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1.

Background

The effectiveness of stainless steel crowns (SSCs) versus direct restorations when placed in primary mandibular molars (teeth nos. L and S) is uncertain. The authors evaluated effectiveness by gauging longevity of treatment.

Methods

The authors obtained private dental insurance claims (2004-2016) from a national dental data warehouse. Paid insurance claims records (n = 1,323,489) included type of treating dentist, treatment placed, and patient age.

Results

Dentist specialty, type of treatment, and patient age were significant in predicting failure after the first restoration. The authors found high survival rates for all treatments (> 90%) after 5 years; however, as soon as within 3 years after treatment, SCCs had approximately 6% better survival.

Conclusions

Teeth nos. L and S first treated with SSCs lasted longer without new treatment compared with teeth first treated with direct restorations; the difference was small. Teeth treated by pediatric dentists had better survival rates.

Practical Implications

Primary mandibular first molars initially treated with SSCs lasted longer without new treatment compared with direct restorations. Overall dental care costs of the former were considerably higher.  相似文献   

2.

Background

Awake bruxism is a common clinical condition that often goes undetected, often leading to pain or damaged teeth and restorations.

Methods

The authors searched electronic databases regarding the treatment and effects of awake bruxism compared with those of sleep bruxism. The authors used the search terms diurnal bruxism and oral parafunction. The authors combined information from relevant literature with clinical experience to establish a recommended protocol for diagnosis and treatment.

Results

The authors found articles regarding the diagnosis and treatment of bruxism. The authors combined information from the articles with a review of clinical cases to establish a treatment protocol for awake bruxism.

Conclusions

Literature and clinical experience indicate a lack of patient awareness and, thus, underreporting of awake bruxism. As a result, myriad dental consequences can occur from bruxism. The authors propose a need for increased awareness, for both patients and professionals, particularly of the number of conditions related to awake bruxism.

Practical Implications

Clinicians should look for clinical signs and symptoms of awake bruxism and use minimally invasive treatment modalities.  相似文献   

3.

Statement of problem

Two resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI)-based luting agents have been recently marketed without independent reports of their physical properties.

Purpose

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate selected physical properties of 2 newly marketed RMGI luting agents and compare the findings with traditional materials.

Material and methods

Specimens (N=12) of Nexus RMGI, UltraCem, GC Fuji Cem 2, and RelyX Luting Plus were fabricated using standardized molds for flexural strength and fracture toughness according to manufacturer recommendations and stored in physiologic phosphate-buffered saline solution at 37°C until testing. Specimens were tested at 1 and 24 hours, 1 week, and 1 month. Mean values for flexural strength, flexural modulus, flexural toughness, and fracture toughness were determined. Additionally, film thickness (N=12) for each material was determined following Amerian National Standards Association/American Dental Association (ANSI/ADA) specifications. Mean results were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (α=.05).

Results

All luting agents exhibited a similar film thickness that met ANSI/ADA requirements for aqueous-based luting agents. Nexus RMGI surprisingly demonstrated significantly greater flexural strength and fracture toughness at 1 hour, which decreased significantly at 24 hours, making it similar to the other materials evaluated. All materials had similar flexural strength values at 7 days.

Conclusions

Physical property performance was material dependent. Nexus RMGI demonstrated greater early physical properties that were significantly less at 24 hours. UltraCem, GC Fuji Cem 2, and RelyX Luting Plus demonstrated the increasing physical property development that is normally associated with polyalkenoate-based systems.  相似文献   

4.
5.

Background

The authors clarified the causal mechanisms underlying the high prevalence of dental disease encountered in people who habitually use methamphetamine (meth).

Methods

Using a stratified sampling approach, the authors conducted comprehensive oral examinations and psychosocial assessments for 571 study participants who used meth. Three calibrated dentists, who used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) protocols, characterized the study participants’ dental disease. The authors also collected data related to study participants’ history of meth use and other attributes linked to dental disease.

Results

Study participants who used meth manifested higher rates of xerostomia and caries experience compared with NHANES control participants. Participants who used meth had a higher level of daily consumption of sugary beverages compared with NHANES control participants. Smoking meth did not increase caries experience over other modes of intake. Dental hygiene was a significant determinant of dental health outcomes.

Conclusions

Mode of intake and frequency of meth use have a minimal impact on dental health outcomes. Behaviors, such as sugary beverage consumption and poor oral hygiene, better explain dental health outcomes.

