Cytochrome P450 2D6 and glutathione S-transferase M1 genotypes and migraine

BACKGROUND: Migraine is thought to be a disease of the brain and trigeminovascular system. Migraine patients often claim that stress, food, and beverages trigger their attacks. Chemical substances in these foodstuffs with the property of triggering migraine attacks have not yet been characterised. Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) are thought to be present in the brain. They metabolise numerous environmental compounds. The genes exhibit genetic polymorphism that is associated with altered enzyme activity. The aim of this study was to determine if the genotypes of these two enzymes are associated with migraine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 100 female patients and 245 female controls from the general population. Genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood. Allele specific PCR methods were used to identify the normal CYP2D6*1 allele and the mutated CYP2D6*3 and CYP2D6*4 alleles. Initially all samples were genotyped only for GSTM1 plus (+) and GSTM1 null (-) variants. All samples positive for GSTM1 were further analysed for the presence of allelic variants GSTM1*A and GSTM1*B. RESULTS: None of the CYP2D6 and GSTM1 genotypes was associated with migraine. We observed an odds ratio (OR) for the poor metaboliser genotype of CYP2D6 of 1.4 (95% CI = 0.5-3.6) and for the GSTM1 null genotype of 1.0 (95% CI = 0.6-1.5). CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that deficient metabolism because of mutated CYP2D6 alleles or GSTM1 allele variants is not important in the aetiology of migraine.     

Association of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 gene polymorphisms and oxidative stress markers in preterm labor

ObjectiveOxidative stress and related gene polymorphism may be associated with the etiology of preterm labor (PTL). The present study was designed to investigate association of GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms with PTL and their relationship with oxidative stress markers.Design and methodsSixty cases of PTL and sixty three subjects of full term labor (FTL) were included in the study. Multiplex PCR was performed for GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes polymorphism and oxidative stress markers were analyzed.ResultMDA and 8-OHdG levels were increased, while GSH was decreased in PTL than FTL subjects. Frequency of GSTM1?/GSTT1?(null) was significantly higher in PTL in comparison to FTL (p = 0.028, OR = 3.4). Subjects with GSTM1?/GSTT1+, GSTM1+/GSTT1?, GSTM1?/GSTT1? have significant differences of oxidative stress markers as compared to GSTM1+/GSTT1+ genotype.ConclusionGSTM1?/GSTT1? (null) genotype may be one of the associated genetic factor for the increased risk of PTL.     

谷胱甘肽硫转移酶M1基因多态性与宫颈癌易感性Meta分析

目的:探讨谷胱甘肽硫转移酶M1基因多态性与宫颈癌发病风险的关系。方法:通过检索中国期刊网、维普科技期刊数据库、万方数据和外文数据库等数据库共纳入9项研究,采用Meta分析方法研究谷胱甘肽硫转移酶M1基因多态性与宫颈癌遗传易感性的关系。采用RevMan 4.2.8软件进行统计分析。结果:宫颈癌组(1 233例)谷胱甘肽硫转移酶M1缺失型明显高于对照组(1415例)(P<0.05),相对危险度及95%可信区间为1.33[1.01,1.74],无发表偏倚。结论:谷胱甘肽硫转移酶M1基因多态性与宫颈癌易感性相关,具有该基因缺失型的个体患宫颈癌的危险性增高。     

Genetic analysis of glutathione S-transferase A1 and T1 polymorphisms in a Japanese population.

Novel allelic variants have been found in the glutathione S-transferase (GST) A1 and T1 genes. The former GSTA1*B allele is associated with low expression and the latter GSTT1*B allele lacks GSTT1 activity. The information on frequencies of both variants is poorly documented in the Japanese population. In this study we determined the frequencies of allelic variants of GSTA1 and GSTT1 in a Japanese population using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and allele-specific PCR. The frequencies of GSTA1*B, GSTT1*0 and GSTT1*B alleles in the subjects were 16.0%, 71.1% and 0%, respectively. This is the first report on the frequencies of allelic variants of GSTA1 and GST-1 in a Japanese population.     

