绝经后妇女桡骨远端骨质疏松性骨折相关因素的研究

目的 探讨绝经后妇女桡骨远端骨质疏松性骨折的危险因素,雌激素受体-α（ER-α）基因多态性与骨密度的关系.方法 以哈尔滨地区自然绝经后妇女108名为研究对象,采用问卷调查的方式,测量腰椎（L2-4）、股骨近端和桡骨远端的骨密度,分为桡骨远端骨质疏松性骨折组、骨质疏松症组和正常对照组.利用PCR-限制性片段长度多态技术检测ER-α基因的PvuⅡ和Xba Ⅰ的酶切多态性,分析基因多态性与骨密度之间的关系.结果 骨折组各部位骨密度均低于正常对照组各部位骨密度,差异有显著统计学意义（P＜0.01）,骨折组与骨质疏松症组各部位骨密度差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.Ca、P、AKP在不同组间无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.文化程度高、身高较高、月经初潮较早、钙制剂、牛奶饮用量、VD、体重指数大是桡骨远端骨质疏松性骨折的保护性因素,有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,绝经年龄早、绝经年限长、妊娠次数多、多产次、身高缩短为桡骨远端骨质疏松性骨折的危险因素,有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.ER-α基因PvuⅡ多态性与股骨颈、大转子及桡骨远端骨密度有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,PP基因型较Pp及pp型具有更低的骨密度值,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,Xba Ⅰ多态性与骨密度无相关性（P＞0.05）.结论 文化程度高、身高较高、月经初潮较早、钙制剂、牛奶饮用量、VD、体重指数大是桡骨远端骨质疏松性骨折的保护性因素,绝经年龄早、绝经年限长、妊娠次数多、多产次、身高缩短为桡骨远端骨质疏松性骨折的危险因素.ER-α基因PvuⅡ多态性与股骨颈、大转子及桡骨远端骨密度具有相关性.     

绝经后妇女年龄、绝经年龄、绝经年限与腰椎和髋部骨密度的关系分析

目的 探讨绝经后妇女年龄、绝经年龄、绝经年限与腰椎和髋部骨密度的关系.方法 调查248名健康的绝经后妇女的年龄、绝经年龄、绝经年限,测量身高、体重、正位腰椎（L2～L4）、髋部骨密度进行分析.结果 随着绝经年限的增长,腰椎和髋部骨密度逐渐降低.单因素相关分析表明年龄、绝经年限与腰椎及髋部各部位骨密度呈显著负相关（P＜0.01）,绝经年龄与腰椎及髋部各部位骨密度无显著相关性（P＞0.05）.调整身高、体重指数后,年龄、绝经年龄与腰椎及髋部骨密度呈显著负相关（P＜0.01）,绝经年龄与腰椎及髋部各部位骨密度无显著相关性（P＞0.05）.多元逐步回归分析显示绝经年限与腰椎、股骨颈及股骨大转子的骨密度呈显著负相关（P＜0.01）,年龄与腰椎、股骨颈及Ward三角区骨密度呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）.结论 年龄、绝经年限与腰椎和髋部骨密度有关.     

2 224例女性月经史及绝经年龄、绝经年限与骨质疏松症相关性研究

目的 分析兰州市两社区45岁以上女性初潮年龄、月经周期、月经天数及绝经年龄、绝经年限与骨质疏松症相关性。方法 采用现场问卷调查方式获取初潮年龄、月经周期、月经天数及绝经年龄、绝经年限等相关资料，应用双能X线骨密度检测仪测定骨密度。结果 ①骨质疏松症患病率为32.73 %，患病率随初潮年龄增加（P<0.01）及月经周期延长（P<0.05）而上升；患病率随月经天数增加而逐渐降低，但差异无统计学意义（P=0.104）；②绝经后女性患病率（35.91 %）显著高于未绝经女性（5.22 %），组间差异存在统计学意义（P＜0.01）；不同绝经年龄与绝经年限组间差异存在统计学意义（P＜0.01）。③单因素Logistic分析显示，初潮年龄、绝经史、绝经年龄、绝经年限与骨质疏松相关（P<0.05）。结论 兰州市两社区45岁以上女性骨质疏松症发生与初潮年龄、绝经史、绝经年龄、绝经年限相关，初潮年龄早、月经周期长、绝经年龄早、绝经年限长的绝经后女性应提早筛查、预防骨质疏松症的发生。     

