内镜超声检查应用于直肠癌术前分期诊断

自１９９３年１～１２月，应用术前内镜超声检查（ＥＵＳ）对３０例直肠癌患者进行Ｄｕｋｅ分期。扫描时采用水充盈法、气囊法或二者结合的方法。ＥＵＳ诊断癌的浸润深度与病理诊断的符合率为８６．７％（２６／３０）；ＥＵＳ诊断淋巴结转移与病理诊断的符合率为７６．７％（２３／３０）；根据癌浸润深度及淋巴结有无转移进行的Ｄｕｋｅ分期，正确率达７６．７％（２３／３０）。ＥＵＳ对决定直肠癌手术治疗的方式有重要意义，将成为术前重要的检查手段。     

微探头联合环扫内镜超声对直肠癌术前分期的价值

目的 评价微探头超声联合环扫内镜超声检查对直肠癌术前分期的特异性、敏感性和准确性以及判断其对直肠癌治疗方案选择的价值.方法 对2007年8月-2008年8月60例术前直肠癌患者行微探头和环扫超声内镜联合探查.参照TNM分期标准进行分期诊断,并与MRI、手术后组织病理学结果对比,总结EUS分期对治疗方案选择的参考价值.结果 在60例直肠癌患者中,EUS分期T1期4例,T2期18例,T3期30例,T4期8例,存在7例分期过度和4例分期不足;MRI分期T1期1例,T2期18例,T3期30例,T4期10例,存在14例分期过度和3例分期不足.微探头超声内镜结合环扫型超声内镜对直肠癌T分期诊断综合准确率为81.67%(49/60),N分期的准确率为78.33%,敏感性和特异性为71.43%和91.03%;MRI对直肠癌T分期准确率为71.67%(43/60),周围淋巴结转移诊断的准确率为83.33%,敏感性和特异性为85.71%和86.96%.结论 微探头联合环扫内镜超声检查是一有效估计直肠癌肠壁浸润深度并对其进行TN分期的方法,且操作简便、痛苦小、诊断准确率较高.     

Endoscopic ultrasonography in the preoperative staging of colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic ultrasonography presents a significant progress in imaging methods for the examination of the digestive system and is commonly used in cancer staging. The aim of this study was to quantify the potential of this modality for diagnosis and staging of colorectal cancer. METHODOLOGY: Eighty patients with histologically proven colorectal cancer were included in this study. All patients were preoperatively diagnosed by colonoscopy and biopsies, abdominal computed tomography and endoscopic ultrasonography. The latter was also used to evaluate the depth of tumor invasion and presence of lymph node or distant metastasis prior to surgery. RESULTS: Endoscopic ultrasonography presented 100% sensitivity in cancer detection versus 60% for computed tomography (P < 0.001). Endoscopic Ultrasonography sensitivity in T, N, M and TNM staging was 93.8%, 93.8%, 92.5% and 82.5% with corresponding specificities of 99.2%, 97.9%, 92.5% and 94.2%. Overall, Endoscopic Ultrasonography staging of the patients did not present statistically significant differences with histological staging (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic ultrasonography is of satisfactory accuracy in diagnosis and preoperative staging of colorectal cancer.     

Endoscopic ultrasonography for preoperative staging of esophageal carcinoma

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in preoperative staging of esophageal carcinoma (EC).

Material and methods: A total of 86 surgical patients with EC who were confirmed by endoscopy and biopsy underwent preoperative TN staging with EUS examination. The EUS findings were compared with surgical pathologic results.

Results: The accuracy of EUS in T and N staging of EC was 82.6% and 84.9%, respectively. While determining whether EC invades the muscularis propria or outer membrane, EUS had the favorable sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. The short-axis diameter of lymph nodes of 5mm had high sensitivity and negative predictive value to determine malignance with low specificity and positive predictive value. The short-axis diameter of 10mm presented the satisfactory sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value.

Conclusion: EUS can accurately determine the TN staging of EC and provide a reliable basis for the treatment of EC.     