Influence of glutathione S-transferase A1 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of busulfan

BACKGROUND: High-dose oral busulfan is used for myeloablative chemotherapy before hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Fatal adverse effects or relapse may occur with excess or insufficient busulfan exposure. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) A1, whose genetic polymorphism in its promoter region has been reported, is responsible for busulfan metabolism. We investigated the polymorphism of GSTA1 on busulfan pharmacokinetics. METHODS: Blood samples (6 or 7 points) were taken from patients receiving high-dose oral busulfan (approximately 1 mg/kg every 6 h) on Doses 1 and 5. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from plasma busulfan concentration. RESULTS: Twelve patients were enrolled in this study. Nine patients were genotyped as wildtype (GSTA1*A/*A), and 3 as heterozygous variants (GSTA1*A/*B). At Dose 5, the heterozygous group had significantly lower elimination constant (0.176+/-0.038 vs. 0.315+/-0.021 h-1; P=0.008) and clearance corrected by bioavailability (0.118+/-0.013 vs. 0.196+/-0.011 l/h/kg; P=0.004), and significantly higher mean plasma busulfan concentration (1344+/-158 vs. 854+/-44 ng/ml; P=0.001) than the wildtype. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report on the significant influence of GSTA1 polymorphism on busulfan elimination. This may account for the large inter-individual variance in busulfan pharmacokinetics, and with more information confirming our study, busulfan high-dose therapy may be optimized by GSTA1 genotyping in advance.     

中国汉族人群GSTT1 GSTM1基因多态性与血脂水平及冠心病的相关性研究

目的 通过研究中国汉族人群谷胱甘肽硫转移酶T1、M1(glutathione S-transferase,GSTT1、GSTM1)基因多态性与血脂水平及冠心病(coronary heart disease,CHD)之间的关系,探讨冠心病的遗传易感性.方法 采用病例-对照研究的方法,选取255例冠心病患者和与之年龄、性别相匹配的145例健康人作为对照组,采用聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)方法检测GSTT1、GSTM1基因多态性,同时检测各研究对象的空腹血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、载脂蛋白A(apoA)、载脂蛋白B(apoB)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、脂蛋白a(Lpa)等临床资料.结果 冠心病组GSTT1、GSTM1、GSTT1/GSTM1阳性基因型频率低于对照组(P=0.007、P=0.003、P=0.005),GSTT1/GSTM1阴性基因型频率高于对照组(P=0.001).GSTM1阴性基因组apoB、LDL水平高于GSTM1阳性基因组(P=0.005、P=0.009);GSTT1/GSTM1阴性基因组apoB、LDL水平高于GSTT1/GSTM1阳性基因组(P=0.014、P=0.013).结论 GSTT1和GSTM1阴性基因型可能是中国汉族人群冠心病的遗传易感基因,GSTM1基因多态性可能通过影响血脂代谢而参与冠心病的发病过程.     

Polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase M1, T1, and P1 in patients with HBV-related liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, and normal carriers

