旋转DSA及三维重组技术在颅内动脉海绵窦瘘诊断中的应用价值

目的 评价旋转DSA及血管三维重组技术在颅内动脉海绵窦瘘诊断中的价值. 资料与方法 20例单侧眼球突出患者(除外非动脉海绵窦瘘疾病)应用传统DSA,旋转DSA及血管三维重组进行检查,对比不同方法对动脉海绵窦瘘病变的显示情况.结果 20例患者均确诊为动脉海绵窦瘘,常规DSA不同体位均能显示病变部位及范围,但对于瘘口的位置、数目以及与病变动静脉之间的关系均不能显示.旋转DSA显示动脉海绵窦瘘结构的能力较常规DSA明显提高.所有血管三维重组的图像都清晰显示了瘘口的位置、数目以及与病变动静脉之间的关系.结论旋转DSA及血管三维重组技术对颅内动脉海绵窦瘘病变结构显示极佳,尤其是三维重组技术,明显有助于对颅内动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断和介入治疗.     

64层CT正常颅内静脉成像

目的观察横窦和小脑幕侧窦的常见形态、变异及其临床意义．比较最大密度投影（MIP）和容积再现（VR）对颅内静脉（窦）结构的显示率。资料与方法25例CT脑静脉成像（CTV）．分别观察VR、MIP对13个颅内静脉（窦）的显示情况。结果25例总共显示494个结构。VR显示481个,MIP显示431个,经X^2检验差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。上矢状窦、直窦、窦汇、大脑大静脉、海绵窦、大脑内静脉和下矢状窦在VR、MIP两种重组方法中显示率均为100％。大脑中浅静脉、岩下窦、Labbe静脉、Trolard静脉VR优于MIP。小脑幕侧窦两者未见显著性差异。左侧横窦优势型4例,右侧横窦优势型11例,其中横窦发育不良2例,10例为中间型。小脑幕侧窦可分三型。结论CTV可较完整地显示颅内静脉及静脉窦,显示颅内静脉（窦）VR优于MIP;正确认识横窦、小脑幕侧窦的形态有重要的临床意义。     

侧窦及枕窦于窦汇处的常见变异

从解剖及生理功能看颅内静脉窦分为上、下组。上组引流入窦汇,而下组引流入海绵窦。Frenckner 于1936年在静脉窦栓塞病例经上矢状窦注入造影剂在X 线上证实了颅内静脉窦。本文作者在163例共行192次颈内静脉逆行静脉造影。如侧窦不显影,则将导管插至上颈静脉球重复进行静脉造影。Kalbag 和Wooly 在解剖上分为3型5组变异     

枕下海绵窦及其周围血管的MRI研究

目的　采用MRI技术研究枕下海绵窦及其周围血管的正常表现和相互位置关系。方法　对 14 0例正常中国人枕下海绵窦及周围血管行MRI扫描 ,观察其形态学变化并测量。用SAS(6.12 )软件对数据进行统计分析。结果　冠状面上 ,枕下海绵窦呈不规则形 ,上下径平均值右侧为 (7.91± 1.3 8)mm、左侧为 (8.0 5± 1.49)mm ,双侧大小无显著性差异 (Ρ >0 .0 5 )。在 0～ 2 0岁年龄段 ,随年龄增长 ,枕下海绵窦逐渐变大。结论　MRI是评价枕下海绵窦及其周围血管的准确影像学检查技术     

外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘栓塞治疗并发症三例

血管内栓塞治疗是目前治疗外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF)较理想的方法 ,我们利用此法治疗CCF取得良好的效果 ,但其中有 3例发生与治疗有关的并发症 ,现报道如下。例 1　男 ,2 2岁 ,高处坠落头部受伤 8个月伴颅内血管性杂音、左眼球突出入院。局麻下DSA显示左侧颈内动脉海绵窦瘘 ,向左岩上窦、眼上静脉及对侧海绵窦引流 ,以岩上窦为主 ,流量较大 ;BAL球囊进入海绵窦内被血流冲走 ,改用3F 2F导管注入钨丝弹簧圈 ,第 1段 3cm长弹簧圈又被冲走 ,以后又分次注入总长 90cm钨丝弹簧圈后颅内血管杂音明显减弱 ,左眼球回缩 ,3d后杂音消失。术后…     

