ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AND REACTIVE OXYGEN GENERATION AS INDUCERS OF KERATINOCYTE APOPTOSIS: PROTECTIVE ROLE OF TEA POLYPHENOLS

Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation produces serious damage to skin, especially to dermis, but its damage to epidermis and responsible mechanisms are not fully understood. Studies were thus undertaken to investigate the effects of UVA or reactive oxygen species (ROS) on lipid peroxidation, cell cycle, and apoptosis in primary cultured rat keratinocytes and to determine the possible protective effects of tea polyphenols (TPP). UVA or ROS increased the release of plasma enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and increased lipid peroxidation production (malondialdehyde, MDA), but decreased the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), indicating that UVA or ROS were cytostatic and peroxidizing to keratinocytes. TPP stabilized and protected cell membranes from ROS or UVA by inhibiting the release of LDH, lowering MDA levels, and increasing GSH-Px activity. Flow cytometry (FCM) analysis revealed that UVA or ROS decreased the proliferative index (PI); hence the cell growth was blocked in the S/G2 phase, with an increase in the percentage of apoptosis in primary keratinocytes. TPP modified the UVA or ROS-induced changes in PI and apoptosis. TPP may be useful to protect keratinocytes from UVA irradiation. In summary, these data demonstrated that UVA damage to skin keratinocytes in vitro was similar to that for ROS and that TPP protects against UVA-induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and apoptosis.     

川芎嗪对LPS致心肌细胞损伤的影响及机制研究

目的探讨川芎嗪对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的大鼠心肌细胞损伤及NF-κB核移位的影响。方法采用原代培养SD乳鼠心肌细胞,经终浓度分别为40、80、120μmol·L-1川芎嗪预处理后,用10 mg·L-1LPS处理6 h,处理完成后检测培养液乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性,四唑盐(MTT)比色法检测心肌细胞存活率,流式细胞法检测ROS生成,试剂盒检测细胞内丙二醛(MDA)含量及细胞内抗氧化酶(SOD、GSH-Px)活性、Western blot法检测核蛋白中NF-κB p65的变化情况。结果不同剂量川芎嗪(40、80、120μmol·L-1)预处理3 h后可明显降低LDH活性,增加细胞存活率,降低ROS生成,减少MDA含量,升高SOD、GSH-Px活性,抑制NF-κB p65在细胞核中的表达,且呈剂量依赖性。结论川芎嗪可抑制LPS所致的心肌损伤,其机制与减少脂质过氧化、增强抗氧化酶系、降低ROS生成、抑制NF-κB p65核移位有关。     

Lack of in vitro protection by a common sunscreen ingredient on UVA-induced cytotoxicity in keratinocytes

As an extension of our previous investigations on sunscreen ingredients, the present work was aimed at assessing the possible protective effects of a common UVA-absorbing agent, Parsol 1789 (4-tert-butyl-4'-methoxydibenzoylmethane) in contact with human keratinocytes under UVA illumination. Cell viability was evaluated by determining lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, uptake of propidium iodide and fluorescein diacetate, total protein content and percentage of cell detachment. Apoptosis was detected by recognition of translocated phosphatidylserine using annexin V-FITC uptake. Oxidative stress was evaluated through the carboxy-H2DCFDA assay while the total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) assay was used for determining the total antioxidant capacity level in these cells. Lipid peroxidation was also assessed by checking hydroperoxide (HP) levels. The results obtained show that UVA exposure induces significant cell mortality, decrease in protein concentration, release of LDH, increase in apoptosis, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation with a concomitant reduction in the response of the antioxidant cellular defense system. The presence of 10 microM Parsol 1789 did not minimize these UVA-induced effects, on the contrary, for some parameters measured such as lipid hydroperoxides, there was a significant enhancement. Furthermore, the presence of glutathione (GSH) alone decreased the level of ROS and lipid hydroperoxides, but in combination with Parsol 1789, this protective effect was reduced. The overall results indicate that the compound does not protect these cells from UVA exposure under our experimental conditions confirming previous findings on the lack of photoprotective efficiency of this sunscreen in contact with biologically relevant molecules. However, the biological role and significance of these results to the consequences of sunscreen use in humans are not known, hence extrapolation from laboratory experiments must be done with caution.     