Practical Implications

Having a better understanding of the causal mechanisms of “meth mouth” sets the stage for clinicians to provide more personalized interventions and management of dental disease in people who use meth.  相似文献   

6.

Background

The authors conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the long-term (18-22 years) clinic results of titanium post and bonded amalgam core restorations with metal-ceramic crowns placed in patients.

Methods

From 1992 through 1996, the authors placed 88 restorations in 66 patients. They measured the ferrule effect in the minor dentin collar area. In 2014, the authors analyzed the following variables: ferrule length, length and thickness of the post, and tooth position.

Results

The overall survival of the restorations decreased over time with survival rates of 89.6% after 5 years of follow-up appointments and 64.2% after 18 years of follow-up appointments. There were 42 failures, and the maxillary premolars had the most failures. The teeth with 2 or more millimeters ferrule length had a higher survival rate than those with a 0 to less than 2 mm ferrule length; these results were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Statistically significant differences were detected according to the location of the tooth. The cores in the anterior teeth were 3.26 times more likely to fail than those in the molars, which presented higher survival rates; maxillary premolars had the most failures (28.5%). Both the metallic post length and its diameter did not influence restoration survival. The ferrule length was not statistically significant.

Practical Implications

The clinical technique to restore endodontically treated teeth that includes a titanium post and bonded amalgam restorations results in greater coronal destruction but shows good long-term results, ease of fabrication, and modest cost in comparison with other techniques.  相似文献   

7.

Background

Except for a small increase in caries prevalence in young children from 1999 through 2004, the prevalence of pediatric caries in the United States has remained consistent for the past 3 decades.

Methods

The authors used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (from 1999 through 2004 and from 2011 through 2014) to ascertain changes in caries prevalence in youth aged 2 to 19 years. The authors evaluated changes in the prevalence of caries experience, untreated caries, and severe caries (3 or more teeth with untreated caries) in the primary, mixed, and permanent dentition according to poverty status.

Results

Untreated dental caries in the primary dentition decreased (24% versus 14%) for children aged 2 to 8 years regardless of poverty status from the period from 1999 through 2004 to the period from 2011 through 2014. Severe caries in primary teeth decreased between the period from 1999 through 2004 and the period from 2011 through 2014 for 2- to 8-year-olds (10% versus 6%). Among preschool-aged children in families with low incomes, caries experience decreased from nearly 42% to 35%, and untreated caries decreased from 31% to 18%. Furthermore, there were significant reductions in the number of carious dental surfaces and significant increases in the number of restored dental surfaces. Overall, there was little change in the prevalence of caries in older children and adolescents.

Conclusions

The prevalence of caries in primary teeth in preschool-aged children has improved in the previous decade in the United States; however, the prevalence of having no caries experience in permanent teeth in children and adolescents remains unchanged.

Practical Implications

Although the oral health status of young children has improved in the previous decade, few changes have occurred for many older children and adolescents.  相似文献   

8.

Background

The caries arrest that can be achieved by using silver diamine fluoride (SDF) offers a minimally invasive and inexpensive alternative to traditional restorative caries treatment. The authors evaluated how the dentinal staining that is associated with SDF influences the acceptance of this treatment among parents of young children in the New York City metropolitan area.

Methods

The authors invited the parents of children who had experienced dental caries and who had appointments at the New York University Pediatric Dentistry Clinic and at several private clinics in New Jersey to participate in a Web-based survey designed to assess parents’ demographics, perceptions of photographs of SDF-treated carious teeth, and acceptability of treatment in different behavior management scenarios.

Results

Ninety-eight mothers and 22 fathers from diverse backgrounds participated. Most parents (67.5%) judged SDF staining on the posterior teeth to be esthetically tolerable, but only 29.7% of parents made this same judgment about anterior teeth (P < .001). In the absence of their child having behavioral barriers to conventional restorations, 53.6% of parents reported that they were likely to choose SDF to treat their child’s posterior teeth, but only 26.9% of parents were likely to choose SDF to treat their child’s anterior teeth. As the number of children’s behavioral barriers increased, so did the parents’ level of acceptance. In extreme cases, in which parents had to decide whether their children should undergo general anesthesia during treatment, parents’ acceptance rate of SDF as a treatment method increased to 68.5% on posterior teeth and to 60.3% on anterior teeth. Parents’ acceptance of the treatment also varied according to their socioeconomic status.

