7岁以下儿童急性下呼吸道感染病原学研究

目的 探讨苏州地区7岁以下儿童急性下呼吸道感染的痛原学分布.方法 对2007年10月至2008年3月间苏州大学附属儿童医院呼吸科住院患儿中7岁以下急性下呼吸道感染住院患儿810例,采用无菌负压吸引法采集新鲜痰液,进行细茵培养,直接免疫荧光法检测病毒,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测血清支原体、衣原体抗体.结果 810例患儿中556例病原栓测阳性(68.6%),单纯病毒感染181例(22.3%),单纯细菌感染124例(15.3%),单纯支原体感染72例(8.9%),单纯衣原体感染10例(1.2%),混合感染169例(20.9%).病毒以呼吸道合胞病毒为主(35.8%),细菌则以肺炎链球菌为主(13.8%),其次为流感嗜血杆菌(4.6%).结论 苏州地区7岁以下儿童急性下呼吸道感染最常见痛原是病毒,其次是细菌、支原体、衣原体.支原体感染多见于1岁以上儿童,混合感染则多见于3岁以下儿童.     

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??Objective To investigate the clinical relevance of multiple viral infections in children with acute lower respiratory disease. Methods A total of 1722 children with clinical diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection ??ALRTI?? during the period of October 2007 to September 2011 were involved in our study. One nasopharyngeal aspirate specimen was collected from each patient. ??RT?? PCRs were performed to detect common respiratory tract viruses including respiratory syncytial virus ??RSV?? ?? rhinovirus ??RV?? ?? influenza virus type A and B?? parainfluenza virus ??PIV?? type 1-4?? adenovirus ??enterovirus?? human coronavirus?? human metapneumonia virus and human bocavirus. Results Totally 206 children had single RSV infection?? 124 children had dual infections ??RSV co-infected with an additional virus?? and 40 children had multiple infections along with a RSV infection. Out of the 124 patients?? 68??54.8%?? were co-infected with RV?? 24 with PIV. There was a statistically significant difference between the dual viral infections group and the RSV-infected group in hospital stay??P??0.001??. Compared to patients in the single RSV infected group?? patients in the multiple viral infection group had significantly more frequency in fever ??P??0.017???? duration of fever longer??P??0.015???? hospital stay also longer??P??0.001????and they received more intravenous steroid therapy during hospitalization??P??0.005??. There was no significant difference in oxygen therapy?? respiratory support and use of bronchodilators. Conclusion Multiple viral infections are linked to more frequency in fever?? longer fever days?? longer hospital stay?? and more frequent use of intravenous steroid therapy during hospitalization. Mixed respiratory virus infection may affect the patient's disease severity and prognosis.     

Serodiagnosis of acute respiratory infections in children in Georgia

Objective To investigate the etiology of acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children. Methods A total of 808 children were studied. Investigation ofRSV, Adenovirus, Parainfluenza, Influenza A and B, C.trachomatis, C.pneumoniae, M. pneumonia andLegionella were performed with an ELISA for IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies detection. Results There were 496 males and 312 females giving a male: female ratio of 1.6∶1. Ages range from 1 month to 15 years. The overall detection rate was 57.9%. The most frequently detected were:parainfluenza 12.6%,adenovirus 11.2%,influenza A 7.3%,RSV 6%,M. pneumoniae 5.4%,C.trachomatis 3.5% and mixed-infections 9.2%. Pneumonia was associated most frequently withadenovirus and mixed-infections; wheezing bronchitis—withadenovirus, RSV andM. pneumoniae; bronchitis —withparainfluenza andadenovirus, diseases of upper respiratory tract—withparainfluenza andadenovirus. Peak of the virus activity was during winter (influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, RSV) and autumn (parainfluenza, RSV). Conclusion Viruses are the main causes of ARI in Georgian children. A better understanding of the etiology of ARI in all of the regions of the world may be helpful for timely decision of specific therapy, which can help pediatricians to estimate and manage children with ARI.     