螺旋CT在胃癌术前TNM分期中的应用价值

目的:探讨螺旋CT对胃癌术前TNM分期的准确性,指导临床合理地制订治疗方案和进行预后分析．方法:术前对45例胃癌患者的腹部SCT资料进行TNM分期,并与术后病理进行对照研究．结果:螺旋CT对胃癌T分期、N分期、M分期和TNM分期的准确率分别为75．6％、73．3％、 86．7％和75．6％．如以平扫CT值≥25 Hu或动脉期CT值≥70 Hu或静脉期CT值≥80 Hu为诊断阳性淋巴结标准,则阳性淋巴结的敏感性高达 98．4％,特异性为64．0％．结论:螺旋CT对胃癌的术前TNM分期可提供较高的准确率．     

联合应用超声内镜与超声微探头在早期食管癌术前分期中的作用

目的 探讨超声内镜联合超声微探头对早期食管浅表癌浸润深度和淋巴结转移的判断及其临床意义.方法 联合应用超声内镜和超声微探头对121例共124处早期浅表型食管癌病灶行临床分期,并与术后及黏膜切除后病理分期相比较.结果 内镜超声检查对早期食管癌术前T分期总的准确率为82.3%(102/124).本组早期食管癌淋巴结总的转移率为5.0%(6/121),其中原位无一例淋巴结转移,黏膜内癌淋巴结转移率为1.3%(1/78),黏膜下癌淋巴结转移率为11.6%(5/43).结论 联合使用超声内镜及超声微探头对早期食管癌可以进行准确的分期,可以指导早期食管癌治疗策略的选择.     

Endoscopic ultrasonography in staging rectal cancer

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) was used to stage rectal cancer by assessing depth of invasion through bowel wall layers and/or involvement of lymph nodes. EUS findings were correlated with histopathologic findings to discern the usefulness of this modality in predicting which patients could be candidates for sphinctersaving procedures and the avoidance of abdominoperineal resection. The Olympus EU-M3 endoscopic ultrasound system was used to assess depth of penetration through rectal wall layers and to identify lymph nodes. Comparison of EUS findings to histopathologic findings was possible in 13 patients. EUS agreed with histopathology in 9 of 13 cases (69.3%) ( p = 0.07, kappa statistic). EUS agreed with histopathology as the presence or absence of lymph nodes in 9 of 13 cases (69.3%) (p = 0.07). However, the presence of lymph nodes could not necessarily predict metastatic involvement of these nodes. In one patient, invasion of vaginal cuff was correctly predicted. In nine cases, computed tomographic analysis (CT) was available for comparison to EUS in detection of penetration beyond the bowel wall. CT agreed with histopathology in 3 of 9 (33%), whereas EUS agreed with histopathology in 7 of 9 (78%).     

超声内镜联合CT检查对结直肠癌术前TNM分期诊断价值探讨

目的探讨超声内镜(EUS)联合多层螺旋CT扫描(MSCT)检查对结直肠癌(CRC)术前TNM分期判断的准确性。方法连续选取在我院外科手术治疗并符合入组条件的CRC患者共39例,以术后病理TNM分期作为金标准,评价EUS、MSCT及两者联合对CRC患者术前TNM分期的准确性。结果本组患者EUS对CRC的T分期判断准确率分别为75.0%~83.3%,N分期为50.0%~80.0%;MSCT对CRCR的N分期判断准确率为60.0%~83.3%,EUS、MSCT对于N0、N1的判断的准确率接近,而对于N2的判断,两者联合较EUS优势明显(91.7%vs 50.0%,P0.05)。结论 EUS对CRC术前T分期及N0、N1分期具有较高的临床应用价值;而MSCT对N2、M分期的准确性较高,两者联合检查,可获得更精准的术前TNM分期。     

Positron emission tomography scanning is not superior to whole body multidetector helical computed tomography in the preoperative staging of colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND: The role of positron emission tomography with the glucose analogue [18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG-PET) in the initial staging of disease in patients with primary colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been adequately assessed. AIMS: To evaluate the additional value of FDG-PET as a staging modality, complementary to routine multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) in patients with CRC. METHODS: Forty four patients with CRC underwent preoperative MDCT and FDG-PET. The accuracy of intraoperative macroscopic staging was also investigated compared with histopathological diagnosis. All FDG-PET images were evaluated with respect to detectability of the primary tumour, lymph node involvement, and distant metastases. Both MDCT and FDG-PET diagnoses and treatment plan were compared with surgical and histopathological results. RESULTS: Thirty seven patients underwent surgery. Tumour detection rate was 95% (42/44) for MDCT, 100% (44/44) for FDG-PET, and 100% (37/37) for intraoperative macroscopic diagnosis. Pathological diagnosis of T factor was T1 in five, T2 in four, T3 in 24, and T4 in four cases. Concordance rate with pathological findings of T factor was 57% (21/37) for MDCT and 62% (23/37) for macroscopic diagnosis. Lymph node involvement was pathologically positive in 19 cases. Regarding N factor, overall accuracy was 62% (23/37) for MDCT, 59% (22/37) for FDG-PET, and 70% (26/37) for macroscopic diagnosis. For all 44 patients, FDG-PET findings resulted in treatment changes in only one (2%) patient. CONCLUSION: FDG-PET is not superior to routine MDCT in the initial staging of primary CRC.     

