颅咽管瘤全切术后水钠平衡紊乱的治疗

目的 探讨颅咽管瘤全切术后水钠平衡紊乱的临床特点及治疗方法。方法 术前,手术当及术后每日定时检测血钠及观查尿量变化并根据其变化进行治疗。结果 ６０例颅咽管瘤手术患者中,（１）４７例术后出现尿崩症,有３８例病人术后２周恢复,７例术后４周内恢复,１例术后１年内恢复,１例病人术后７天死亡。（２）５２例术后出现血钠紊乱,其中,４８例术后４周同恢复,２３例术后２个月内恢复,１例１年后恢复。结论 颅咽管瘤全切     

颅咽管瘤切除术后水钠代谢紊乱机制研究(附102例分析)

目的探讨颅咽管瘤术后水钠代谢紊乱的原因和最佳处理方式.方法对102例经胼胝体切开穹窿间入路切除巨大颅咽管瘤的病人,记录术后尿量、血电解质、抗利尿激素(ADH)、醛固酮(ALD)、皮质醇水平,比较术后激素水平变化与水、钠代谢紊乱的关系.结果本组均出现水、钠代谢紊乱,术后2周完全恢复52例,4周基本恢复33例,6周恢复12例,需长时间人工调整电解质水平5例.术后ADH、ALD和皮质醇的不足是导致术后水钠代谢紊乱的主要原因.结论颅咽管瘤切除术后水、钠代谢紊乱与手术损伤下丘脑有关,紊乱类型与ADH、ALD和醛固酮的缺乏情况有关;及时给予相应激素及对症治疗,可获满意疗效.     

颅咽管瘤切除术后水钠代谢紊乱机制研究

目的探讨颅咽管瘤术后水钠代谢紊乱的原因和最佳处理方式。方法对102例经胼胝体切开穹窿间入路切除巨大颅咽管瘤的病人，记录术后尿量、血电解质、抗利尿激素（ADH）、醛固酮（ALD）、皮质醇水平，比较术后激素水平变化与水、钠代谢紊乱的关系。结果本组均出现水、钠代谢紊乱，术后2周完全恢复52例，4周基本恢复33例，6周恢复12例，需长时间人工调整电解质水平5例。术后ADH、ALD和皮质醇的不足是导致术后水钠代谢紊乱的主要原因。结论颅咽管瘤切除术后水、钠代谢紊乱与手术损伤下丘脑有关，紊乱类型与ADH、ALD和醛固酮的缺乏情况有关；及时给予相应激素及对症治疗，可获满意疗效。     

颅咽管瘤全切除术后钠代谢紊乱及处理

目的分析颅咽管瘤全切除术后钠代谢紊乱的病理生理、诊断及处理。方法对我科86例巨大颅咽管瘤(直径>3.5cm)全切除患者进行回顾性分析,根据血钠、尿钠、渗透压以及中心静脉压等确定钠代谢紊乱类型,并进行相应处理。结果发生低钠血症29例(33.7％,29/86)、高钠血症13例(15.1％,13/86)、高钠及低钠血症交替9例(10.5％,9/86)。高钠及低钠血症平均开始时间分别为术后(2.3±0.7)d和(4.8±1.6)d。2例死于严重下丘脑反应,其余钠代谢紊乱均纠正良好,平均住院时间26 d。结论钠代谢紊乱是颅咽管瘤全切除术后常见表现之一。高钠血症与尿崩症关系密切,而低钠血症主要有两个原因:脑性盐耗综合征和抗利尿激素不适当分泌综合征,二者要仔细区分,前者着重补液、补盐,而后者应在补盐的基础上要适当限水和利尿。     

颅咽管瘤全切除术及术后并发症的防治

目的 探讨颅咽管瘤全切除术的手术方法和并发症的防治措施。方法 24例鞍区颅咽管瘤，术前进行糖皮质激素的替代疗法和抗癫痫药物治疗。手术采取翼点人路，从鞍区各个手术间隙分块切除肿瘤。术后严密观测病人的意识、尿量和血清电解质，及时防治尿崩症、电解质紊乱等并发症。结果 22例达到全切，2例有少部分残余，无明显神经功能障碍。发生尿崩症16例，电解质紊乱12例，体温失衡6例。经过处理，电解质紊乱和体温失调完全纠正，13例尿崩症痊愈，3例缓解。结论 选用合适的手术入路，熟悉鞍区的各个手术间隙解剖是完成颅咽管瘤全切除术的关键。术前进行糖皮质激素替代治疗，术后严密监测尿量和血电解质，积极处理并发症，可以有效降低手术病死率。     