未绝经女性甲亢患者血25羟维生素D水平与骨密度的关系

目的 观察未绝经女性甲亢患者骨密度及血钙、血磷、血碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、血浆25羟维生素D[25(OH)D]、血浆甲状旁腺激素（PTH）水平变化,分析未绝经女性甲亢患者血浆25(OH)D与骨密度的关系。方法 选取50例初发或复发的未绝经女性甲亢患者,51例正常对照人群,应用双能X线吸收仪（DXA）测定腰椎1-4、股骨颈、股骨大转子、Ward三角和全股骨的骨密度,电化学发光法测定血浆25(OH)D和PTH,生化法测定血钙、磷、ALP。结果 甲亢组L1、Ward三角骨密度均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义。与对照组相比,甲亢组血钙、血ALP、血浆25(OH)D水平升高,血浆PTH降低,差异均有统计学意义。甲亢组维生素D缺乏17例(34%) , 不足19例(38%) , 充足14例(28%)。对照组维生素D缺乏30例(59%) , 不足18例(35%), 充足3例(6%)。相关分析示,两组血浆25（OH）D与L1、L2、L3、L4、L1-4、股骨颈、股骨大转子、Ward三角、全股骨骨密度均无相关性。Pearson相关分析示,甲亢组血浆25(OH)D与PTH呈负相关（r=-0.378,P<0.01）。结论 未绝经女性甲亢患者L1、Ward三角骨密度降低。未绝经女性甲亢患者血浆25(OH)D升高,可能与高血钙、PTH分泌抑制、高血磷导致1-α-羟化酶活性降低有关。未绝经女性甲亢患者血浆25(OH)D水平与骨密度无直接关系。     

甲状腺结节内钙化与甲状腺癌的关系研究

目的 探讨超声探测到的甲状腺结节内钙化与甲状腺癌的关系.方法 收集本院5年间行甲状腺手术患者4186例,对比甲状腺结节术前彩色超声检查与术后病理诊断.结果 甲状腺癌患者甲状腺结节内钙化,微小钙化和非微小钙化的发生率明显高于良性疾病中的发生率(P＜0.05).微小钙化对于预测甲状腺癌更有意义(P＜0.01),它在≥45岁和＜45岁组问比例分别为2.4%和16.8%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);钙化在不同性别问差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);伴钙化的恶性结节在单发与多发组间比例为70.7%和49.1%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 超声探测到微小钙化病灶对诊断甲状腺癌的特异性高,特别是对乳头状甲状腺癌.微小钙化对诊断微小乳头状癌有重要临床意义.     

甲状腺功能异常患者血生化、骨代谢及骨密度特点的临床研究

目的观察甲状腺功能减退症及甲状腺功能亢进症对骨密度以及骨代谢相关指标的影响。方法纳入甲状腺功能减退症女性37例为甲减组,甲状腺功能亢进症女性41例为甲亢组,健康体检女性人员40例为对照组。观察3组甲状腺功能指标血游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT_3)、游离甲状腺激素(FT_4)和高敏感促甲状腺激素(TSH);骨代谢指标血Ca~(2+)、血P~(3+)、1,25-(OH)_2D_3、甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、血清Ⅰ型胶原羧基端吡啶并啉交联肽(ICTP)以及血清骨钙蛋白(BGP)以及左侧股骨颈、正位腰椎1-4(L_(1-4))的骨密度情况。结果甲亢组血清FT_3、FT_4、ALP、BGP、ICTP水平高于对照组(P0.05),甲亢组血清TSH水平低于对照组(P0.05)。甲减组血清TSH水平高于对照组(P0.05),而血清FT_3、FT_4、ALP、BGP、ICTP水平显著低于对照组(P0.05)。甲亢及甲减组L1-4及左股骨颈骨密度显著低于对照组(P0.05)。3组受试者PTH、CT、Ca~(2+)、P~(3+)、1,25-(OH)_2D_3比较无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论甲亢及甲减都可以引起骨量丢失,骨密度降低;主要通过影响骨转化来实现的;应该重视甲状腺功能异常引起的骨密度及骨代谢异常。     

