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1.

Background

East Asia is a known endemic area for hepatitis B, and living donor liver transplantation is mainly performed. Liver retransplantation (ReLT) is expected to become an increasing problem because of a shortage of organs. This study aimed to compare early and late ReLT with consideration of specific circumstances and disease background of East Asians.

Methods

Between October 1996 and January 2015, 51 patients underwent ReLT; we performed a retrospective analysis of data obtained from medical records of the patients. Clinical characteristics, indication, causes of death, survival rate, and prognostic factors were investigated.

Result

The survival rate for early ReLT (n = 18) was 51.5% and that for late ReLT (n = 33) was 50.1% at 1 year postoperatively. Continuous venovenous hemodialysis and the use of mechanical ventilators were more frequent, and pre-retransplant intensive care unit stay and prothrombin time was longer in early ReLT than in late ReLT. Operation time was longer and the amount of intraoperative blood loss was greater in late ReLT than in early ReLT. Multivariate analysis showed that a higher C-reactive protein level increased mortality in early ReLT (P = .045), whereas a higher total bilirubin level increased the risk of death in late ReLT (P = .03).

Conclusion

Patients with early ReLT are likely to be sicker pre-retransplantation and require adequate treatment of the pretransplant infectious disease. On the other hand, late ReLT is likely to be technically more difficult and should be decided before the total bilirubin level increases substantially.  相似文献   

2.
Heat stroke is a condition caused by an excessive increase in body temperature in a relatively short period of time, and is clinically characterized by central nervous system dysfunction, including delirium, seizures, coma, and severe hyperthermia. In this context, the resulting fulminant hepatic failure makes liver transplant the best choice when there are no guarantees of better results with conservative treatment. We present our experience in this case, possible alternative choices, and the current role of liver transplantation in the resolution of fulminant liver failure due to heat stroke.

Case Report

We report the case of a 32-year-old man with a history of malabsorption syndrome and unconfirmed celiac disease controlled with a gluten-free diet, who, while working on a typical summer midday in southern Spain (approximately 40°C), abruptly presented with loss of consciousness, coma, and a temperature of 42°C, as well as seizures at the initial medical assessment that subsided after the administration of diazepam. On the third day, the patient presented with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, requiring mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, and inotropic support. He did not improve with the support of conservative treatment, therefore it was decided to perform an urgent liver transplant, after which he recovered completely.

Conclusions

Liver transplantation should be a main choice of treatment for cases in which, despite intensive medical treatment, there is still clinical and analytical evidence of massive and/or irreversible hepatocellular damage.  相似文献   

3.

Objective

Liver resection (LR) and living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) are considered the two potentially curative treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a difference in the oncologic outcomes between LR and LDLT according to tumor biology.

Methods

Patients (137 LDLTs and 199 LRs) were stratified into four groups by tumor biology according to the number of risk factors for recurrence (preoperative alpha-fetoprotein >200 ng/mL, Edmonson grade 3 or 4, tumor size >3 cm, and presence of microvascular invasion).

Results

In the favorable tumor biology patients (groups I and II), there was a significantly worse recurrence-free survival rate in those patients who underwent LR compared to those who underwent LDLT (group I, P = .002; group II, P = .001). The overall survival rates in the LR and LDLT groups were not different (group I, P = .798; group II, P = .981). In the poor tumor biology patients (groups III and IV), there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of recurrence-free survival rate (group III, P = .342; group IV, P = .616). The LDLT group showed a significantly lower overall survival rate (group III, P = .001; group IV, P = .025).

Conclusions

Primary LDLT should not be recommended in early stage HCC patients with poor tumor biology because of lower survival rates and a high chance of HCC recurrence.  相似文献   

4.

Objective

Prothrombin induced by the absence of vitamin K or antagonist-II (PIVKA-II) is a useful tumor marker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the usefulness of post-transplantation surveillance with PIVKA-II is not clear. We evaluated the clinical value of PIVKA-II in monitoring HCC recurrence after living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT).