OBJECTIVES: Persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection often leads to the development of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. The role of host genetic factors in chronic HBV infection is not fully understood. We studied the influence of glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1, T1, and P1 polymorphisms in patients with different stages of HBV infections. METHODS: The sample population included 41 HBV normal carriers, 37 patients with chronic hepatitis, and 38 patients with cirrhosis (infected with HBV) compared to a control group (n = 59). PCR-based procedures were performed in the studied populations to confirm the genotypes of GSTT1, M1, and P1. Odds ratio analysis tests were used for statistical evaluation. RESULTS: We found that the frequency of GSTP1-Val (105)/Val (105) genotype was significantly higher in patients with liver cirrhosis (27%) than HBV normal carriers (2.4%; OR 14.8, 95% CI 1.8-122.5) and the frequency GSTP1-Val (105)/Ile (105) genotype was significantly higher in patients with liver cirrhosis (59.5%) than HBV normal carriers (19.5%; OR 6.1, 95% CI 2.1-16.7). The genotype GSTP1-Val (105)/Val (105) was more frequent in patients with chronic hepatitis (19.4%) than HBV normal carriers (2.4%; OR 9.65, 95% CI 1.1-82.8). Patients with cirrhosis also had a higher frequency of the GSTM1 null genotype (71.1%) than HBV normal carriers (27.5%; OR 6.5, 95% CI 2.4-17.4) and the GSTM1 null genotype was more frequent in patients with chronic hepatitis (64.9%) than HBV normal carriers (27.5%OR 4.9, 95% CI 1.8-12.8). The frequency of GSTT1 genotype was similar in all groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that in HBV infection, inheritance of the null GSTM1 and GSTP1-Val (105) polymorphisms involves a host genetic factor that is relevant to disease progression.     

Relevance of glutathione S-transferase M1 and cytochrome P450 1A1 genetic polymorphisms to the development of head and neck cancers.

BACKGROUND: Cytochrome P450 (CYP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene variants have been intensively investigated for their implication in the development of different neoplasms. METHODS: In the present study, we analyzed genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTP1, and GSTT1 in 127 head and neck cancer patients and 151 hospital controls. RESULTS: No significant increase in risk in patients with the GSTM1 null genotype (OR=1.52, 95% CI: 0.93-2.49) or CYP1A1 462Val alleles (OR=1.60, 95% CI: 0.73-3.52) or GSTP1 105Val alleles (OR=0.97, 95% CI: 0.59-1.58) was observed. The GSTT1 null genotype was found in 30.5% of the controls and 21.3% of the head and neck cancer patients (p=0.15). The estimated head and neck cancer risk for the combination of either CYP1A1 Ile462Val or CYP1A1 Val462Val genotype with either GSTP1 Ile105Val or Val105Val genotype (OR=2.89, 95% CI: 0.71-11.71) and for the combination of either CYP1A1 Ile462Val or CYP1A1 Val462Val genotype with GSTT1 null genotype (OR=2.62, 95% CI: 0.64-10.85) suggested the absence of the modifying effect of combined variant alleles on head and neck cancer susceptibility. The joint effect of either CYP1A1 Ile462Val or CYP1A1 Val462Val genotype with GSTM1 null genotype significantly increased the risk of head and neck cancer (OR=7.15, 95% CI: 1.49-34.32). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings corroborate metabolic genes interactions, especially for CYP1A1 462Val alleles and GSTM1 homozygous deletion, in the development of head and neck cancer in the investigated population groups in Poland.     

Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 1A1 (Cyp1A1) and glutathione transferases (M1, T1 and P1) among Africans.

The co-ordinate expression and regulation of the drug metabolising enzymes, cytochrome P4501A1 (CYPlAl) and glutathione transferases (GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1), and their metabolic balance in the cells of target organs may determine whether exposure to carcinogens results in cancer. Besides showing variability in activity due to induction and inhibition, these enzymes also exhibit genetic polymorphism that alter enzyme levels and activity. We determined frequencies of common allelic variants of CYP1A1 and glutathione (M1, T1 and P1) among Tanzanians, South African Venda and Zimbabweans using PCR/restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques. The CYP1A1 Val462 mutant variant was found at a frequency of 1.3% among 114 subjects. The GSTM1*0 genotype was found at a frequency of 29% and 33% among Tanzanian psychiatric patients and healthy volunteers, respectively. Similarly, the GSTT1*0 polymorphism was present with a frequency of 25% in both the psychiatric patients and healthy controls. The frequency of GSTP1 Val105 variant was 16%, 12% and 21% among Tanzanians, South African Venda and Zimbabweans, respectively. We conclude here that CYP1A1 Val462 polymorphism is very rare among Africans. This is the first report of the GSTP1 Val105 variant frequency in African populations. We show here that there are no differences in frequencies of the variant alleles for CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 in the three African populations.     