颈动脉海绵窦瘘的临床及影像学诊断

目的:分析颈动脉海绵窦瘘的临床及影像学特征。方法:回顾性分析25例具有完整临床资料的颈动脉海绵窦瘘患者的临床、全脑血管造影及10例螺旋CT表现。结果:临床表现为颅内杂音、不同程度的搏动性突眼、眼球运动障碍,视力减退或伴有复视、结膜水肿和充血。CT表现为眼球突出、眼上静脉增粗、海绵窦扩大、密度增高、眼球边缘模糊、眼睑肿胀。全脑血管造影表现为对比剂自颈内动脉或颈外动脉分支溢入海绵窦,形成一团浓密的不规则阴影,海绵窦及眼静脉等早期显影而颈内动脉床突上段和大脑前、中动脉不易充盈,并且可观察到瘘口位置、大小及侧支循环情况。结论:根据颈动脉海绵窦瘘的临床表现和CT征象可以诊断颈动脉海绵窦瘘,脑血管造影是其诊断的金标准,并为进一步选择治疗方案提供依据。     

外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘介入治疗

颈内动脉海绵窦瘘（ＣＣＦ）是颈内动脉海绵窦段的动脉壁或该段的分支破裂,导致与海绵窦之间形成异常的动、静脉沟通。其最常见的原因为颅脑损伤引起的颅底骨折,损伤海绵窦段颈内动脉或其分支。其治疗目的是以闭塞瘘口,消除颅内杂音,改善脑供血,保存视力为原则。最理...     

硬脑膜静脉窦感染

硬脑膜静脉窦脓毒血栓形成常累及海绵窦、横窦及上矢状窦,而以海绵窦尤为多见,其发病率已随着抗生素的使用而大为减少。海绵窦血栓形成与慢性窦炎等病程长的疾病有关。蝶窦与筛窦等含气窦感染已成为主要危险因素,因为它们可直接蔓延到海绵窦或经导血静脉引流到海绵窦。尽管金葡菌与链球菌仍为常见的病原菌,但厌氧菌逐渐变得更重要,这可能反映了易感因素的变化趋势以及厌氧菌分离技术的改进。横窦脓毒血栓形成可继发于急慢性中耳炎,并为中耳或乳突感染特有的并发症。这是一种年轻而体格不大健康者易患的疾病。鉴定出的病原菌与常见于慢性中耳炎的细菌有关。     

蝶鞍和鞍旁病变影像诊断(一)

正常解剖蝶鞍前界为鞍结节和前床突 ,后界为鞍背和后床突。鞍底一般厚约 1ｍｍ或更薄。蝶鞍的侧界为海绵窦。海绵窦是眼静脉、大脑中和下静脉以及蝶顶窦的静脉引流通道。海绵窦向后经岩上窦引流至横窦 ,或经岩下窦引流至颈内静脉。两侧海绵窦可经鞍隔下的互联窦 (ｉｎｔｅｒｃｏｍｃｕｎｉ ｃａｔｉｎｇｓｉｎｕｓ)相通。蝶鞍的顶鞍隔中心有一开口 ,漏斗由此进入垂体窝。海绵窦的内侧壁由蝶骨侧壁的骨膜构成。第三、四以及第五对颅神经的第一、二支经中颅窝进入各自的不完全附着于海绵窦内壁的神经鞘。颈内动脉海绵窦段沿海绵窦的内下部走行…     

动态3D CE-MRV在颅内疾病诊断及治疗中的应用初探

目的：探讨动态3D CE-MRV在颅内静脉系统疾病诊断中的成像优势及其对颅内疾病临床诊断及治疗的指导意义.方法：可疑或确诊为颅内静脉病变者36例应用3T磁共振仪及3D TRICK技术行动态CE-MRV检查,9例无颅内静脉病变者同时行2D TOF序列MRV检查.分析动态3D CE-MRV图像,观察颅内深浅静脉系统主干及其分支的显示情况,比较其相对于2D TOF序列MRV的优势;分析动态3D CE-MRV对颅内疾病如静脉窦及静脉血栓、累及静脉的血管畸形、肿瘤和外伤等的诊断价值及其对临床治疗的指导意义.结果：与2D TOF序列比较,3D CE-MRV对静脉窦属支、上下吻合静脉及海绵窦等显示更清晰（P〈0.05）.动态CE-MRV显示36例受检者大致可分为4种结果：①正常者16例,含静脉发育变异6例;②累及静脉的颅内血管畸形3例;③静脉窦或静脉血栓11例,其中3例为溶栓术后复查显示再通;④肿瘤及外伤6例：脑膜瘤或颈静脉球瘤压迫或侵犯静脉窦者3例;外伤致颅内静脉异常者3例,其中1例为颈内动脉海绵窭瘘.结论：动态3D CEMRV对颅内静脉尤其是细小静脉的观察明显优于2D TOF序列的MRV;多时相显影和多方位重组可对颅内静脉变异、静脉畸形和累及静脉的疾患能清晰显示,为临床诊断、治疗方案的确定及疗效评价提供重要的影像依据.     