Preoperative staging of perforated diverticulitis by computed tomography scanning

Background

Treatment of perforated diverticulitis depends on disease severity classified according to Hinchey’s preoperative classification. This study assessed the accuracy of preoperative staging of perforated diverticulitis by computerized tomography (CT) scanning.

Methods

All patients who presented with perforated diverticulitis between 1999 and 2009 in two teaching hospitals of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and in addition had a preoperative CT scan within 24?h before emergency surgery were included. Two radiologists reviewed all CT scans and were asked to classify the severity of the disease according to the Hinchey classification. The CT classification was compared to Hinchey’s classification at surgery.

Results

Seventy-five patients were included, 48 of whom (64?%) were classified Hinchey 3 or 4 perforated diverticulitis during surgery. The positive predictive value of preoperative CT scanning for different stages of perforated diverticulitis ranged from 45 to 89?%, and accuracy was between 71 and 92?%. The combination of a large amount of free intra-abdominal air and fluid was strongly associated with Hinchey 3 or 4 and therefore represented a reliable indicator for required surgical treatment.

Conclusions

The accuracy of predicting Hinchey’s classification by preoperative CT scanning is not very high. Nonetheless, free intra-abdominal air in combination with diffuse fluid is a reliable indication for surgery as it is strongly associated with perforated diverticulitis with generalized peritonitis. In 42?% of cases, Hinchey 3 perforated diverticulitis is falsely classified as Hinchey 1 or 2 by CT scanning.     

Transabdominal ultrasonography in preoperative staging of gastric cancer

AIM: To investigate the value of transabdominal ultrasonography (US) in the preoperative staging of gastric cancer. METHODS: A total of 198 patients with gastric cancer underwent preoperatively transabdominal US, depth of tumor infiltration was assessed in 125 patients, and lymph node metastasis was assessed in 106 patients. RESULTS: The staging accuracy of transabdominal US was 55.6%, 75.0%, 87.3% and 71.1% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 carcinomas, respectively. The overall accuracy was 77.6%. The detection rate for pancreatic invasion and liver invasion was 77.4%, 71.4%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy of transabdominal US in assessment of lymph node metastasis were 77.6%, 64.1%, 72.6%, respectively. Various shapes such as round, ovoid, spindle were encountered in benign and malignant lymph nodes. Majority of both benign and malignant lymph nodes were hyperechoic and had a distinct border. Benign lymph nodes were smaller than malignant lymph nodes in length and width (P = 0.000, 0.005). Irregular shape, fusional shape, infiltrative signs, inhomogenous echo were seen mainly in malignant lymph nodes (P = 0.045, 0.006, 0.027, 0.006). CONCLUSION: Transabdominal US is useful for preoperative staging in gastric cancer, although it is difficult to differentiate benign from malignant lymph nodes.     

Endoscopic ultrasonography in diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer

The accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) for diagnosis of pancreatic cancers was evaluated in consecutive 232 patients with possible pancreatic cancer, and that for assessment of their locoregional spread was evaluated in 28 patients with pancreatic cancer subjected to pancreatectomy, in comparison with the accuracies of transabdominal ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT). EUS was found to be significantly more accurate than US or CT and was especially useful for detecting small pancreatic cancers of less than 2 cm in diameter. With EUS, pancreatic cancers could be detected as a hypoechoic mass with a relatively unclear margin and irregular internal echoes. EUS was also more sensitive than CT and US for detecting venous and gastric invasions: it was more useful for detecting direct invasion of pancreatic cancers when the tumors were less than 3 cm in diameter. These findings indicate that EUS is an accurate method for diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and assessment of their locoregional spread and is particularly useful for detecting small tumors.     

Preoperative staging of gastric cancer by endoscopic ultrasonography and multidetector‐row computed tomography

Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and multidetector‐row computed tomography (MDCT) for the locoregional staging of gastric cancer. EUS and computed tomography (CT) are valuable tools for the preoperative evaluation of gastric cancer. With the introduction of new therapeutic options and the recent improvements in CT technology, further evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of EUS and MDCT is needed. Methods: In total, 277 patients who underwent EUS and MDCT, followed by gastrectomy or endoscopic resection at Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, from July 2006 to April 2008, were analyzed. The results from the preoperative EUS and MDCT were compared to the postoperative pathological findings. Results: Among the 277 patients, the overall accuracy of EUS and MDCT for T staging was 74.7% and 76.9%, respectively. Among the 141 patients with visualized primary lesions on MDCT, the overall accuracy of EUS and MDCT for T staging was 61.7% and 63.8%, respectively. The overall accuracy for N staging was 66% and 62.8%, respectively. The performance of EUS and MDCT for large lesions and lesions at the cardia and angle had significantly lower accuracy than that of other groups. For EUS, the early gastric cancer lesions with ulcerative changes had significantly lower accuracy than those without ulcerative changes. Conclusions: For the preoperative assessment of individual T and N staging in patients with gastric cancer, the accuracy of MDCT was close to that of EUS. Both EUS and MDCT are useful complementary modalities for the locoregional staging of gastric cancer.     

超声内镜对食管癌治疗方式的术前评估价值

目的探讨超声内镜在食管癌的临床诊断上的应用价值以及对各种治疗方式的术前评估作用。方法内镜检查57例食管癌,了解癌肿的影像特征、浸润深度及癌旁淋巴结转移情况,并与术后情况进行比较。结果超声内镜显示肿瘤影像特征为不规则的低回声肿块伴部分或全部管壁结构的破坏,对肿瘤浸润深度诊断总符合率为84．2％（48／57）,对T分期的诊断总符合率为87．7％（50／57）;对N分期的诊断总符合率为84．2％（48／57）。结论超声内镜对食管癌不同治疗方法的选择、手术方式的确定和预后的评估具有重要的参考价值。     

环形扫描内镜超声检查术评估食管癌术前分期的临床研究

目的 探讨环形扫描内镜超声检查术（EUS）评估食管癌术前分期的临床价值.方法 选择2010年1月至2010年6月住院手术的食管癌患者,术前采用EUS评估食管肿瘤TNM分期,并与术后病理结果比较.结果 60例患者符合条件纳入研究.EUS能准确评估80%食管癌T分期和71%食管癌N分期,T1、T2、T3和T4期灵敏度分别为75%、100%、96%和50%,N0和N1期灵敏度分别为55%和100%.如果不包括超声内镜无法通过的11例食管癌患者,EUS评估局限食管癌和进展食管癌的准确率为90%（44/49）.结论 EUS评估食管癌术前TN分期准确率较高,可鉴别局限食管癌和进展食管癌.     

内镜超声检查在胃癌诊断和分期中的临床应用

目的评价内镜超声检查(EUS)对胃癌患者术前诊断和分期的准确性,以指导临床治疗方案的选择。方法22例经胃镜加活检病理检查确诊(17例)和疑诊为胃癌但常规活检阴性的患者(5例),同时行EUS、腹部螺旋CT检查,疑诊者在EUS检查的同时行EUS引导下细针穿刺活检(FNAB)以明确诊断。确定肿瘤侵犯深度(T)、局部淋巴结转移(N)、周围及远处器官转移(M)等分期情况,并与手术及病理对照,以评价EUS对胃癌诊断及TNM临床分期的准确性。结果5例疑诊者行EUS引导下FNAB全部成功取得肿瘤组织,病理诊断腺癌4例,印戒细胞癌1例。1例术前EUS诊断为T1N0M0期的患者行内镜下黏膜切除术,其余患者全部行外科胃癌根治术。与手术和病理结果比较,EUS对于TNM分期诊断总的敏感性和特异性分别为T:84.9%,74.2%;N:92.1%,77.1%;M:63.4%,87.5%。螺旋CT对于胃壁是否增厚及N、M分期的敏感性和特异性分别为T:27.3%,75%;N:31.5%,100%;M:50%,100%。其中EUS对于T和N分期的敏感性较CT高(P<0.05)。结论EUS术前评价胃癌临床分期具有显著的优越性,尤其是对于肿瘤侵犯深度和局部淋巴结转移的诊断,对指导临床治疗方案的选择及术后随访具有重要的参考价值。     

Transrectal ultrasound and computed tomography in preoperative staging of lower rectal adenocarcinoma

A comparison of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and computed tomography (CT) for staging of rectal carcinoma was performed. Thirty-two patients were examined by TRUS and 30 by CT. The results of these preoperative examinations were compared with postoperative histopathological findings. TRUS had an accuracy of 81% and it predicted perirectal tumor growth with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 67%, whereas the corresponding figures for CT were 52%, 67%, and 27%. These findings indicate that TRUS is more efficient than CT in staging local tumor growth in rectal cancer. Neither technique, however, can reliably identify lymph node metastases, since no correlation was found between lymph node size as observed on CT and TRUS and tumor involvement as evaluated histopathologically.