Manejo perioperatorio y periprocedimiento del tratamiento antitrombótico: documento de consenso de SEC,SEDAR, SEACV,SECTCV, AEC,SECPRE, SEPD,SEGO, SEHH,SETH, SEMERGEN,SEMFYC, SEMG,SEMICYUC, SEMI,SEMES, SEPAR,SENEC, SEO,SEPA, SERVEI,SECOT y AEU

During the last few years, the number of patients receiving anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy has increased worldwide. Since this is a chronic treatment, patients receiving it can be expected to need some kind of surgery or intervention during their lifetime that may require treatment discontinuation. The decision to withdraw antithrombotic therapy depends on the patient's thrombotic risk versus hemorrhagic risk. Assessment of both factors will show the precise management of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy in these scenarios. The aim of this consensus document, coordinated by the Cardiovascular Thrombosis Working Group of the Spanish Society of Cardiology, and endorsed by most of the Spanish scientific societies of clinical specialities that may play a role in the patient-health care process during the perioperative or periprocedural period, is to recommend some simple and practical guidelines with a view to homogenizing daily clinical practice.Full English text available from: www.revespcardiol.org/en     

腹痛,腹泻,便血,脱发,指甲萎缩,胃肠息肉

患者女,67岁。2个月前始,无明显原因及诱因出现上腹及脐周痛,伴腹胀、纳差,腹泻与便秘交替出现。胃镜检查发现胃粘膜皱襞粗大,呈脑回状,胃体前壁及大弯侧可见弥漫性息肉样粘膜增生、糜烂。大便OB(++)。按“糜烂性胃炎”口服洛赛克、西沙必利等10天,症状无好转。近半月,患者腹痛、腹泻加重,大便呈水样或稀糊状,带大量粘液,每日7～10次。1周前,反复便血3次,每次50～100ml,且头发、眉毛大量脱落,双手、足指(趾)甲进行性萎缩,皮肤干燥,下肢浮肿。家族中无类似疾病患者。该患者有糖尿病史6年。入院查体:T36.5℃,P70次/min,R20次/min,Bp17/8kPa。皮肤粗糙、脱屑,面部及双眼睑轻度浮肿,毛发稀疏。口腔粘膜无溃疡,舌质红,无苔。心肺正常。腹部轻度膨隆,无肠型及蠕动波,全腹轻度压痛,无反跳痛,未扪及肿块,肝脾不大,移动性浊音阴性,肠鸣音活跃。双下肢轻度凹陷性浮肿,内踝以上皮面有较密集的黑褐斑。双手、足指(趾)甲萎缩明显,左手无名指、食指及右手小指、双足小趾甲床裸露。外周血:RBC5.46×     

上腹疼痛,饱胀,纳差,恶心,呕吐

上腹疼痛、饱胀、纳差、恶心、呕吐济南市中心医院（２５００１３）田淑杰张书元盛文化病历摘要患者女，３８岁。反复发作上腹疼痛、饱胀、纳差、恶心呕吐３年，伴明显消瘦１年入院。曾在当地医院行钡餐检查示胃下垂、十二指肠球部变形，经常规治疗后症状减轻。１年后因精...     

发热,腰痛,腹痛,血尿

病历摘要患者男,２５岁,教师。患者因发热,咽痛于１９９７年７月１日住入外院,诊断急性扁桃体炎。该院给予静脉滴注青霉素８００万ｕ／ｄ,２ｄ后发热、咽痛缓解,但出现持续性腰痛、腹痛,呈阵发性加剧,伴有肉眼血尿。于１９９７年７月６日晚转来我院就诊。急诊室以尿路感染、尿路结石收入肾内科病房治疗。既住史：平素健康,无结核史。２月前出现尿频、尿急、尿痛等症状。入院体检：Ｔ３７．５°Ｃ,Ｒ２４次／ｍｉｎ,Ｐ１００次／ｍｉｎ,ＢＰ１６／１２ｋＰａ（１２０／９０ｍｍＨｇ）。神志清,急性痛苦病容,周身皮肤、粘膜未见…     

腹胀,黄疸,呕血,精神萎靡

腹胀、黄疸、呕血、精神萎靡山东省立医院（２５００２１）石军杨崇美朱菊人病历摘要患者女，３２岁。停经７个月，因纳差、恶心、呕吐１周，尿黄３天于１９９６年１２月１１月入院。入院１周前无明显诱因的出现恶心、呕吐，每日１０余次，多为胃内容物，伴上腹痛、纳差、...     