Venous structures at the craniocervical junction: anatomical variations evaluated by multidetector row CT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomy of and normal variations in the craniocervical junction veins. We retrospectively reviewed 50 patients who underwent contrast-enhanced CT with a multidetector scanner. Axial and reconstructed images were evaluated by two neuroradiologists with special attention being paid to the existence and size of veins and their relationships with other venous branches around the craniocervical junction. The venous structures contributing to craniocervical junction venous drainage, including the inferior petrosal sinus (IPS), transverse-sigmoid sinus, jugular vein, condylar vein, marginal sinus and suboccipital cavernous sinus were well depicted in all cases. The occipital sinus (OS) was identified in 18 cases, including 4 cases of prominent-type OS. The IPS showed variations in drainage to the jugular vein through the jugular foramen or intraosseous course of occipital bone via the petroclival fissure. In all cases, the anterior condylar veins connected the anterior condylar confluence to the marginal sinus; however, a number of cases with asymmetry and agenesis in the posterior and lateral condylar veins were seen. The posterior condylar vein connected the suboccipital cavernous sinus to the sigmoid sinus or anterior condylar confluence. The posterior condylar canal in the occipital bone showed some differences, which were accompanied by variations in the posterior condylar veins. In conclusion, there are some anatomical variations in the venous structures of the craniocervical junction; knowledge of these differences is important for the diagnosis and treatment of skull base diseases. Contrast-enhanced CT using a multidetector scanner is useful for evaluating venous structures in the craniocervical junction.Intracranial veins and venous sinuses converge to form major dural sinuses, the transverse sinus and the sigmoid sinus, which drain into extracranial veins. These major dural sinuses are connected by other venous structures at the skull base. These venous structures form complex venous networks that drain intracranial venous flow into extracranial veins at the craniocervical junction [1]. These venous structures are also known to have an important role as collateral pathways in cases of venoocclusive disease. The typical relationships between the craniocervical junction veins are shown in Figure 1. Knowledge of the anatomical relationships and variations of these veins is necessary not only for radiological diagnosis, but also when considering surgical or endovascular treatment of skull base diseases. Some investigators have previously reported the anatomy of and variations in these veins using anatomical and radiological methods with conventional angiography or contrast-enhanced MRI [2–8]. CT has been recognised as inadequate for evaluations of the posterior fossa owing to artefacts from bony structures; however, recent applications of multidetector row CT (MDCT) enable us to evaluate the posterior fossa with thin-sectional axial images and/or three-dimensional reconstructed images. In this study, the venous structures at the craniocervical junction were evaluated using 32-channnel MDCT, focusing on anatomical variations.Open in a separate windowFigure 1Schematic drawing of the veins at the craniocervical junction. The inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) originates from the posterosuperior aspect of the cavernous sinus (CS), runs along the petroclival fissure and drains into the jugular bulb (JB). Basilar plexus (BP) lies on the clivus with connecting bilateral IPS. The anterior condylar vein (ACV) and lateral condylar vein (LCV) originate from the medial aspect of the JB, forming an anterior condylar confluence (ACC). ACV runs medially through the hypoglossal canal (HGC) and drains into the lateral part of the marginal sinus (MS). MS is contiguous to the medial part of the suboccipital cavernous sinus (SCS). LCV runs posterolaterally and flows into SCS. The posterior condylar vein (PCV) originates from the sigmoid sinus (SS), runs through the posterior condylar canal (PCC) and flows into SCS. SCS lies under the occipital bone surrounding the horizontal portion of the vertebral artery. The occipital sinus (OS) originates from the torcular herophili, confluence of transverse sinus (TS) and straight sinus and drains into the posterior part of MS. MS is the round-shaped sinus surrounding the foramen magnum. MS and the medial part of SCS are connected to the internal vertebral venous plexus (IVVP).     