Cytotoxicity of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene on normal human epidermal keratinocytes and protective role of vitamin E

Trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PERC), the most common alkenyl halides, have been extensively used in industry, and can cause skin damage. To evaluate their cytotoxic potential on skin, the effects of these agents on the normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) were investigated. Their action on cell viability, membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation (LPO) was assessed by neutral red uptake (NRU) assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release test and measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. In addition, the protective effect of antioxidatant vitamin E on the cytotoxicity was also studied. Incubation of NHEK with various concentrations (0.01-31.6 mM) of TCE or PERC caused a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability, with 80% reduction at 31.6 mM. NR50 values from the cytotoxicity assay was found to be 4.53 and 2.16 mM for TCE and PERC, respectively. A time- and concentration- dependent release of LDH were observed at 1, 2, 3, 4 h after cells were exposed to different doses of TCE or PERC. These agents also caused an increase of MDA, whilst an inhibition of SOD activity, in a concentration-dependent manner. Pre-treatment of the cells with vitamin E at 10-200 mM dose-dependently attenuated the cytotoxic effect of TCE or PERC. Pre-treatment with vitamin E also reversed subsequent TCE or PERC-induced release of LDH, elevation of lipid peroxidation and decline of anti-oxidant enzyme activities. These results suggest that TCE and PERC could induce cytotoxicity to NHEK associated with oxidative stress and antioxidatant vitamin E could effectively protect NHEK from TCE- or PERC-induced cytotoxicity, which may be associated to the superoxide scavenging effect and enhancement of anti-oxidant enzyme activities.     

Inhibitory effect of polypeptide from Chlamys farreri on ultraviolet A-induced oxidative damage on human skin fibroblasts in vitro.

We have previously reported that polypeptide from Chlamys farreri (PCF) inhibits the oxidative damage of ultraviolet A (UVA) on HeLa cells in vitro [Acta Pharm. Sin. 23 (2002) 961]. To further elucidate a possible role for PCF on UVA-damaged normal human cells, we established the oxidative damage models of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) exposed to UVA to study the protective effect of PCF on human dermal fibroblasts in vitro. In this study, 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method was used to detect the cell viability. The intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), catalase (CAT), xanthine oxidase (XOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC), and anti-superoxide anion capacity (A-ASC) were measured. The effect of PCF on UVA-induced apoptosis were investigated by Annexin V-FITC assay. Intracellular calcium was determined with the calcium-sensitive fluorochrome Fluo-3, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential with rhodamine 123. Comet assay was employed to detect the UVA-induced DNA damage. The ultrastructure of cell was observed under transmission electron microscope. The results indicated that PCF could greatly enhance the viability of NHDF and markedly promote SOD, GSH-px, T-AOC, and A-ASC, while the amounts of MDA and ROS, the activity of XOD were decreased. PCF could inhibit UVA-induced apoptosis and DNA damage in NHDF. The concentration of cellular free calcium was decreased and the mitochondrial transmembrane potential was increased by PCF. In ultrastructure of NHDF, PCF could greatly decrease UVA-induced damage, especially membrane. Our results suggest that the supplementation of PCF appears to reduce the UVA-induced normal human dermal fibroblasts damage efficiently. It may be involved in the PCF's abilities of scavenging oxygen free radical, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, increasing antioxidative enzymes, decreasing intracellular calcium and protection of membrane structure in NHDF irradiated by UVA.     

扇贝多肽保护单次UVA氧化损伤HaCaT细胞

目的探讨扇贝多肽对单次长波紫外线辐射HaCaT角质形成细胞氧化损伤的保护作用机制。方法从栉孔扇贝中提取扇贝多肽(PCF,Mr=879)。UVA辐射强度为5J·cm-2。酶生化法测定胞质SOD,GSH-px活性,ROS、MDA水平;透射电镜观察细胞超微结构的改变;原位杂交技术检测细胞内p21mRNA的变化。结果在5J·cm-2UVA辐射下,在给定浓度范围内PCF能剂量依赖性降低胞质ROS、MDA水平;提高SOD,GSH-px活力;电镜下可见PCF可保护细胞超微结构;p21mRNA原位杂交发现PCF可明显抑制其表达。结论扇贝多肽对单次UVA诱导的人HaCaT细胞氧化损伤有保护作用。其机制与清除氧自由基、提高抗氧化酶活性、抑制p21mRNA表达及细胞凋亡有关。     