颅咽管瘤全切除术后低钠血症的诊断及处理

目的：探讨颅咽管瘤全切除患术后发生低钠血症的诊断及处理方法。方法: 回顾性分析我科近4年颅咽管瘤全切除术后并发低钠血症的36例患。根据实验室检查、 临床症状及中心静脉压确定低钠血症的类型并给予对症处理。结果：1例死于继发性脑梗塞，1例自动出院，34例患低钠血症状恢复。结论：中枢性低钠血 症包括脑性盐耗综合征（CSWS）和抗利尿激素不适当分泌综合征（SIADH）。前应予以充分补钠、补水,可通过肠内及静脉两种方式进行补充；后却需要限水治疗。     

儿童颅咽管瘤围手术期内分泌和水电解质紊乱的临床研究

目的探讨儿童颅咽管瘤手术前后内分泌和水电解质代谢紊乱的变化规律和处理要点。方法对手术前后同时存在内分泌和水钠失衡的17例儿童颅咽管瘤进行显微手术治疗。手术前后每日监测血电解质、尿量和24h尿钠；入院时和术后3d检测生长激素（GH）、甲状腺激素（T3、T4）、性激素、皮质醇及抗利尿激素，对手术前后的变化进行对比分析并作针对性治疗。结果手术前后均易发生生长激素、皮质醇和性激素缺乏，以及尿崩症和低钠血症，但二者之间无必然联系；术后内分泌障碍发生几率较术前少，而水电解质代谢紊乱较术前重；手术前后生长激素、甲状腺激素、性激素、皮质醇和24h尿钠的测定结果比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；而手术前后血浆抗利尿激素（ADH）水平和血浆渗透压比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。内分泌和水电解质代谢紊乱的类型和程度与肿瘤侵犯的部位、脑积水和手术损伤下丘脑-垂体柄等有关。术后高钠血症和尿崩症各死亡1例。结论内分泌和水电解质代谢紊乱是儿童颅咽管瘤围手术期常见并发症，对其正确诊断及积极治疗能提高手术疗效。     

颅咽管瘤术后钠代谢紊乱分析

目的 分析颅咽管瘤全切除术后钠代谢紊乱的诊断及处理。方法 对51例巨大颅咽管瘤全切除患者进行回顾性分 析,根据血、尿钠以及中心静脉压等确定钠代谢紊乱类型,并进行相应处理。结果 发生低钠血症29例(56.7％),高钠血症13例 (25.5％)。本组2例死亡,高钠及低钠血症交替9例(17.6％)。高钠及低钠血症平均开始时间分别为术后2.3 d和4.8 d。结论 钠 代谢紊乱是颅咽管瘤全切除术后常见表现之一,必须根据具体的紊乱类型进行治疗。     

儿童颅咽管瘤术后血钠水平的波动及其与癫痫发作的关系

目的 探讨儿童颅咽管瘤患者术后7d内血钠水平的波动及其与癫痫发作的关系.方法 回顾性分析74例颅咽管瘤手术患儿的临床资料.其中术后发生癫痫者6例(8.1％).检测患儿术后当日、术后1～7d及发生癫痫时的血钠浓度,血钠值正常范围为135 ～ 145 mmol/L.依据各时间点的血钠值将患儿分为4组,均在正常范围者为血钠正...     

颅咽管瘤全切除术后血钠紊乱分析及治疗

目的总结颅咽管瘤全切除术后血钠紊乱的发生规律和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析46例颅咽管瘤病人术后血钠紊乱的情况,分析血钠紊乱与病人年龄、肿瘤位置的关系。结果术后出现血钠紊乱者42例(91.3%),其中单纯低钠型9例(19.6%),单纯高钠型6例(13.0%),混合型血钠紊乱27例(58.7%)。42例术后血钠紊乱者中,术后3个月内恢复正常40例;1例持续高钠血症者在术后1.5年恢复正常;另1例持续高钠血症者术后2个月死于肺栓塞。15例儿童病人中7例在围手术期出现癫疒间发作,31例成年病人无一例出现癫疒间发作。结论颅咽管瘤全切除后血钠紊乱的发生率显著高于术前(P<0.001);术后血钠紊乱的类型与年龄、肿瘤复发、肿瘤囊实性和肿瘤位置无关(P>0.05)。纠正血钠紊乱是儿童颅咽管瘤病人在围手术期预防癫疒间发作的关键。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.