Perceived risk and interest in screening for lung cancer among current and former smokers

Factors associated with perceived risk, interest in screening information, and interest in being screened for lung cancer were examined among current and recent former smokers. Cross-sectional data were analyzed from 585 current and former smokers who participated in 12-month follow-up telephone interviews as part of a population-based cessation intervention trial. Current smokers who were thinking about or preparing to quit were more likely to perceive risk of lung cancer and be interested in lung cancer screening information than those who were not motivated to quit or who were in the process of actively quitting or maintaining abstinence. Smokers who participate in lung cancer screening may be motivated to participate in a broad range of tobacco dependence treatment options.     

Overexpression of erythrocyte glutathione S-transferase in uremia and dialysis.

BACKGROUND: Overexpression of glutathione S-transferase (GST; EC 2.5. 1.18) has been documented in the erythrocytes of patients with chronic renal failure, and this event may well be of relevance from a clinical standpoint. In fact, it could serve as a marker of uremic toxicity overall, which can contribute to impair the function and survival of the erythrocytes. However, the biochemical details of this phenomenon are poorly understood. METHODS: In this study, we characterized the expression of GST in erythrocytes of 118 uremic patients under different clinical conditions. The mechanisms responsible for the regulation of protein expression and enzyme activity were investigated in light of different dialysis approaches, oxidative stress, uremic toxins, erythrocyte age, and erythropoietin (EPO) supplementation. RESULTS: Mean GST activity in uremic patients was highly overexpressed with respect to controls, and this phenomenon was exclusively attributable to an increased expression of GST. Overexpression of GST did not appear to be dependent on oxidative stress and was not influenced by vitamin E supplementation. In the same manner, both erythrocyte age and EPO supplementation apparently did not interfere with the GST concentrations, which were the same in controls and patients. Preliminary experiments suggested that high-molecular weight or protein-bound toxins could play some role in the overexpression of GST. CONCLUSIONS: GST expression may be a useful marker for the individual accumulation of uremic toxins as well as of the efficiency of new dialysis strategies in removing them.     

Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase A1, the major glutathione S-transferase in human liver: consequences for enzyme expression and busulfan conjugation

BACKGROUND: High-dose busulfan is widely used as part of conditioning regimens for patients who are undergoing hematopoietic stem cell or bone marrow transplantation. High plasma concentrations of busulfan have been linked to the occurrence of hepatic venoocclusive disease (VOD), a severe complication associated with a high mortality. Because conjugation with glutathione, the major route of biotransformation of busulfan, is predominantly catalyzed by the isozyme glutathione S-transferase A1 (GSTA1), we hypothesized that low expression or function of GSTA1 in liver caused by genetic polymorphisms may be the mechanism underlying VOD. METHODS: Immunoblot analysis of GSTA and measurement of busulfan-glutathione conjugation by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were performed in 48 normal human liver samples. To search for polymorphisms, the complete GSTA1 coding regions and the promoter fragment were sequenced. All results were compared by multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Absolute levels of GSTA protein and formation rates of busulfan-glutathione conjugate displayed a 7- and 8-fold range, from 240 to 1600 pmol/mg and 25 to 205 pmol/min per milligram of total cytosolic protein, respectively, and correlate (r2 = 0.49, P <.0001). A total of 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of GSTA1 were identified, 1 of which was a silent mutation in exon 5 (A375G); all others were found in the promoter region. Haplotype analysis revealed the existence of 5 defined alleles. There was no significant relationship between any of the GSTA1 SNPs or haplotypes and either hepatic glutathione S-transferase A (GSTA) expression or GSTA1 function. CONCLUSIONS: The identified GSTA1 polymorphisms are not likely to be related to the VOD because they do not appear to be associated with changes in GSTA expression or function. Compared with other members of the GST family, GSTA1 displays surprisingly little variation.     

Polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 1A1, glutathione S-transferase class mu, and tumour protein p53 genes and the risk of developing gallbladder cancer in Japanese

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), glutathione S-transferase class mu (GSTM1), and tumour protein p53 (TP53) genes, and gallbladder cancer (GBC) risk, a case-control study was conducted. DESIGN AND METHODS: Genotypes of CYP1A1 T3801C, CYP1A1 Ile462Val, GSTM1, and TP53 Arg72Pro were determined in 54 cases of GBC and 178 controls. RESULTS: The age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for the Ile/Val genotype of CYP1A1 Ile462Val polymorphism in women and the Arg/Pro genotype of TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism in men were observed to be 2.70 (95% CI: 1.14-6.40) and 4.32 (95% CI: 1.08-17.2), respectively. No significant differences in the genotypic frequencies of CYP1A1 T3801C and GSTM1 polymorphisms were observed between controls and cases in both men and women. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the Val allele of CYP1A1 Ile462Val polymorphism and the Pro allele of TP53 Arg72Pro polymorphism contribute to an increased risk of GBC among Japanese women and men, respectively.     

1294例女性高危型人乳头瘤病毒基因分型结果回顾性分析

目的了解北京地区妇科门诊就诊女性高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)的感染及其基因亚型分布情况,为该市今后防治人乳头瘤病毒感染和宫颈癌提供参考依据。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2014年5月该院妇科门诊就诊的1 294例女性宫颈拭子的13种高危型HPV基因分型检测结果,比较不同基因型的流行病学特点。采用SPSS17.0对数据进行统计学分析。结果 1 294例妇科门诊就诊女性中,以58型、16型和52型HPV最为常见,检出率分别为10.5%、9.2%和8.2%。各年龄段就诊女性中,30~40岁的HPV感染率最高(39.9%),其次为40~50岁、大于或等于60岁,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论该地区妇科门诊就诊女性高危型HPV感染率较高,应加强HPV筛查力度,为今后HPV相关疾病的防治提供基础依据。     

谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶P1基因多态性与晚期胃癌患者对顺铂化疗疗效的相关性研究

目的 基因多态性通过影响药物的代谢、转运和作用靶点从而导致药物疗效和毒性的个体差异,寻找明确的生物学标记来识别获益人群已成为最大的挑战.本研究旨在观察谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶P1(GSTP1)基因多态性与以顺铂(DDP)为基础的化疗方案治疗晚期胃癌疗效间的关系.方法 收集经病理学确诊的晚期胃癌患者59 例.所有病例化疗前抽取外周静脉血,提取脱氧核糖核酸(DNA),用连接酶检测反应技术(PCR-LDR)检测研究对象的GSTP1 基因型.所有患者经多西他赛(DOCETAXEL)/DDP/5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU) 联合方案化疗,化疗结束后观察疗效及其与GSTP1 基因多态性的关系.结果 59 例晚期胃癌患者中,15 例(25.4%)为GSTP1 G/G 基因型,21 例(35.6%)为GSTP1 G/A 基因型,23 例(39.0%)为GSTP1 A/A 基因型.其中4 例完全缓解,14 例部分缓解,19 例稳定,22 例进展,总有效率为30.5%(18/59).GSTP1 G/G 基因型患者的化疗有效率(73.3%)明显高于G/A 基因型患者(19.0%)(χ2 ＝10.616,P ＝0.005),同样明显高于A/A 基因型患者(13.0%)(χ2 ＝14.202,P ＝0.001).G/A 基因型患者的化疗有效率与A/A 基因型患者之间差异无统计学意义(χ2 ＝0.31,P＝0.856).突变基因型(G/G +G/A)对化疗较敏感,其化疗有效率是野生基因型(A/A)的3.2 倍(95% CI 1.442 ～7.302,P ＝0.004).结论 GSTP1 基因型对预测以DDP 为基础化疗方案治疗晚期胃癌的疗效具有较好的临床意义.     