Methods

One hundred twenty patients who had undergone LDLT for HCC from February 1999 to December 2010 and whose serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and PIVKA-II had been measured sequentially before and after LDLT were included in this study. Patients were classified into four groups according to the preoperative level of AFP and PIVKA-II (group I, normal AFP and PIVKA-II; group II, elevated AFP; group III, elevated PIVKA-II; and group IV, elevated both AFP and PIVKA-II).

Results

Preoperative PIVKA-II level tended to increase with increasing tumor size, number of nodules, presence of microvascular invasion, and poor differentiation. In 27 patients developing recurrent HCC after LDLT, the sensitivity of AFP and PIVKA-II was 59.2% and 88.8%, respectively. When the two markers were combined, the sensitivity increased to 92.5%. Especially, the sensitivity for PIVKA-II was high at groups I and III (100.0% for both, respectively). In patients in groups I, III, and IV, an elevated PIVKA-II level was the most common first sign of HCC recurrence after LDLT. An elevated PIVKA-II level was the most common first sign of recurrence, regardless of recurrence site.

Conclusions

PIVKA-II might be a useful tumor marker in the monitoring of recurrence after LDLT, complementary to AFP.  相似文献   

5.

Background

Various volatile anesthetics and ischemic preconditioning (IP) have been demonstrated to exert protective effect against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in liver. We aimed to determine whether application of IP under isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia would confer protection against hepatic I/R injury in rats.

Methods

Thirty-eight rats weighing 270 to 300 grams were randomly divided into 2 groups: isoflurane (1.5%) and sevoflurane (2.5%) anesthesia groups. Each group was subdivided into sham (n = 3), non-IP (n = 8; 45 minutes of hepatic ischemia), and IP (n = 8, IP consisting of 10-minute ischemia plus 15-minute reperfusion before prolonged ischemia) groups. The degree of hepatic injury and expressions of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and caspase 3 were compared at 2 hours after reperfusion.

Results

Hepatic ischemia induced significant degree of I/R injuries in both isoflurane and sevoflurane non-IP groups. In both anesthetic groups, introduction of IP dramatically attenuated I/R injuries as marked by significantly lower aspartate aminotransferase and aminotransferase levels and better histologic grades compared with corresponding non-IP groups. There were 2.3- and 1.7-fold increases in Bcl-2 mRNA levels in isoflurane and sevoflurane IP groups, respectively, compared with corresponding non-IP groups (both P < .05). Caspase 3 level was significantly high in the isoflurane non-IP group compared with the sham group; however, there were no differences among the sevoflurane groups.

Conclusions

The degree of hepatic I/R injury was significantly high in both isoflurane and sevoflurane groups in rats. However, application of IP significantly protected against I/R injury in both volatile anesthetic groups to similar degrees, and upregulation of Bcl-2 might be an important mechanism.  相似文献   

6.
BackgroundA right liver graft with middle hepatic vein (MHV) reconstruction is the standard graft for adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). The patency of reconstructed MHV affects the recovery and regeneration of graft. The aim of the study is to evaluate the patency rate of reconstructed MHV according to the reconstruction material in LDLT using the right liver.MethodsThe data was collected retrospectively on 521 patients who underwent LDLT with right liver graft form August 2003 to December 2012 at the Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital in Seoul. Two serial comparisons were performed. At first, patients were divided into 2 groups: biologic graft group (n = 252) and synthetic graft group (n = 177). Second, patients were divided into 6 groups: No MHV reconstruction (n = 92); MHV was reconstructed by greater saphenous vein (GSV) (n = 20); recipient’s portal vein (PV) (n = 219); cryopreserved iliac artery (CIA) (n = 2); cryopreserved iliac vein (CIV) (n = 11); polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft (n = 105); and polyethylene terephthalate (PETE) graft (n = 72). We compared the patency of reconstructed MHV among these groups by computed tomography angiography at 7 days, 20 days, 90 days, and 1 year.ResultsAt the first comparison, the patency rate of the biologic graft group on the seventh postoperative day was 61.9%, and the synthetic graft group was 72.4% (P = .029). At postoperative 1 year, the patency rate of the biologic graft group was 42.9%, and the synthetic graft group was 24.1% (P = .001). At the second comparison, the MHV patency of GSV, PV, CIA, CIV, PTFE, and PETE was 65.0%, 62.5%, 50%, 63.6%, 75%, 72% on the seventh postoperative days (P = .318); 60%, 57.1%, 50%, 54.5%, 69%, 55.6% on the 20th postoperative days (P = .444); 40%, 48.8%, 50%, 27.3%, 47%, 34.1% on the 90th postoperative days (P = .294); and 30%, 45.2%, 50%, 27.3%, 27%, 26.4% at 1 postoperative year (P = .008).ConclusionAlthough there was no statistical difference in comparison of each material, there were significant differences in MHV patency rates between the biologic and the synthetic group. Therefore, the synthetic graft could be considered in living donor liver transplantation with MHV reconstruction.  相似文献   