扇贝多肽保护单次UVA氧化损伤HaUaT细胞

目的探讨扇贝多肽对单次长波紫外线辐射HaCaT角质形成细胞氧化损伤的保护作用机制。方法从栉孔扇贝中提取扇贝多肽(PCF,Mr=879)。UVA辐射强度为5J·cm-2。酶生化法测定胞质SOD,GSH-px活性,ROS、MDA水平;透射电镜观察细胞超微结构的改变;原位杂交技术检测细胞内p21mRNA的变化。结果在5J·cm-2UVA辐射下,在给定浓度范围内PCF能剂量依赖性降低胞质ROS、MDA水平;提高SOD,GSH-px活力;电镜下可见PCF可保护细胞超微结构;p21mRNA原位杂交发现PCF可明显抑制其表达。结论扇贝多肽对单次UVA诱导的人HaCaT细胞氧化损伤有保护作用。其机制与清除氧自由基、提高抗氧化酶活性、抑制p21mRNA表达及细胞凋亡有关。     

Ubiquitin proteasomal system is a potential target of the toxic effects of organophosphorus flame retardant triphenyl phosphate

The consumption of the widely used flame retardant Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is increasing. It is now frequently detected in the environment and also domestically. Although the possibility of dermal exposure to TPP is quite high, little is known about its potential molecular toxicity mechanisms. In this study, we found that TPP caused cytotoxicity on human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) and significantly inhibited the proliferation and cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, HaCaT cells were sensitive to TPP-induced apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species production was induced with TPP, which increased the protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation levels. Moreover, TPP inhibited proteasome activity and increased the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. Exposure to TPP significantly increased the HSP90, HSP70, GRP94 and GRP78 protein levels. Overall, our findings indicate that TPP may pose a risk to human health and contribute to the current understanding of the risks of TPP at the molecular level.     

Scutellarin attenuates oxidative glutamate toxicity in PC12 cells

The present study investigated the protective effects of the antioxidant scutellarin against oxidative toxicity induced by glutamate in PC12 cells. Vitamin E, a classical antioxidant was employed as a comparative agent. Incubation of PC12 cells with 10 mM glutamate resulted in significant cytotoxity as evaluated by the MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays, decreases of GSSG reductase activity, disturbance of the cell redox state as indicated by the GSH/GSSG ratio, and accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation products. Scutellarin at 0.1, 1 and 10 microM significantly protected against the cytoxicity and production of ROS and lipid peroxidation induced by glutamate. Scutellarin did not prevent the reduction of cellular GSH levels, but it up-regulated GSSG reductase activity, thus preventing an increase in cellular GSSG levels, and concomitantly improved the cell redox status. Our data also show that the protective effects of scutellarin against glutamate-induced oxidative toxicity are more potent than that of vitamin E. These results demonstrate that scutellarin can protect PC12 cells from oxidative glutamate toxicity by scavenging ROS, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and improving the cell redox status, and may reduce the cellular damage in pathological conditions associated with excessive glutamate release.     

玉郎伞2种查尔酮单体对心肌过氧化损伤的保护作用研究

目的:研究玉郎伞(YLS)2种查尔酮单体对心肌过氧化损伤的保护作用。方法:复制体外心肌细胞缺氧/复氧致过氧化损伤模型,观察YLS2种查尔酮单体预处理后的心肌细胞形态和搏动频率的改变;以Annex V-FITC/PI双染法检测心肌细胞凋亡情况;用ELISA法测定细胞培养上清液中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果:与模型组比较,YLS2种查尔酮单体的中、高剂量均能显著抑制过氧化损伤所致的心肌细胞凋亡,降低细胞培养上清液中LDH、TNF-α、MDA含量,提高T-SOD活性,并呈剂量依赖性(P<0.05)。结论:2种YLS查尔酮单体对心肌过氧化损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与清除自由基、降低LDH与TNF-α活性、抑制心肌细胞凋亡有关。     

Cellular mechanism of U78517F in the protection of porcine coronary artery endothelial cells from oxygen radical-induced damage.

1. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of lipid peroxidation in cellular injury as assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from cultured coronary artery endothelial cells of the pig. Cells exposed to H2O2 at concentrations of 0.1 to 20 mM or to a xanthine and xanthine oxidase (X/XO) reaction mixture released LDH into the medium. Significant release from X/XO-treated cells took place with a delay of 2 h. 2. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase or dimethylthiourea attenuated the release of LDH from X/XO-treated cells. Similarly the putative inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, U78517F attenuated the release of LDH by X/XO with an IC50 of 0.08 microM. 3. H2O2 was continuously produced by the addition of X/XO to the medium alone. However, in the presence of endothelial cells, H2O2 was eliminated at 1 h. U78517F had no effect on either process. 4. The oxygen radical-induced release of LDH was associated with malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. U78517F inhibited the formation of MDA with an IC50 of 0.27 microM. 5. Reduction of the Ca2+ concentration in the incubation medium from 1.6 mM to 0.016 mM markedly attenuated the release of LDH from endothelial cells. Nifedipine (1 microM) did not attenuate the LDH release from the cells. 6. It is likely that porcine coronary artery endothelial cells can be thus injured by oxygen radicals presumably through hydroxyl radicals formed and consequent lipid peroxidation, and that the extracellular Ca2+ concentration plays an important role in the genesis of such endothelial cell damage.     

羊栖菜多糖对氧化应激人成纤维细胞的保护作用

目的研究羊栖菜多糖对氧化应激的人皮肤成纤维细胞的保护作用及机制。方法以0.8 mmol/L H2O2诱导人皮肤成纤维细胞建立氧化应激模型,MTT法测定不同浓度羊栖菜多糖(15、30、60mg/L)对过氧化氢(H2O2)损伤人皮肤成纤维细胞增殖的影响,Hoechst 33258染色法观察细胞凋亡,流式细胞仪测定细胞周期分布。测定细胞丙二醛(MDA)含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性、还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平和活性氧(ROS)水平。结果羊栖菜多糖可抑制H2O2对人皮肤成纤维细胞增殖活性的下降和凋亡率的上升,维持细胞正常形态。流式细胞仪检测表明,羊栖菜多糖能显著降低H2O2损伤的细胞G0/G1期阻滞现象;升高SOD和GSH-Px活力,降低MDA和ROS水平,升高GSH水平,差异有统计学意义且具有剂量依赖性(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论羊栖菜多糖能减轻H2O2对人皮肤成纤维细胞的氧化损伤,具有较好的抗氧化保护作用,与其增强抗氧化酶活性,降低脂质过氧化有关。     

Lipid peroxidation as pathway of aluminium cytotoxicity in human skin fibroblast cultures: prevention by superoxide dismutase+catalase and vitamins E and C.

Lipid peroxidation is one of the main manifestations of oxidative damage and has been found to play an important role in the toxicity and carcinogenicity of many xenobiotics. In the present study, we investigated the possible induction of lipid peroxidation by aluminium in human foreskin fibroblast cultures by assaying the malondialdehyde (MDA) produced inside the cells. The MDA-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) adduct was assayed by HPLC using fluorometric quantification after extraction in n-butanol. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was used as a marker of aluminium toxicity. MDA production was significantly increased after 24 h incubation with aluminium and paralleled LDH release. Superoxide dismutase (SOD)+catalase and vitamins C and E added in the culture medium as oxygen radical and free radical scavengers were efficient in preventing MDA production by aluminium, indicating that oxidative processes are one of the main pathways whereby this metal induces cytotoxicity. The latter is also largely prevented, thus confirming the link between oxidative stress induced by aluminium and its cytotoxicity in human skin fibroblasts.     

The effects of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) on the skin fibroblast cells

Abstract

1. Para-phenylenediamine (PPD) is the commonest and most well-known component of hair dyes. PPD is found in more than 1000 hair dye formulations and is the most frequently used permanent hair dye component in Europe, North America and East Asia. PPD containing hair dyes have been associated with cancer and mutagenicity. Apart from that, PPD has potential toxicity which includes acute toxicity such as allergic contact dermatitis and subacute toxicity.

2. In this study, we examined the effects of the PPD composition on the skin-isolated fibroblast cells. Fibroblast cells were isolated from the skin and cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), lipid peroxidation (LPO), damage to the lysosome release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and finally release of cytochrome c were examined following the exposure to various concentrations of PPD.

3. Our results showed that exposure to PPD increased ROS generation, LPO, the collapse of MMP, LDH release and cytochrome c release. Our results suggest that PPD can induce damage to the lysosomal membrane.

4. These results showed that PPD composition has a selective toxicity on skin fibroblasts cell and mitochondria are considered one of the goals of its toxicity.     

