KDIGO标准和RIFLE标准进行诊断评估,比较2种诊断方法的差异.结果:运用KDIGO诊断标准诊断急性肾损伤病人132例(26.94％),RIFLE标准诊断急性肾损伤89例(18.16％),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);KDIGO诊断标准检出急性肾损伤的132例病人住院时间为(10.15±2.30)d,RIFLE标准检出89例病人平均时间为(9.23±1.95)d,KDIGO诊断标准检出而RIFLE标准未检出病人住院时间为(14.01±3.10)d.ROC曲线分析显示,KDIG标准的曲线下面积大于RIFLE标准,具有更高诊断价值.结论:KDIGO标准与RIFLE标准比较,可诊断出更多的急性肾损伤病人,利于诊断及治疗,可临床推广使用.