Conclusions

Staining on posterior teeth was more acceptable than staining on anterior teeth. Although staining on anterior teeth was undesirable, most parents preferred this option to advanced behavioral techniques such as sedation or general anesthesia.

Practical Implications

Clinicians need to understand parental sensitivities regarding the staining effect of SDF to plan adequately for the use of SDF as a method of caries management in pediatric patients.  相似文献   

9.
10.
11.

Background

No evidence-based guidelines exist for preventive dental care before radiation therapy (RT) in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). An ongoing multicenter, prospective cohort study, Clinical Registry of Dental Outcomes in Head and Neck Cancer Patients (OraRad), is addressing this knowledge gap. The authors evaluated the level of dental disease before RT in the OraRad cohort, factors associated with dental disease, and dental treatment recommendations made before RT.

Methods

As part of OraRad, the authors assessed caries, periodontal disease, dental recommendations, and dental interventions performed before RT.

Results

Baseline measures were reported for 356 participants (77% men) with mean (standard deviation) age of 59.9 (11.0) years. Measures included mean number of teeth (22.9), participants with at least 1 tooth with caries (37.2%), and participants with at least 1 tooth with probing depth 5 millimeters or greater (47.4%). Factors associated with less extensive dental disease before RT included having at least a high school diploma, having dental insurance, history of routine dental care, and a smaller tumor size (T1 or T2). Based on the dental examination before RT, 163 (49.5%) participants had dental treatment recommended before RT, with extractions recommended most frequently.

Conclusion

Many patients with HNC require dental treatment before RT; more than one-third require extractions.

Practical Implications

Most patients have some level of dental disease at the start of RT, indicating the importance of dental evaluation before RT. By observing dental outcomes after RT, OraRad has the potential to determine the best dental treatment recommendations for patients with HNC.  相似文献   

12.

Introduction

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro antibiofilm activity and pH of calcium hydroxide associated with different nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Methods

The groups analyzed were as follows: group 1, calcium hydroxide paste with propylene glycol; group 2, calcium hydroxide paste with propylene glycol + 5% diclofenac sodium; group 3, calcium hydroxide paste with propylene glycol + 5% ibuprofen; group 4, calcium hydroxide paste with propylene glycol + 5% ciprofloxacin; and group 6, positive control (without medication). For analysis of the pH, the pastes were inserted into tubes and immersed in flasks containing ultrapure water. At the time intervals of 3, 24, 72, and 168 hours, the pH was measured with a calibrated pH meter. For microbial analysis, biofilm was induced in 30 bovine dentin blocks for 21 days. Subsequently, the pastes were placed on the blocks with biofilm for 7 days. Afterward, the pastes were removed by irrigation with sterile water, and the specimens were analyzed with a laser scanning confocal microscope with the 50 μL Live/Dead BacLight Bacterial Viability solution L7012 Kit (Molecular Probes, Inc, Eugene, OR). Data were subjected to statistical analysis at a significance level of 5%.

Results

The highest pH values were found for calcium hydroxide associated with ciprofloxacin in all periods analyzed. With the exception of pure calcium hydroxide paste, the other groups showed statistically significant differences (P < .05) in comparison with the positive control.

Conclusions

The association of NSAIDs or antibiotic did not interfere with the pH of calcium hydroxide paste and increased the antimicrobial action of calcium hydroxide paste against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation.  相似文献   

13.
14.

Background

The authors examined the factors associated with sex differences in earnings for 3 professional occupations.

Methods

The authors used a multivariate Blinder-Oaxaca method to decompose the differences in mean earnings across sex.

Results

Although mean differences in earnings between men and women narrowed over time, there remained large, unaccountable earnings differences between men and women among all professions after multivariate adjustments. For dentists, the unexplained difference in earnings for women was approximately constant at 62% to 66%. For physicians, the unexplained difference in earnings for women ranged from 52% to 57%. For lawyers, the unexplained difference in earnings for women was the smallest of the 3 professions but also exhibited the most growth, increasing from 34% in 1990 to 45% in 2010.

Conclusions

The reduction in the earnings gap is driven largely by a general convergence between men and women in some, but not all, observable characteristics over time. Nevertheless, large unexplained gender gaps in earnings remain for all 3 professions.