雷公藤甲素对人肝细胞L-02氧化损伤的初步研究

目的 研究雷公藤甲素对正常人肝细胞株L-02细胞凋亡和活性氧生成的影响.方法 体外培养L-02细胞,MTT法检测雷公藤甲素对L-02细胞的毒性作用,H2DCFH-DA探针流式细胞仪检测细胞中ROS生成量,并测定细胞SOD活性、MDA含量及LDH释放量的变化.结果 雷公藤甲素诱导L-02细胞中ROS生成,且随时间的延长而增多,至12h时达峰值(P＜0.01);同时,雷公藤甲素也能诱导细胞中MDA含量及LDH释放量的增加,诱导SOD活性的降低.结论 雷公藤甲素体外诱导人正常肝细胞L-02细胞凋亡可能与其促进活性氧生成有关.     

Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract against lysophosphatidylcholine-induced vascular endothelial cell damage.

AIM: To study the protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) against endothelial cell damage induced by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). METHODS: The vasorelaxation response to acetylcholine (ACh) were investigated in the isolated rabbit thoracic aorta. Lipid peroxidation products were determined by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substance. RESULTS: GbE attenuated the inhibition of vasorelaxation response to ACh and prevented the LPC-induced increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) content both in thoracic aortae. GbE prevented the leakage of LDH and the increase of MDA content in cultured endothelial cells in a concentration-dependent manner. GbE also markedly increased epoprostenol level in cultured endothelial cells treated with LPC. CONCLUSION: GbE protected endothelial cells against LPC-induced damage due to reduction in lipid peroxidation and facilitation of synthesis and/or release of epoprostenol.     

Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract against lysophosphatidylcholine-induced vascular endothelial cell damage

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荠苧黄酮对低压低氧小鼠心肌组织损伤的改善作用与机制研究

目的:研究荠苧黄酮对低压低氧小鼠心肌组织损伤的改善作用与机制.方法:将60只小鼠随机分为正常对照组、缺氧模型组、芦丁组和荠苧黄酮组,连续灌胃(ig)给药5 d,最后1次给药后,在模拟海拔8 000 m 环境停留12h,测定血清中肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactic dehydrog...     

淫羊藿苷对H2O2诱导的软骨细胞氧化损伤的保护作用及其机制

目的 探究淫羊藿苷（icariin，ICA）对H₂O₂诱导的软骨细胞氧化损伤的保护作用及相关机制。方法 分离SD新生大鼠软骨细胞，随机分为对照组、H₂O₂模型组、ICA低剂量组、ICA中剂量组、ICA高剂量组；采用CCK8法检测各组细胞增殖能力的变化；采用ELISA试剂盒检测各组细胞中活性氧（reactive oxygen，ROS）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase，SOD）、丙二醛（malondialdehyde，MDA）、过氧化氢酶（catalase，CAT）以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase，GSH-Px）的表达情况；流式细胞术检测各组细胞周期情况，并计算增殖指数（proliferation index，PI）；Hoechst染色观察各组细胞核凋亡情况；分别采用荧光定量PCR （qRT-PCR）和Western blotting检测凋亡相关因子及Nrf2/HO-1通路的表达情况。结果 与对照组相比，H₂O₂模型组细胞增殖能力降低，ROS、MDA含量升高，SOD、CAT及GSH-Px含量下降，细胞凋亡情况加重；经ICA干预后，软骨细胞的增殖能力上升，ROS、MDA含量下降，SOD、CAT及GSH-Px含量增加，并且ICA能够有效抑制软骨细胞凋亡，上调Nrf2和HO-1蛋白的表达。结论 ICA对H₂O₂诱导的软骨细胞氧化损伤具有保护作用，能够抑制软骨细胞凋亡，其机制跟Nrf2/HO-1信号通路有关。     

藻酸双酯钠对硝普钠所致神经细胞株PC12细胞损伤的保护作用

目的:观察藻酸双酯钠(PSS)对硝普钠所致PC12细胞损伤的保护作用。方法:培养的PC12细胞分为对照组,损伤组,PSS低、中、高浓度(50、100、150μg·mL-1)组和尼莫地平组,应用MTT法测定细胞存活率,以碘化丙啶染色,流式细胞仪定量分析细胞凋亡百分率;测定细胞中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、游离钙及半胱天冬酶-3(caspase-3)水平。结果:与损伤组比较,PSS各浓度组都能显著减少细胞死亡率,降低LDH漏出量及MDA生成,提高SOD活性,降低细胞内游离钙含量及caspase-3活性,抑制PC12细胞凋亡。结论:PSS对硝普钠所致PC12细胞损伤具有显著的保护作用,其机制可能与PSS钙拮抗作用及抗脂质过氧化作用有关。