头痛,发热,恶心,呕吐

病历摘要患者女，３８岁。因头痛、发热伴恶心、呕吐半个月于１９９７年８月１６日入院。半个月前，患者无明显诱因出现持续性全头痛，伴非喷射性恶心呕吐，体温３７～３８℃。查体：Ｔ３７．７℃，Ｐ８０次／ｍｉｎ，Ｒ２０次／ｍｉｎ，Ｂｐ１７／１０ｋＰａ。神志清楚，...     

腹胀,腹痛,低热,血性腹水

第一次查房主任医师：这次讨论的是位老年患者,以发热、腹水、血沉快为特点,至今未明确诊断。先请简要汇报病历。实习医师：患者男,６５岁,因腹胀、腹痛、纳差、低热２周入院。体检：Ｔ３７．８℃。心肺（－）。腹壁静脉无怒张,腹肌略紧张,有柔韧感,全腹未触及包块...     

紫绀,憋喘,腹胀,水肿

病历摘要患者女,４６岁。发现心脏杂音４０余年,活动后心慌,气促伴口唇青紫６年多,因出现腹胀、纳差、憋喘伴双下肢水肿２个月而入院。无蹲踞史,无关节炎及结核病史。查体：Ｔ３６８℃,Ｐ９８次／ｍｉｎ,Ｒ２６次／ｍｉｎ,Ｂｐ１２／９ｋＰａ。身高１６３ｃｍ,体重３５ｋｇ。严重消瘦,呈恶病质,口唇紫绀,颈静脉怒张,杵状指（趾）。双肺呼吸音粗。心前区无隆起,未触及震颤,心尖搏动弥散,心界向双侧扩大,胸骨左缘第三、四肋间闻及Ⅱ／６级收缩期杂音,胸骨右缘第五肋间闻及Ⅱ／６级收缩期杂音,均柔和,Ｐ２消失。蛙状腹、…     

Endoscopic management and prevention of migrated esophageal stents

The use of self-expandable metallic stents has increased recently to palliate inoperable esophageal neoplasia and also in the management of benign strictures. Migration is one of the most common complications after stent placement and the endoscopist should be able to recognize and manage this situation. Several techniques for managing migrated stents have been described, as well as new techniques for preventing stent migration. Most stents have a "lasso" at the upper flange which facilitates stent repositioning or removal. An overtube, endoloop and large polypectomy snare may be useful for the retrieval of stents migrated into the stomach. External fixation of the stent with Shim's technique is efficient in preventing stent migration. Suturing the stent to the esophageal wall, new stent designs with larger flanges and double-layered stents are promising techniques to prevent stent migration but they warrant validation in a larger cohort of patients.     

Distally migrated esophageal self-expanding metal stents: wait and see or remove?

BACKGROUND: Extraction of a migrated esophageal stent may be extremely difficult with a substantial risk of complications including esophageal perforation and hemorrhage. METHODS: Retrospectively 242 patients were evaluated who underwent implantation of self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) and 13 (5.4%) were identified with distal stent migration. In all cases of stent dislocation into the stomach, extraction of the stent was not attempted and a new stent was inserted. RESULTS: Twelve patients had dysphagia. One patient underwent surgery because of stent impaction in the colon, 3 had unrecognized passage of the stent per rectum, and 9 had evidence of the stent into the stomach. Further severe complications were not observed in any patient and all stents remained into the stomach. CONCLUSION: Complications arising from migrated esophageal stents are uncommon. Further studies are warranted to determine which patients with migrated SEMS warrant stent retrieval.     