7.

Background

Liver transplantation has evolved significantly in recent years, with each advancement part of the effort toward increasing patient and graft survival as well as quality of life. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prognostic factors and selection criteria for liver transplantation.

Methods

Our study was a statistical analysis, logistic regression, and survival evaluation of a total of 80 liver transplants that were performed between June 1, 2016 and September 24, 2016. Recipient factors evaluated included age, retransplantation, hemodialysis, cardiac risk, portal vein thrombosis, hospitalization, fulminant hepatitis, previous surgery, renal failure, and Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) score. Donor factors included age, cardiac arrest, acidosis, days in the intensive care unit, steatosis, and vasoactive drug use.

Results

Of the 80 patients transplanted, 65 deceased donor liver transplants (DDLTs) and 15 living donor liver transplants (LDLTs) were performed. LDLT overall 1-year patient survival was 77.5% and graft survival 75%, and DDLT overall patient survival was 89.23% and graft survival was 86.15%. On evaluated score criteria analyzed we observed a significant score on recipient (P = .01) and not significant on donor (P =.45). Isolated factors evaluated included recipient age (relative risk [RR] 3.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.89 to 11.09; P = .074), retransplant (RR 4.22, 95% CI 1.36 to 13.1; P = .013), and hemodialysis (RR 4.23, 95% CI 1.45 to 12.31, P = .008). On donor evaluation, we observed moderate and severe steatosis (RR 3.8, 95% CI 0.86 to 16.62; P = .06).

Conclusion

In conclusion, we demonstrate a relevant model of criteria selection of liver transplant patients that is able to make a better match between the donor and recipient allocation for a better graft and patient survival.  相似文献   

8.

Introduction

Donor safety is one of the most important factors in living-donor liver transplantation. Duodenal ulcer (DU) is a common postoperative complication. Here we aimed to reveal the risk factors associated with postoperative DU in the donors.

Methods

Between April 2007 and March 2017, 318 cases underwent donor hepatectomy for liver transplantation at Kumamoto University Hospital. We classified the donors into two groups: a DU group and a non-DU group. DU was defined as mucosal break with unequivocal depth requiring an endoscopic procedure. The characteristics and clinical factors of the donors were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

Postoperative DU occurred in 17 donors during the study period. The mean interval after donor hepatectomy to occurrence of DU was 124.8 ± 185.4 days. The two groups were comparable in terms of age at time of the donor hepatectomy (P = .45). The male-to-female ratio (P = .03) was significantly different between the two groups and left-side hepatectomy was performed more often in the DU group (P = .003). Multivariable logistic regression revealed that left-side hepatectomy was independently associated with postoperative DU in the donors.