Practical Implications

Policy makers must use care in efforts to alleviate earnings differences for men and women because measures could make matters worse without a clear understanding of the nature of the factors driving the differences.  相似文献   

15.

Background

A lesion on an occlusal tooth surface with no cavitation and no radiographic radiolucency but in which caries is suspected owing to surface roughness, opacities, or staining can be defined as a suspicious occlusal carious lesion (SOCL). The authors' objective was to quantify the characteristics of SOCLs and their relationship to lesion depth and activity after these lesions were opened surgically.

Methods

Ninety-three dentists participated in the study. When a consenting patient had an SOCL, information was recorded about the tooth, lesion, treatment provided, and, if the SOCL was opened surgically, its lesion depth. The Rao-Scott cluster-adjusted χ2 test was used to evaluate associations between lesion depth and color, roughness, patient risk, and luster.

Results

The authors analyzed 1,593 SOCLs. Lesion color varied from yellow/light brown (40%) to dark brown/black (47%), with 13% other colors. Most (69%) of SOCLs had a rough surface when examined with an explorer. Over one-third of the SOCLs (39%) were treated surgically. Of the 585 surgically treated SOCLs, 61% had dentinal caries. There were statistically significant associations between lesion depth and color (P = .03), luster (P = .04), and roughness (P = .01). The authors classified 52% of the patients as being at elevated caries risk. The authors found no significant associations between lesion depth and patient risk (P = .07).

Conclusions

Although statistically significant, the clinical characteristics studied do not provide accurate guidance for making definitive treatment decisions and result in high rates of false positives.

Practical Implications

Given that 39% of the opened lesions did not have dentinal caries or were inactive, evidence-based preventive management is an appropriate alternative to surgical intervention.  相似文献   

16.

Background

The authors explored the relationship between income inequality and self-reported oral health and oral health–related quality of life.

Methods

The authors used an online survey to gather data about US adults’ perceptions of their overall oral health and how oral health affected their quality of life. The authors categorized respondents as coming from areas of low, medium, or high income inequality on the basis of a county-level Gini coefficient.

Results

Results of χ2 tests and an analysis of variance indicated that there was a significant association between income inequality and oral health as measured by using the overall condition of the mouth and teeth, life satisfaction, and frequency of experiencing functional and social problems related to oral health. Generally, adults from areas of lower income inequality reported better oral health and oral health–related quality of life.

Conclusions

Income inequality has the potential to affect both functional and social dimensions of oral health, possibly through a psychosocial pathway. Future research is necessary to determine whether any causal link exists.

Practical Implications

Our findings may inform oral health policy. Long-term policies designed to improve the oral health of Americans could work best when supported by policies designed to reduce levels of income inequality, and thereby, may reduce oral health inequalities. Further research is needed to examine the effectiveness of such policies.  相似文献   

17.

Background

There is a large variation among clinicians when managing deep carious lesions (DCLs). The purpose of this study was to assess general dentists’ (GDs), pediatric dentists’ (PDs), and endodontists’ (EDs) diagnostic methods, clinical decision-making considerations, treatment strategies, and knowledge, behavior, and attitudes related to the diagnosis and treatment of DCLs.

Methods

A total of 175 GDs, 511 PDs, and 377 EDs responded to a nationwide Web-based survey.

Results

Most EDs (68%) and GDs (47%) practiced complete caries removal. PDs (31%) were more likely than GDs (12%) and EDs (4%) to remove carious tissues partially. Dentin hardness was the most important diagnostic criterion used during caries excavation (GDs, 90%; PDs, 72%; EDs, 88%). Only 30% of GDs, 17% of PDs, and 90% of EDs used diagnostic tests (for example, a cold test) when assessing pupal health. A substantial percentage of respondents considered endodontic treatment as a choice for treating DCLs in asymptomatic teeth in young patients (GDs, 40%; PDs, 30%; EDs, 40%). GDs rarely used a rubber dam when treating these lesions.

Conclusions

Most respondents practiced complete caries removal until hard dentin was felt, using hardness as the primary excavation criterion, and did not use pulp diagnostic tests routinely before making decisions about treatment of teeth with DCLs.

Practical Implications

Efforts should be made to translate the growing body of evidence supporting the use of conservative caries removal criteria to preserve pulpal health and tooth structure integrity when managing DCLs.  相似文献   

18.

Background

Sales of charcoal dentifrices and powders have rapidly emerged into the Internet marketplace. The authors conducted a literature review to examine the efficacy and safety of charcoal and charcoal-based dentifrices.