Esophageal stent fracture:case report and review of the literature

Endoscopic esophageal stent placement is widely used in the treatment of a variety of benign and malignant esophageal conditions.Self expanding metal stents(SEMS)are associated with significantly reduced stent related mortality and morbidity compared to plastic stents for treatment of esophageal conditions;however they have known complications of stent migration,stent occlusion,tumor ingrowth,stricture formation,reflux,bleeding and perforation amongst others.A rare and infrequently reported complication of SEMS is stent fracture and subsequent migration of the broken pieces.There have only been a handful of published case reports describing this problem.In this report we describe a case of a spontaneously fractured nitinol esophageal SEMS,and review the available literature on the unusual occurrence of SEMS fracture placed for benign or malignant obstruction in the esophagus.SEMS fracture could be a potentially dangerous event and should be considered in a patient having recurrent dysphagia despite successful placement of an esopha-geal SEMS.It usually requires endoscopic therapy and may unfortunately require surgery for retrieval of a distally migrated fragment.Early recognition and prompt management may be able to prevent further problems.     

Endoscopic techniques for retrieval of proximally migrated biliary stents: the Amsterdam experience

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic retrieval of proximally migrated biliary plastic stents may be technically challenging and sometimes unsuccessful. Despite the widespread use of such stents, there are few reports on the technique for retrieval of migrated stents. METHODS: We reviewed the records of patients who were found to have proximally migrated biliary stents during the last 3 years at a tertiary referral center. Our study analyzed the various techniques used for endoscopic retrieval and evaluated the factors influencing the choice of a particular technique. RESULTS: Endoscopic retrieval of a proximally migrated stent was attempted in 41 patients and was successful in 37 (90%). The retrieval techniques included Dormia basket, balloon, balloon and basket, basket and ball tip catheter, forceps, and Soehendra stent retriever. The Dormia basket technique was successful in the majority of cases. CONCLUSION: Proximally migrated biliary stents can be successfully removed endoscopically in most cases. The choice of a retrieval technique is dependent on several factors including biliary ductal dilatation, depth of stent migration, distal stent impaction and biliary stricture distal to the migrated stent. The placement of an additional stent alongside an irretrievable stent is a satisfactory alternative to retrieval.     

The future of esophageal endoprosthetics including the use of biodegradable materials

Endoscopic esophageal stent placement is an effective palliative treatment for malignant dysphagia and complications related to esophageal malignancies. Lately, esophageal stents have also been successfully used for benign indications including anastomotic stricture, iatrogenic perforation or leak, achalasia, fistula and to stabilize patients with esophageal variceal bleeding. At present, there are a wide variety of esophageal stents available to choose from; however, an ideal esophageal stent, which is both effective and without complications, has yet to be developed. Despite the evolution in this field, challenges such as stent migration, malignant tissue ingrowth, and recurrent stricture are some of the unsolved problems. In this article, we discuss about currently available esophageal stents including biodegradable stents, various stent materials, stent designs, indications for esophageal stent placement in treating both benign and malignant esophageal diseases, clinical outcomes, complications, novel esophageal stents including drug fiber coated stents, dynamic esophageal stents, and the future direction of esophageal endoprosthetics.     

Placement of PEG tubes through previously placed self-expanding esophageal metal stents

BACKGROUND: Self-expanding metal stents are frequently used to palliate patients with malignant dysphagia and close tracheoesophageal fistulae. Despite proper stent positioning and deployment, in a subset of patients there is no improvement in dysphagia, closure of tracheoesophageal fistulae, or resolution of anorexia. Such patients may require a PEG tube. It has been suggested that PEG placement through a preexisting esophageal stent is problematic because of the risks of gastrostomy tube impaction within the stent and resultant stent migration. METHODS: Case records were retrospectively reviewed of 9 consecutive patients with indwelling esophageal self-expanding metal stents undergoing attempted PEG. OBSERVATIONS: PEG tube placement was successful in all patients. In 1 patient, the stent migrated distally into the stomach during PEG placement. This was managed endoscopically without further complication. CONCLUSIONS: PEG placement in patients with previously placed esophageal self-expanding metal stents is a relatively safe and feasible procedure, although stent migration may occur.     