Young Malaysian children with lower respiratory tract infections show low incidence of chlamydial infection

Objective: The incidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection was studied among infants and young children admitted to hospital for the management of lower respiratory tract infections, over a 12 month period.
Methodology: Respiratory secretions were examined for chlamydiae by cell culture, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction-enzyme immunoassay. Sera were tested by micro-immunofluorescence for chlamydial IgG, IgM and IgA. Other bacterial and viral pathogens were also looked for by standard cultural and serological methods.
Results: Of 87 patients aged 2 months-3 years, an aetiologic diagnosis was made in 41 (47.1%). C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis were each detected in 1 (1.2%) of the patients. Among common bacterial pathogens, Haemophilus influenzae (13.8%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (8.1%) were the most frequently identified. Respiratory viruses and elevated Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibodies were found in 10.3% and 9.1% of patients, respectively.
Conclusion: Chlamydiae are infrequent causes of community-acquired acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants and very young children in Malaysia.     

上海地区急性呼吸道感染患儿病毒病原学研究

目的探讨上海地区近5年来急性呼吸道感染患儿病毒病原和支原体病原感染状况。方法采用系列呼吸道病毒单克隆抗体桥联酶标法或聚合酶链反应技术,对上海地区5年中的急性呼吸道感染患儿5496例标本进行病毒学或肺炎支原体-DNA检测。结果检出病毒阳性2257例,阳性率41.07％以上,肺炎支原体-DNA检出率16.2％(572／3538)。结论连续5年中上海地区有2次急性呼吸道病毒感染发病高峰(1994年和1998年),病毒性感染流行季节主要在每年1～2月和11～12月。     

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目的探讨急性下呼吸道感染住院患儿病毒病原学情况,及其与年龄、呼吸道疾病的关系。方法选择温州医学院附属育英儿童医院2003年1月～2005年1月因急性下呼吸道感染住院治疗的儿童2073例,取其鼻咽分泌物,采用直接荧光免疫法检测7项呼吸道病毒抗原,分析其结果。结果2073例患儿送检标本,阳性1006份,阳性率48.5%。阳性标本中呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)798例(79.3%),副流感病毒Ⅲ型(PIVⅢ)106例(10.5%),腺病毒(ADV)31例(3.0%),流感病毒A型(IVA)26例(2.6%),流感病毒B型(IVB)6例(0.6%),副流感病毒Ⅰ型(PIVⅠ)15例(1.5%)、RSV和IVA混合感染18例(1.8%),RSV和PIVⅢ混合感染3例(0.3%),RSV和PIVⅠ混合感染3例(0.3%),PIVⅡ未检测到。结论温州地区急性下呼吸道感染以RSV为主要病原,婴幼儿(尤其<6个月)病毒感染率较高,好发于冬春季节,以急性毛细支气管炎的检出率最高(61.3%)。     

北京地区儿童急性下呼吸道感染的病原学研究

目的 探讨儿童急性下呼吸道感染（ＡＬＲＩ）的病原学。方法 采用血培养及常用的抗原、抗体检测方法检测１０２例ＡＬＲＩ患儿常见的致病原。结果 ⑴１０２例儿童ＡＬＲＩ中,明确病原诊断的有６０例（５８．８％）。⑵在检出病原的６０例中,单纯细胞菌感染１５例（２５％）,单纯病毒感染１９例（３２％）,单纯支原体感染８例（１３％）,单纯衣原体感染１例（２％）,混合感染１７例（２８％）。⑶检出的主要病原：１０２例Ａ     

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目的 了解儿童急性下呼吸道感染(ALRTI)病毒病原学特点.方法 2007年3月至2008年2月,在北京儿童医院内科就诊及住院治疗的临床诊断为ALRTI的患儿共572例.对每例患儿在就诊当日或次日采集鼻咽吸取物1份,采用逆转录(RT)-PCR方法进行常见呼吸道病毒核酸检测,包括呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、鼻病毒(RV)、副流感病毒(PIV)1～4型、甲型及乙型流感病毒(IFA、IFB)、腺病毒(AdV)、肠道病毒(EV)、冠状病毒(HCoV)、偏肺病毒(hMPV)及博卡病毒(HBoV).结果 572例患儿标本中,444例检出至少1种病毒,总检出率77.6%.各种病毒中,RSV检出率最高,占48.3%,其次是RV(27.1%)和PIV(13.3%).不同年龄组病毒的总检出率差异有统计学意义,<3岁组检出率较高,≥5岁组病毒检出率明显降低.不同年龄组JLRTI病原谱有所不同,<5岁各组主要是RSV、RV、PIV,而≥5岁组则主要为RV、IFV、RSV.572例中,158例(27.6%)检出2种或2种以上病毒,<1岁惠儿混合感染率最高,为40.2%,随年龄增长混合感染率逐渐下降,≥5岁患儿混合感染率仅为14.0%.结论 就诊于北京儿童医院的ALRTI患儿中,5岁以下者ALRTI的主要病毒病原是RSV、RV、PIV;≥5岁则主要为RV、IFV、RSV.     