Methods

The authors searched the MEDLINE and Scopus databases for clinical studies on the use of charcoal and charcoal-based dentifrices and laboratory investigations on the bioactivity or toxicity of charcoal and charcoal-based dentifrices, published through February 2017. The authors used a defined search strategy to identify randomized, controlled clinical trials with a follow-up duration of 3 months or longer. In addition, the authors selected the first 50 consecutive charcoal dentifrices from Google.com and Amazon.com for ascertainment of product assortment and advertising promotions.

Results

The authors’ literature search identified 118 potentially eligible articles. Thirteen studies reported brushing the teeth with raw charcoal or soot; however, none of these studies met the inclusion criteria. Two studies offered nonspecific caries reductions, 3 studies reported deleterious outcomes (increased caries, enamel abrasion, nonquantified negative impact), and 1 study indicated only that brushing with raw charcoal had no adverse effects on oral hygiene. Seven other studies reported only on the use of charcoal for oral hygiene. Internet advertisements included unsubstantiated therapeutic claims—such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and oral detoxification, as well as potentially misleading product assertions. One-third of the charcoal dentifrices contained bentonite clay, and 1 contained betel leaves.

Conclusions

The results of this literature review showed insufficient clinical and laboratory data to substantiate the safety and efficacy claims of charcoal and charcoal-based dentifrices. Larger-scale and well-designed studies are needed to establish conclusive evidence.

Practical Implications

Dental clinicians should advise their patients to be cautious when using charcoal and charcoal-based dentifrices with unproven claims of efficacy and safety.  相似文献   

19.

Background

Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are dietary sources of sugar that are factors in caries development and tooth loss. Dietary sugar also is linked to diabetes mellitus (DM). There is limited research related to SSBs and tooth loss in people with DM. The authors investigated the association between SSBs and tooth loss as it related to the presence or absence of DM.

Methods

The authors used a cross-sectional design with data reported by adults (18 years and older) who responded to the 2012 Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System questionnaire, which was used in 18 states (N = 95,897; 14,043 who had DM and 81,854 who did not have DM). The authors conducted χ2 and logistic regression analyses to determine associations related to DM status.

Results

Overall, 12.3% of the survey respondents had DM, 15.5% had 6 or more teeth extracted, and 22.6% reported that they consumed 1 or more SSB daily. In the adjusted analyses, among adults who had DM, those who consumed at least 2 SSBs daily were more likely to have had 6 or more teeth extracted than those who reported that they did not consume SSBs (adjusted odds ratio, 2.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.37 to 4.01; P = .0018). Among adults who did not have DM, those who consumed more than 1 but fewer than 2 SSBs per day were more likely to have had at least 6 teeth extracted (adjusted odds ratio, 1.46; 95% confidence interval, 1.21 to 1.77; P < .0001).

Conclusions

The authors found that, among adults with DM, consuming 2 or more SSBs per day was associated with having had 6 or more teeth extracted.

Practical Implications

Dietary sugar is a concern for oral and systemic health; however, a strong, independent relationship between the number of teeth extracted and a single source of dietary sugar is not adequate to explain the complexity of tooth loss. Clinicians should use broadly worded dietary messages when discussing caries assessment with patients.  相似文献   

20.

Background

Pediatric dental benefits must be offered in the health insurance marketplaces created under the Affordable Care Act. The authors analyzed trends over time in premiums and the number of dental insurers participating in the marketplaces.

Methods

The authors collected dental benefit plan data from 35 states participating in the federally facilitated marketplaces in 2014, 2015, and 2016. For each county, they counted the number of issuers offering stand-alone dental plans (SADPs) and medical plans with embedded pediatric dental benefits. They also analyzed trends in premiums.

Results

From 2014 through 2016, the number of issuers of stand-alone dental plans and medical plans with embedded pediatric dental benefits either did not change or increased in most counties. Average premiums for low–actuarial-value SADPs declined from 2014 through 2016.

Conclusions

The increase in the number of issuers of stand-alone dental plans and medical plans with embedded dental benefits may be associated with lower premiums. However, more research is needed to determine if this is the case.

Practical Implications

Affordable dental plans in the marketplaces could induce people with lower incomes to sign up for dental benefits. Newly insured people could have significant oral health needs and pent-up demand for dental care.  相似文献   

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