甲状腺固定解除在腔镜下甲状腺功能亢进手术中的应用研究

目的探讨腔镜下手术治疗甲状腺功能亢进（甲亢）的实用性和安全性。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2011年12月收治的115例甲亢患者资料,术前准备方法相同及采用甲状腺固定解除手术方式的45例患者入组,分为开放手术组（28例）和腔镜手术组（17例）,对两组患者年龄、手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、术后并发症、住院天数、住院费用等数据进行统计学分析。结果开放组平均年龄（34.6±10.1）岁,腔镜组（27.1±5.7）岁,两组年龄差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。两组术中出血量、住院天数、住院费用、服碘前甲状腺容积、术后低钙血症、喉返或喉上神经损伤等数据差异无统计学意义。开放组手术时间平均（1.68±0.69）h,术后引流量平均（95.0±68.3）ml;腔镜组手术时间平均（2.87±0.67）h,术后引流量平均（179.7±70.8）ml,两组数据差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。腔镜组无一例中转为开放手术,随访至今无甲状腺功能低下或甲亢复发者。结论腔镜下采用甲状腺固定解除手术方式治疗甲亢是安全、可行的。     

男性高血压患者QCT检测与腰椎骨密度的相关性

目的 应用QCT测量腰椎骨密度，探讨男性高血压患者血压水平与腰椎骨密度之间的相关性。方法 选取2020年12月至2022年1月于青岛市市立医院住院男性患者361例，年龄21~80岁；收集其一般资料，按照血压分为正常血压人群、高血压1级人群、高血压2级人群、高血压3级人群；对其行上中腹部CT平扫，使用定量CT获取腰椎骨密度，按照腰椎BMD测量值分为骨量正常组、低骨量组、骨质疏松组。结果 在各年龄人群中，不同骨量组BMI、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）及低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）之间的差异无明显统计学意义（P＞0.05），在51~65岁组、66~80岁组中，腰椎骨密度随三酰甘油（TG）的升高而减低（P＜0.05）。在51~65岁年龄组中，不同血压等级人群的腰椎骨密度差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05），高血压病程、SBP、DBP、PP与腰椎骨密度呈负相关（P＜0.05）。50岁以上中老年人血压分级越高，低骨量及骨质疏松发病率越高。多元线性逐步回归分析结果显示年龄、SBP、TG、BMI最终进入方程。结论 50~65岁男性人群高血压与骨密度有一定相关性。年龄、SBP及TG是腰椎骨密度降低的独立危险因素，BMI是腰椎骨密度降低的保护因素。     

喝牛奶与绝经后妇女骨密度关系的临床研究

目的 探讨喝牛奶与绝经后妇女骨密度的相关性。方法 随机选择1478例福州汉族绝经后妇女,喝牛奶组795例,不喝牛奶组683例,双能X线骨密度仪测定腰椎、股骨颈、大转子和Ward区骨密度,SPSS 18.0统计软件分析喝牛奶与不同部位骨密度的关系。结果 ①喝牛奶组与不喝牛奶组两组比较,结果为年龄、体重、质量指数有差异。②腰椎骨密度与年龄、体重指数、喝牛奶、体重进行逐步回归分析（y=0.843-0.003×年龄-0.010×BMI+0.006×体重+0.016×喝牛奶,β=0.392,回归系数t检验P=0.000）,体重对腰椎骨密度影响较大。③体重、体重指数、年龄为协变量,喝牛奶为变量,行协方差分析,喝牛奶组腰椎BMD（0.754±0.138g/cm2）明显高于不喝牛奶组（0.742±0.113g/cm2）,统计学有显著性差异(F=5.935,P=0.015),股骨颈骨密度无差异。④喝牛奶组骨质疏松患病率为69.18%,不喝牛奶组患病率为71.16%,两者比较无差异（P=0.42）。结论 喝牛奶可维持绝经后女性腰椎高骨密度,这类人群适量饮用牛奶,一定程度上,具有预防骨质疏松的作用。     

绝经后哈萨克族妇女髋部骨密度与体质指数关系的相关研究

目的探讨绝经后哈萨克族妇女髋部体质指数（BMI）与骨密度（BMD）的相关关系。方法对符合条件的1009名绝经后哈萨克族妇女进行髋部BMD及BMI检测,按BMI的不同分为低体质量组、正常体质量组和超体质量组,比较3组身高、年龄以及BMD的差异。再将3个组按年龄分为41~50岁、51~60岁、61~70岁、71~80岁、81~90岁5个亚组,比较各亚组BMD的不同。结果绝经后哈萨克族妇女正常体质量组、超体质量组BMD均显著高于低体质量组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。随年龄增大,各组骨密度均有所下降（P〈0．05）。正常体质量组、超体质量组60岁以上亚组BMD均高于低体质量组,差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）;71～80岁亚组中超体质量组BMD高于正常体质量组,差异有统计学意义（尸〈O．05）。结论BMI、年龄是影响哈萨克族绝经后妇女髋部BMD的重要因素,对低BMI及高龄人群应定期监测BMD,早期发现骨量减少和骨质疏松,以便进行早期干预治疗。     