Conclusions

These findings indicated that left-side hepatectomy is a risk factor for postoperative DU in the donors.  相似文献   

9.
Herein, we report our experience of performing allogeneic orthotopic liver transplantation (LT) in nonhuman primates. We designed an allogeneic ABO-compatible orthotopic LT model in monkeys in a manner similar to that used in humans. We applied almost the same surgical procedures used for human conventional deceased donor LT. A total of 6 monkeys underwent allogeneic LT. One cynomolgus monkey aged 45 months (3.4 kg) and 5 rhesus macaque monkeys aged 50.2 ± 14.8 months (5.40 ± 0.33 kg) were used as recipients. In the donor surgery, the liver was perfused in situ through the aorta using cold histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution. The portal vein (diameter, 5–10 mm), supra- and infra-hepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) (diameter, 12–15 mm), and common bile duct (diameter, 1.5–3.0 mm) were dissected out. The hepatic artery was kept in continuity with the celiac trunk and abdominal aorta up to the iliac bifurcation (diameter, 5–6 mm). The mean graft weight was 102.0 g (94.8–111.0 g). Recipient surgery was conducted in parallel. After recipient hepatectomy, the graft was implanted. The suprahepatic IVC and portal vein were anastomosed to those of the graft. After reperfusion, the infrahepatic IVC was anastomosed. The aorta conduit of the graft was anastomosed to the infrarenal aorta of the recipient in a retrocolic end-to-side manner. Biliary reconstruction was performed in a duct-to-duct anastomosis with cholecystectomy. Mean operative time was 107.0 minutes for donor and 198.2 minutes for recipient. There was one operative death due to unknown cause. In conclusion, for allogeneic orthotopic LT in nonhuman primate model, we can apply almost the same procedure used for human conventional deceased donor LT in a similar manner.  相似文献   

10.

Background

In an experimental animal model of islet transplantation, stable induction of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and islet isolation from donor pancreas are essential. Total pancreatectomy for IDDM induction and islet procurement in nonhuman primates leads to unwanted loss of exocrine function and may lead to morbidities associated with IDDM.

Methods

IDDM induction with streptozotocin (STZ) is associated with drug toxicity of STZ and necessitates the killing of another animal for islet procurement. In this study, we performed a subtotal pancreatectomy combined with reduced STZ injection to induce IDDM and procure islets in a nonhuman primate model.

Results

Twelve cynomolgus monkeys received low-dose STZ injections (60 mg/kg) simultaneously with subtotal pancreatectomy. All monkeys recovered from the procedure without complications. IDDM was induced in the animals. 57,691 ± 16,050 islets were isolated from the resected pancreas and transplanted into other monkeys.

Conclusions

Simultaneous subtotal pancreatectomy and low-dose STZ injection represent an effective and safe method to create an animal model of insulin dependence diabetes, while at the same time providing sufficient amounts of fresh islet cells for allotransplantation without requiring killing of additional animals.  相似文献   

11.
12.

Background

Living pancreas transplantation plays an important role in the treatment of patients with severe type 1 diabetes. However, pancreatectomy is very invasive for the donor, and less-invasive surgical procedures are needed. Although some reports have described hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery for distal pancreatectomy in living-donor operations, less-invasive laparoscopy-assisted (LA) procedures are expected to increase the donor pool. We herein report the outcomes of four cases of LA spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy (Warshaw technique [WT]) in living pancreas donors.

Patients and Methods

Four living pancreas donors underwent LA-WT at our institution from September 2010 to January 2013. All donors fulfilled the donor criteria established by the Japan Society for Pancreas and Islet Transplantation.

Results

The median donor age was 54 years. Two donors underwent left nephrectomy in addition to LA-WT for simultaneous pancreas–kidney transplantation. The median donor operation time for pancreatectomy was 340.5 minutes. The median pancreas warm ischemic time was 3 minutes. The median donor blood loss was 246 g. All recipients immediately achieved insulin independence. One donor required reoperation because of obstructive ileus resulting from a port-site hernia. Another donor developed a pancreatic fistula (International Study Group of Pancreatic Fistula grade B), which was controlled with conservative management. After a maximum follow-up of 73 months, no clinically relevant adverse events had occurred. These results were comparable with those of previous studies concerning living-donor pancreas transplantation.