Proximal migration of biliary stents: Attempted endoscopic retrieval in forty-one patients

Background: Proximal migration of a biliary stent is an uncommon event, but its management can present a technical challenge to the therapeutic endoscopist.Methods: We reviewed the methods that have been used for retrieval of proximally migrated biliary stents in a referral endoscopy center.Results: Forty-four cases were identified; 38 stents (86%) were extracted successfully. Half of the stents were retrieved after first passing a guide wire through the stent lumen. Various accessories were then used to withdraw the stents, the Soehendra device being the most popular. Nearly one third were retrieved by grasping the stents directly, usually with a wire basket or forceps. The remainder were recovered after using a stone retrieval balloon alongside the stents to provide traction indirectly. Interventional radiology techniques were needed in two cases, and surgery in one.Conclusions: Cannulating the stent lumen with a wire is often the best approach in patients with a biliary stricture or a nondilated duct. An over-the-wire accessory can then be used to secure the stent. In patients with a dilated duct, indirect traction with a balloon or direct grasping of the stent with a wire basket, snare, or forceps is usually successful. Using these techniques, most proximally migrated biliary stents can be retrieved endoscopically. (Gastrointest Endosc 1995;42:513-9.)     

Retrievable Esophageal Stents for Benign Indications

Until recently, esophageal stents have not been a realistic option for the management of benign disease owing to difficulty removing the stents and associated high complication rates. However, progress in esophageal stent design has led to the development of retrievable esophageal stents. Clinical experience has shown promise for the management of benign esophageal diseases with retrievable stents, including refractory strictures, esophageal leaks, fistula and perforations. They have been shown to be safe and effective, though stent migration remains a concern. This article reviews the current designs, indications, efficacy and complications of retrievable esophageal stents.     

Usefulness of biodegradable stents constructed of poly-l-lactic acid monofilaments in patients with benign esophageal stenosis

AIM: To report 13 patients with benign esophageal stenosis treated with the biodegradable stent. METHODS: We developed a Ultraflex-type stent by knitting poly-l-lactic acid monofilaments. RESULTS: Two cases were esophageal stenosis caused by drinking of caustic liquid, 4 cases were due to surgical resection of esophageal cancers, and 7 cases were patients with esophageal cancer who received the preventive placement of biodegradable stents for post- endoscopic mucosal dissection (ESD) stenosis. The preventive placement was performed within 2 to 3 d after ESD. In 10 of the 13 cases, spontaneous migration of the stents occurred between 10 to 21 d after placement. In these cases, the migrated stents were excreted with the feces, and no obstructive complications were experienced. In 3 cases, the stents remained at the proper location on d 21 after placement. No symptoms of re-stenosis were observed within the follow-up period of 7 mo to 2 years. Further treatment with balloon dilatation or replacement of the biodegradable stent was not required. CONCLUSION: Biodegradable stents were useful for the treatment of benign esophageal stenosis, particularly for the prevention of post-ESD stenosis.     

Usefulness of biodegradable stents constructed of poly-l-lactic acid monofilaments in patients with benign esophageal stenosis

AIM： To report 13 patients with benign esophagea stenosis treated with the biodegradable stent.
METHODS： We developed a Ultraflex-type stent by knitting poly-/-lactic acid rnonofilaments.
RESULTS： Two cases were esophageal stenosis caused by drinking of caustic liquid, 4 cases were due to surgical resection of esophageal cancers, and 7 cases were patients with esophageal cancer who received the preventive placement of biodegradable stents for postendoscopic mucosal dissection （ESD） stenosis. The preventive placement was performed within 2 to 3 d after ESD. In 10 of the 13 cases, spontaneous migration of the stents occurred between 10 to 21 d after placement. In these cases, the migrated stents were excreted with the feces, and no obstructive complications were experienced. In 3 cases, the stents remained at the proper location on d 21 after placement. No symptoms of re-stenosis were observed within the follow-up period of 7 mo to 2 years. Further treatment with balloon dilatation or replacement of the biodegradable stent was not required.
CONCLUSION： Biodegradable stents were useful for the treatment of benign esophageal stenosis, particularly for the prevention of post-ESD stenosis.