Evaluation of variations in sinonasal region with computed tomography

AIM: To investigate the frequency of anatomical variations in sinonasal region and association of these variations with mucosal diseases.METHODS: The study included 400 cases (191 female and 209 male) who were considered to have preliminary diagnoses of sinonasal pathology and who had paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT) examination in axial plane. Reformatted CT images were studied in all planes.RESULTS: Age range of the patients was 20-83 (mean 40.26 ± 14.85). Most commonly detected anatomical variation was Agger nasi cell (74.8%). There was a significant association between clinoid process pneumatization and protrusion of internal carotid arteries and optic nerves into sphenoid sinus (P < 0.001). Besides, the relationships between pterygoid process pneumatization and protrusion of vidian nerve into sphenoid sinus, and between pneumatization of large sphenoid wing and protrusion of maxillary nerves into sphenoid sinus were also significant (P < 0.001). Uncinate bulla and giant ethmoid bulla were found to be significantly associated with sinonasal mucosal diseases (P = 0.004 and P = 0.002, respectively).CONCLUSION: Sinonasal region has a great number of variations, and some of them have been determined to be associated with sinonasal mucosal disease. It is necessary to know that some of these variations are associated with protrusion of significant structures such as carotid artery or optic nerve into the sinus and care should be observed in surgeries on patients carrying these variations.     

Remarkable anatomic variations in paranasal sinus region and their clinical importance

With the advent of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) and coronal computed tomography (CT) imaging, considerable attention has been directed toward paranasal region anatomy. Detailed knowledge of anatomic variations in paranasal sinus region is critical for surgeons performing endoscopic sinus surgery as well as for the radiologist involved in the preoperative work-up. To be in the known anatomical variants with some accompanying pathologies, directly influence the success of diagnostic and therapeutic management of paranasal sinus diseases. A review of 512 (1024 sides) paranasal sinus tomographic scans was carried out to expose remarkable anatomic variations of this region. We used only coronal sections, but for some cases to clear exact diagnosis, additional axial CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nasal endoscopy were also performed. In this pictorial essay, rates of remarkable anatomic variations in paranasal region were displayed. The images of some interesting cases were illustrated, such as the Onodi cell in which isolated mucocele caused loss of visual acuity, agger nasi cell, Haller's cell, uncinate bulla, giant superior concha bullosa, inferior concha bullosa, bilateral carotid artery protrusion into sphenoid sinus, maxillary sinus agenesis, bilateral secondary middle turbinate (SMT) and sphenomaxillary plate. The clinical importance of all these variations were discussed under the light of the literature. It was suggested that remarkable anatomic variations of paranasal region and their possible pathologic consequences should be well defined in order to improve success of management strategies, and to avoid potential complications of endoscopic sinus surgery. The radiologist must pay close attention to anatomical variations in the preoperative evaluation.     

An imaging checklist for pre-FESS CT: framing a surgically relevant report

The reference standard for preoperative imaging in functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is multiplanar high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). Surgeons require a precise preoperative anatomical road map, and hence it is essential for radiologists to be familiar with the normal three-dimensional sinonasal anatomy and the normal variants encountered in this region. Sagittal imaging has recently emerged as an important tool to visualize additional details in this critical anatomical region. Radiologists also need to report these examinations with special focus on the surgeon's expectations. Constant communication between the radiologist and the surgeon helps to resolve specific issues and improve the overall quality of reports. This results in better preoperative patient counselling and in predicting postoperative improvement in clinical status. This review provides a basic structured format for reporting pre-FESS CT, which can be tailored to meet individual requirements. The CT reporting format follows the order in which the sinonasal structures are approached during surgery.     

Craniocervical junction venous anatomy on enhanced MR images: the suboccipital cavernous sinus.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The suboccipital cavernous sinus, a vertebral venous plexus surrounding the horizontal portion of the vertebral artery at the skull base, provides an alternative pathway of cranial venous drainage by virtue of its connections to the cranial dural sinuses, the vertebral venous plexus, and the jugular venous system. Knowledge of the anatomy of this system facilitates interpretation of images and might reduce the number of false-positive diagnoses of lesions, such as adenopathy or schwannoma. We hypothesized that this circulation could be visualized on contrast-enhanced, fat-suppressed T1-weighted MR images. METHODS: The craniocervical junctions of 14 patients were scanned using fat-suppressed, contrast-enhanced, T1-weighted MR sequences and evaluated for visibility of the following venous structures: suboccipital cavernous sinus, vertebral artery venous plexus, anterior and posterior condylar veins, vertebral venous plexus, internal jugular vein, and the marginal sinus. Both the right and left sides were assessed in at least two planes. The venous diameters were also measured. RESULTS: All the evaluated venous structures were seen routinely in all three planes, with the exception of the posterior condylar vein, known to be variably present, which was seen only one third of the time in the sagittal plane and two thirds of the time in the other planes. The posterior condylar vein also showed the greatest variability in size and symmetry. CONCLUSION: The suboccipital cavernous sinus and most of its associated venous circulation at the skull base are easily identified on contrast-enhanced, fat-suppressed T1-weighted MR images. The posterior condylar vein, known to be variably present, was not well seen in the sagittal plane and displayed the greatest variability in size and symmetry.     