Conclusion

The LA-WT is a safe and acceptable operation for living-donor pancreas transplantation.  相似文献   

13.
14.
15.

Background

Dexmedetomidine is useful for managing delirium. However, few studies have discussed the effect of dexmedetomidine on delirium after liver transplantation. Moreover, the studies have focused on treatment rather than prevention of delirium. This study found that dexmedetomidine cycling may prevent delirium by restoration of the circadian rhythm.

Methods

Of 38 patients who underwent liver transplantation between April 2013 and July 2016, 37 were retrospectively analyzed, except for 1 case of early mortality. The patients were divided into two groups, with 24 receiving dexmedetomidine for more than 3 days with cycling, and 13 receiving dexmedetomidine without cycling or for less than 3 days. Cycling was intended to restore circadian rhythm with high doses of dexmedetomidine at night and low doses during the day, while the patients remained intubated. After extubation, dexmedetomidine infusion was continued at night and discontinued during the day. The patients who used dexmedetomidine without cycling or for less than 3 days received dexmedetomidine without regard to circadian rhythm.

Results

Of the 24 patients who received dexmedetomidine for more than 3 days with cycling, 3 (12.5%) had delirium. In contrast, of the 12 patients who received dexmedetomidine without regard to circadian rhythm and the 1 who received dexmedetomidine cycling for less than 3 days, 6 (46.2%) had delirium (P = .042). Patients with hepatitis C showed higher prevalence of delirium (P = .022).

Conclusion

Dexmedetomidine use for more than 3 days with cycling is useful for prevention of delirium after liver transplantation.  相似文献   

16.

Background

Although active tuberculosis (TB) is considered a contraindication for liver transplantation (LT), this is the only treatment in patients with liver failure and concurrent active TB. We report a case with successful urgent living-donor LT for irreversible liver failure in the presence of active TB.

Case Presentation

A 48-year-old man, with a history of decompensated alcoholic liver cirrhosis, was presented with stupor. At admission, his consciousness had deteriorated to semi-coma, and his renal function also rapidly deteriorated to hepatorenal syndrome. A preoperative computed tomography scan of the chest revealed several small cavitary lesions in both upper lobes, and acid-fast bacillus stain from his sputum was graded 2+. Adenosine deaminase levels from ascites were elevated, suggesting TB peritonitis. A first-line anti-TB drug regimen was started immediately (rifampin, isoniazid, levofloxacin, and amikacin). An urgent living-donor LT was performed 2 days later. After LT, the regimen was changed to second-line anti-TB drugs (amikacin, levofloxacin, cycloserine, and pyridoxine). The sputum acid-fast bacillus stain tested negative on postoperative day 10. His liver function remained well preserved, even after the reversion to first-line anti-TB treatment. The patient recovered without any anti-TB medication–related complications and was discharged.

Conclusions

LT can be prudently performed as a life-saving option, particularly for patients with liver failure and concurrent active TB.  相似文献   

17.
BackgroundThe objective of this study was to determine whether perioperative immunologic markers monitoring could predict early acute cellular rejection (ACR) after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT).Materials and methodsFrom September 2010 to June 2013, a total of 172 patients underwent LDLT at our transplant center. Of them, 26 patients were excluded because of infection. We retrospectively reviewed the remaining 146 patients. CD4 lymphocyte activity, T cell subsets test, and serum cytokine panel were checked on the day before transplantation and at 20 days after transplantation. These patients were divided into 3 groups: 1. normal liver function test (LFT) group; 2. increased LFT without rejection group; and 3. early ACR group. We excluded the increased LFT without rejection group in order to rule out multiple factors influencing immunologic factors.ResultsCD4 lymphocyte activity (P = .004) was significantly increased while CD4+/CD25+/FOXP3+ cells (P < .001) and interleukin (IL)-17 (P = .002) levels were significantly decreased during the perioperative period. Pretransplant IL-6 (P = .014) and IL-17 (P = .029) levels in the early ACR group were significantly lower than those in the normal LFT group. The proportion of patients with increased IL-6 during perioperative period in the early ACR group was higher than that in the normal LFT group, although the difference was not statistically significant (P = .065).ConclusionOur results suggest that IL-6 and IL-17 levels are associated with early ACR in LDLT patients. However, whether monitoring perioperative immunologic markers could predict early ACR remains unclear. Further prospective studies are needed to reach a definite conclusion.  相似文献   

18.