Pharmacologic or genetic manipulation of glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GSTpi) influences cell proliferation pathways.

Glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GSTpi) is an abundant and ubiquitously expressed protein in normal and malignant mammalian tissues and possesses catalytic and ligand binding properties. Our present data suggest that the protein contributes to the regulation of cell proliferation. Mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from mice with a GSTP1-1 [glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (isozyme in nonhepatic tissue)] null genotype (GSTpi(-/-)) doubled their population in 26.2 h versus 33.6 h for the wild type (GSTpi(+/+)). Retroviral transfection of GSTP1-1 into GSTpi(-/-) MEF cells slowed the doubling time to 30.4 h. Both early passage and immortalized MEF cells from GSTpi(-/-) animals expressed significantly elevated activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK1/ERK2, kinases linked to cell proliferation pathways. In vivo, GSTpi(-/-) mice had higher basal levels of circulating white blood cells compared with GSTpi(+/+). Administration of a peptidomimetic inhibitor of GSTP1-1, TLK199, (gamma-glutamyl-S-(benzyl)cysteinyl-R-phenyl glycine diethyl ester), stimulated both lymphocyte production and bone marrow progenitor (colony-forming unit-granulocyte macrophage) proliferation, but only in GSTpi(+/+) and not in GSTpi(-/-) animals. Selection of a resistant clone of an HL60 tumor cell line through chronic exposure to TLK199 resulted in cells with elevated activities of c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK1) and ERK1/ERK2, and allowed the cells to proliferate under stress conditions that induced high levels of apoptosis in the wild type cells. The in vitro and in vivo data are consistent with the principle that GSTP1-1 influences cell proliferation.     

达斡尔族谷胱甘肽S-转移酶GSTT1和GSTM1基因多态性

目的探讨内蒙古地区达斡尔族谷胱甘肽争转移酶（glutathione S-transferases，GSTs）GSTM1和GSTT1基因多态性分布特点，为内蒙古少数民族基因型研究提供相关数据。方法采用内对照聚合酶链反应技术（PCR）和凝胶成像分析方法，对220例内蒙古地区达斡尔族个体的GSTT1、GSTM1基因缺失型频率进行了分析。结果GSTM1基因缺失型、GSTT1缺失型在内蒙古地区达斡尔族人群中检出频率分别为50．8％和71．4％。同时具有GSTM1缺失型和TSTT1缺失型个体的检出频率为31．4％。结论中国达斡尔族人群GSTM1、GSTT1基因呈多态性分布，与汉旅相比存在一定差异，与蒙古族相比差异无统计学意义。     

The role of the glutathione S-transferase genes GSTT1, GSTM1, and GSTP1 in acetaminophen-poisoned patients

The aim of this study was to assess if genetic variants in the glutathione-S-transferase genes GST-T1, M1, and P1 reflect risk factors in acetaminophen (APAP)-poisoned patients assessed by investigation of the relation to prothrombin time (PT), which is a sensitive marker of survival in these patients. A total of 104 APAP-poisoned patients were genotyped for deletion polymorphisms in the GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes and for the GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism. We found a borderline association (p = 0.05) between the GSTT1 homozygous deletion genotype and high trough PT (a marker of prognosis in APAP poisoning) compared to carrying two functioning copies of the gene. No significant association was found between any of the GSTM1 and GSTP1 genotypes and PT. The frequency of GSTP1 Val/Val genotypes was significantly lower in the patients than in the background population (p = 0.047). The results suggest that the GSTT1 homozygous deletion genotype may be associated with a better prognosis after APAP poisoning and that carriers of the GSTP1 homozygous variant genotype may have a decreased risk of being APAP poisoned.