Mucous cyst of the sphenoid sinus

Sphenoid sinus mucous cysts are rare, benign, expansile masses, which can form mucoceles if the entire sinus is filled. Due to their close proximity to numerous important anatomical structures, they can cause a variety of different symptoms. The incidental finding of a sphenoid sinus mucous cyst during cephalometric radiology for orthodontic analysis is reported.     

Radiological anatomy of the kidney revisited

In recent years some structures or features such as the "inter-renuncular septum", the "echogenic triangle" and the "echogenic line" have been described to support the concept of a kidney resulting from the fusion of two masses or renunculi. To clarify this concept and to understand the meaning of the above echographic features better, the authors have examined prospectively by sonography the kidneys of 50 children, 200 adults with a single collecting system, 25 adults with a duplicated collecting system and 32 cadavers. Furthermore, to help explain the sonographic features, we have examined 32 cadaver kidneys with sonography and 10 cadaver kidneys with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The sonographic, MRI and anatomical correlations have shown that the "echogenic triangle" and the "echogenic line" are not renuncular residuals, but simply an extension of the hilar fat visible when the renal sinus is rather deep. The intermediate cortical mass is not a septum dividing the kidney into an upper and lower renunculus, but a column of parenchymal tissue crossing the renal sinus, which, from an anatomical point of view, is an accessory renal lobe. The presence of two renunculi, suggested in a previous study with cortical nephrotomography, has not been confirmed.     

The forensic importance of frontal sinus radiographs

The identification of unidentified human remains through the comparison of antemortem and postmortem radiographs has found wide acceptance in recent years. Reported here is the forensic case of an unidentified adult male who had died as the result of a traffic accident, after which the body was identified by matching images of ante- and postmortem radiographs of the frontal sinus. A general discussion on identification using frontal sinus radiographs is presented, highlighting the reliability of this method, in reference to the uniqueness of the frontal sinus in humans. However, it also notes a few difficulties, especially in reference to the X-ray technique in cases where antemortem radiographs are available and a potentially larger number of anatomical, pathological or traumatic features are present. The comparison of frontal sinus outlines is recommended when it may become necessary to provide quantitative substantiation for forensic identification based on these structures.     

经鼻入路显露鞍旁结构的三维可视化研究

目的 采用虚拟现实(VR)技术模拟经鼻入路显露鞍旁结构,提高对术中解剖结构的认识水平.方法 搜集28例自发性蛛网膜下隙出血患者,均无蝶筛区和海绵窦区病变.经肘静脉注入造影剂,采用16排螺旋CT行头部薄层扫描.将数据导入Dextroscope图像工作站,模拟经鼻人路手术,进行解剖观察.结果 应用VR系统模拟经鼻人路手术,解剖结构可得到立体化呈现,操作者可进行动态观察并处理.术中显露颈内动脉海绵窦段的外侧缘时,须切除中鼻甲,开放后组筛窦,打开蝶腭孔,控制蝶腭动脉,适当磨除翼突,显露翼管前口.结论 经鼻入路显露鞍旁结构,须切除中鼻甲、钩突,尽量向侧方扩大蝶窦前壁区的开窗范围,妥善处理蝶腭动脉.颈内动脉海绵窦段是关键结构,应增加显露,给予良好保护.     

岩骨尖疾病影像特点

岩骨尖为中颅窝结构复杂的解剖区域,邻近众多重要血管与神经。CT与MRI作为断面成像技术在显示该区域解剖与病变上能够相互补充,在诊断及显示岩骨尖病变特征及制定手术计划方面具有重要作用。岩骨尖病变可分为假性病变、骨发育不良及外伤性疾病、先天性病变、炎性疾病、血管性病变、良性及恶性肿瘤。就岩骨尖病变的影像特点进行综述。