Management of the thyroid nodule

The purpose of this article is to propose a diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the thyroid nodule. The clinical presentation of thyroid nodules is heterogeneous. The task of the surgeon is to classify the nodule, stratify risk, plan and perform surgical treatment and provide appropriate follow-up. Although differentiated thyroid carcinoma has a mostly benign prognosis, follow-up should last a lifetime. Also, pathology can change with time. It is known that a benign thyroid nodule, silent for a long time, can suddenly increase in size and show signs of malignancy.     

Management of the thyroid nodule

The purpose of this article is to propose a diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the thyroid nodule. The clinical presentation of thyroid nodules is heterogeneous. The task of the surgeon is to classify the nodule, stratify risks, plan treatment and appropriate follow-up. Although differentiated thyroid carcinoma has a mostly benign prognosis, follow-up should last a lifetime. Also, pathology can change with time. It is known that a benign thyroid nodule, silent for a long time, can suddenly increase in size and show signs of malignancy.     

Thyroid calcification and its association with thyroid carcinoma

AIM: Calcification within the thyroid gland may occur in both benign and malignant thyroid disease, and its detection on ultrasonography is frequently dismissed by many clinicians as an incidental finding of little significance. As a tertiary referral center, most of our thyroid patients will have had thyroid ultrasonography before being referred to us, and in our experience, the incidence of malignancy in a thyroid nodule containing calcification seems to be higher than that in the average thyroid nodule. To assess this risk, we conducted this retrospective review. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our analysis included 462 consecutive patients who underwent thyroid surgery at our institution between 1995 and 1999. We reviewed all the patients' charts for data regarding clinical findings, preoperative diagnostic investigations, and histopathologic diagnosis. Of the 462 patients, 361 (78.1%) had thyroid ultrasonography before surgery, and 49 (13.6%) of these ultrasounds showed intrathyroidal calcification. RESULTS: Of the 49 patients whose ultrasounds showed intrathyroidal calcification, 29 (59.2%) were found on histopathologic examination to have thyroid carcinoma. Twelve of the remaining 20 patients had multinodular goiters. Of the 29 patients with malignancy, seven (24.1%) had preoperative fine-needle aspirates that were reported as benign. After excluding patients who were initially seen with multinodular disease, in the subset of 37 patients who presented with a solitary thyroid lesion with calcification, 28 (75.7%) were found to have carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: When calcification is noted within a solitary thyroid nodule, the risk of malignancy is very high. Surgery should be recommended regardless of the result of fine-needle aspiration cytologic findings.     

Unusual Malignant Thyroid Tumours - a Clinical Study of 20 Cases

The aim of this study is to assess late results of surgical treatment for primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma (PNHL), thyroid sarcomas (TS) and tumour metastases (TM) of the thyroid gland.

Materials and methods : Between January 1^st, 1990 and December 31^st, 2005, 12725 patients were surgically treated for various types of goitre. Malignant tumour was diagnosed in 617 (4.9%) cases, consisting of 597 (96.8%) patients with thyroid carcinoma and 20 (3.2%) with other tumours, which included 9 (1.5%) cases of PNHL, 9 (1.5%) cases of TM and 2 (0.2%) patients who showed TS.

Results : In the group of patients diagnosed with PNHL, variant B-cell lymphoma predominated (77.8%), and in cases of patients with TM renal cell carcinoma prevailed (77.8%). In all cases, hypo-echogenic nodules were observed in ultrasonography and cold nodules in scintigraphy. All patients were surgically treated with possible complementary chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. At present, 5 patients with PNHL are alive - 43–93 (average of 63.8) months after the operation. Others have died within a period of 2 days to 3 months after the operation. Two patients with TM are alive - 19 and 46 (median 32.5) months after the operation. Others have died within a period of 3 to 62 (median 21) months after the operation. Patients with TS have died respectively 19 days and 13 months after the operation. Conclusions :

1. Patients with primary thyroid lymphomas should be approached individually using all available methods of treatment, including surgery and radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy.

2. Diagnosis of cold nodules in patients with oncological history should always arouse suspicion of metastases to the thyroid gland.