Background

Doppler ultrasonography plays an important role in the postoperative management of liver transplantation. We present our initial experiences evaluating liver transplants with the use of postoperative Doppler sonography.

Methods

In our hospital, we performed 20 liver transplantations from July 2014 to October 2016. Among 20 patients, we performed 15 deceased-donor liver transplantations (DDLTs) and 5 living-donor liver transplantations (LDLTs). For deceased donors, inferior vena cava anastomoses were performed with the use of the piggyback technique, and for living donors, modified right grafts were used with middle hepatic vein reconstruction by Dacron graft. In the intensive care unit, we performed Doppler ultrasound at least once a day and at every clinical need. We checked hepatic blood flow by means of Doppler ultrasound.

Results

Eighteen patients underwent Doppler ultrasonography once a day up to postoperative day 6. Of the patients who received LDLT, 2 patients underwent Doppler ultrasonography twice a day because the operator was concerned about the hepatic artery anastomosis. Findings on Doppler ultrasound showed no abnormal wave form in hepatic artery, portal vein and hepatic veins. No patient had abnormal findings on angiographic computerized tomography. There was 1 graft failure in 20 recipients. The graft failure was primary nonfunction, and retransplantation was done. During the hospitalizations, there were no vascular complications.

Conclusions

Doppler ultrasonography can be used to evaluate postoperative vascular complications in liver transplant patients. When the operator checks postoperative Doppler ultrasonography, it is possible to differentiate between patients, and it may help to detect the vascular complications earlier.  相似文献   

19.
Yellow fever is a noncontagious disease caused by an arbovirus in the Flaviviridae family. It is an endemic disease in the tropical forests of Africa and South America, with the mosquito as a vector. Approximately half of those infected will be asymptomatic, while 15% will develop the severe/malignant form of the disease that includes renal and hepatic failure, bleeding, and neurological impairment as the principal symptoms. The lethality of the severe form reaches up to 70%. The objective of this study was to report on the case of a patient who was transferred to the hepatobiliary unit of our service due to acute liver failure due to yellow fever. He was treated with liver transplantation. The patient progressed satisfactorily, being discharged from the intensive care unit in 10 days and discharged from the hospital within 19 days after transplantation. Despite the encouraging result of our team, this has not been applied to other centers that have also performed this modality of treatment; therefore, the question remains as to whether and when to recommend liver transplantation for treatment of severe yellow fever.  相似文献   

20.

Introduction

Along with developments in surgical and immunosuppression techniques, the success rate of small bowel transplantation has increased. In Korea, the incidence of small bowel transplantations has increased, and the longest surviving living donor recipient has now survived for over 12 years postsurgery. The purpose of this study was to assess the experiences of living donors for small bowel transplantation before, during, and after the transplantation.

Methods

In one hospital, we conducted interviews, based on open-ended questions, with three small bowel donors. We asked them about experiences during small bowel donation. The living donor's statements were analyzed using interpretive phenomenological analysis.

Results

Donors decided to donate because they felt “sorry for the suffering of a family member” and they had “faith in the medical staff.” In the early phase after donation, living donors experienced physical changes in their body, including pain, fatigue, altered bowel habits, and abdominal discomfort. Despite temporary limitations in daily and social activities, support from family members allowed the donors to fully recover and return to normal physical, social, and psychological status. The donors mentioned they experienced love and support from their family, as well as satisfaction and pride from donation, during the entire process.

Conclusion

We hope that the physical, psychological, and social experience of living donors during small bowel transplantation deduced in this study will serve as a foundation for the establishment of an intervention method to provide education before donation and help recovery after donation.  相似文献   

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