3. Diagnosis of non-thyroid cancer prior to surgery is difficult to obtain.

4. The need for surgery is usually based on local compression.     

Follicular adenoma in ectopic thyroid. A case-report

IntroductionThe term ectopic thyroid refers to the presence of thyroid tissue located far from its usual anatomic placement and with no vascular connection to the main gland. The presence of swelling in atypical locations is diagnostically differentiated from other pathologies like pleomorphic adenoma or carcinoma, inflammatory lesions like sialadenitis, neurogenic tumors, paraganglioma, fibrolipoma and lymphadenopaties of diverse etiologies.Presentation of caseHere we present the case of a submandibular ectopic thyroid in a 67 year old woman. She came to our attention for a left submandibular swelling. The anamnesis did not show related pathologies, as well as blood tests. Diagnostic image studies and a FNAC were performed. The mass was surgically removed and histopatology showed a follicular adenoma in the contest of the capsulated lesion.DiscussionIt is important to not underestimate these types of lesions and procede with hematochemical, instrumental tests and above all surgery that can eliminate any diagnostic uncertainty and on the whole be therapeutic.ConclusionIt should not be forgotten that ectopic thyroid tissue can be a site for adenoma or papillary carcinoma and thus any watch and wait strategy should be avoided.     

与甲状腺癌共存的其它甲状腺疾病（附49例临床分析）

本文报告了甲状腺癌与甲状腺其它疾病共存４９例，包括甲状腺癌与甲状腺瘤共存３０例，与结节性甲状腺肿共存８例，与原发性甲亢共存８例，与甲状旁腺瘤共存１例以及甲状腺癌与甲状腺鳞癌共存２例。文章根据临床资料对共存两者的因果关系分别进行了讨论，并对甲状腺癌与甲状腺其它疾病其存的临床特点、诊断与治疗作了简要描述。     

Relation of Thyroid Disfunction,Thyroid Autoantibodies,and Renal Function

Fifty-eight patients with thyroid dysfunction were included, comparing 27 healthy subjects to evaluate the relationship between thyroid autoimmunity, thyroid functional status, and renal function. Regardless of clinical status, hypothyroidism was defined as T3–T4 < normal limits and TSH>upper limit of normal, and hyperthyroidism was defined as T3–T4>normal limits and TSH < 0.1 mcU/mL. In all participants, serum antithyroperoxidase level, serum antithyroglobulin level, creatinine clearance (CC), and urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) in 24-h urine collections were measured. Of 85 persons, 41 patients ages 20 to 71 years (median; 44) had hypothyroidism, 17 patients ages 22 to 56 years (median; 32) had hyperthyroidism, and 27 subjects ages 20 to 67 years (median; 50) were normal. Regarding thyroid autoantibody positiveness, the positive group had a higher UAER than the negative group (30.2 mg/day, 20.8 mg/day, respectively; p = 0.05). In hypothyroid patients, UAER was significantly higher than in hyperthyroid patients and control subjects (30.1 mg/day, 11.8 mg/day, 10.5 mg/day, respectively; p < 0.001). In the hypothyroid population, with regard to UAER and CC, we could not find a significant difference between the thyroid autoantibody positive and negative groups. In view of CC, hypothyroid patients had significantly lower CC than the hyperthyroid group (79.0 mL/min, 86.5 mL/min, respectively; p < 0.01). A careful control of the renal function in thyroid diseases should be evaluated. Renal dysfunction seems to be secondary to hypothyroidism rather than thyroid autoimmunity.     

Thyroid carcinoma in an endemic area rresenting as solitary thyroid nodules

A retrospective analysis of 66 cases of thyroid cancer presenting as a solitary thyroid nodule (STN) from an endemic area is presented herein. The workup included TSH estimation and radionuclide scanning and patients were divided into two groups. Group A included cases of STN carcinoma diagnosed histologically in patients clinically presenting as a benign STN. Of all the patients who presented with a benign STN, malignancy was found more frequently in ‘cold’ nodules (13.5 per cent), than in nodules with a different presentation on scintiscanning (0–9.5 per cent). Cancers occurred in 5 per cent of the females and in 19.5 per cent of the males. Group B included patients with overt signs of malignancy. In both groups, the clinical behaviour was determined by the stage at presentation according to TNM classification. TNM staging was found to be a good prognostic indicator, comparable to histopathology. Thus, locoregional recurrence and mortality were found to be higher in advanced T3 lesions and in Group B patients. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that STN cancers may either be an earlier stage of the disease or that the STN cancers in the two groups may be separate disease entities.