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??Objective??In order to understand the epidemiological and virologic characteristics of WU Polyomaviruses ??WUPyV?? and KI Polyomaviruses ??KIPyV?? infection in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection ??ARTI?? in Changsha. Methods??A total of773 nasopharyngeal aspirates ??NPA?? specimens were collected from hospitalized children with ARTI between September 2007 and March 2008 inChangsha. Specimens were screened for WUPyV and KIPyV by nested polymerase chain reaction. All positive amplification products were confirmedby sequencing and compared with those in GenBank. Results??Polyomaviruses were detected in 53 patients ??6.8%?? out of the 773 children ??WUPyV was 5.0%??KIPyV was 1.8%??. The patients were from 20 days to 5 years. Similarity of WUPyV and KIPyV with those published in the GenBank at nucleotide levels was 93%??100% and 95%??100%?? respectively. Conclusion??WUPyV and KIPyV may be important pathogens in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection and associated with lower respiratory diseases.     

Chlamydia pneumoniae in children with acute respiratory tract infections

Children seeking medical attention for acute respiratory tract infections were investigated for evidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Blood samples were obtained from 367 children. Nasopharyngeal or throat swabs for PCR analysis (polymerase chain reaction) were taken from 360 children. Serology was found to be useful for diagnosis of infection only in children aged 5 y. Using PCR, a prevalence of 8 and 10% of C pneumoniae was found in male and female children aged < 2 y; 17 and 19%, respectively, in the age group 2-4 y and 32 and 21%, respectively, in the age group 5–16 y. We conclude that Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common finding in young children with respiratory tract infections. Younger children were more often found to have a moderate disease, but may have been ill for a long period.     

1165例急性下呼吸道感染住院儿童的病毒病原学分析

目的：了解长沙地区急性下呼吸道感染(ALRTI) 住院儿童中常见呼吸道病毒的流行特点,为本地区儿童ALRTI的防治提供依据。方法：收集2007年9月至2008年8月诊断为ALRTI的住院患儿鼻咽抽吸物标本1165份,采用RT-PCR方法检测呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、鼻病毒(HRV)、流感病毒A(IFVA)、流感病毒B(IFVB)、副流感病毒1~3(PIV1~3)、偏肺病毒(hMPV)、冠状病毒NL63(HCoV-NL63)及冠状病毒HKU1(HCoV-HKU1);PCR方法检测腺病毒(ADV)、博卡病毒(HBoV);巢式PCR方法检测多瘤病毒WU(WUPyV）和多瘤病毒KI(KIPyV)。并对阳性标本进行基因测序以证实。结果：1165份标本中有871份检出了病毒,总检出率74.76%,其中RSV最为常见,检出率为27.03%,其次为HRV（17.33%）、PIV3（13.73%）及新发现病毒HBoV(8.67%)和hMPV(6.52%)。病毒总检出率在男女之间差异无统计学意义,但男性PIV3、hMPV和HBoV的阳性检出率高于女性。病毒阳性检出率在各年龄组之间差异有统计学意义（χ2=10.934,P=0.027）,以6个月至1岁以内年龄组检出率最高。病毒总检出率在四季分布差异有统计学意义（χ2=12.307,P=0.006）,以冬季检出率最高。结论：病毒病原在长沙地区儿童ALRTI中占重要地位,其中RSV、HRV及PIV3是主要病毒病原,近年新发现的HBoV和hMPV也占较高比例;病毒检出率以6个月至1岁以内年龄组最高;冬季病毒总检出率高于其他季节。     

The presence of clinical signs in malnourished infants with acute lower respiratory tract infections

OBJECTIVES:

To determine the reliability of respiratory rate and subcostal retractions in diagnosing acute lower respiratory tract infection in malnourished children.

METHODS:

One hundred forty-three children with acute lower respiratory tract infection were classified according to the Gomez classification as normal, mildly, moderately or severely malnourished. The presence of tachypnea, subcostal retractions and the sensitivity of either sign in identifying children with a clinical and radiological diagnosis of acute lower respiratory tract infection in each of the nutritional categories were evaluated and compared.

RESULTS:

According to the Gomez classification, 21 (15%) of 143 subjects were severely malnourished, 40 (28%) were moderately malnourished, 38 (26%) were mildly malnourished and 44 (31%) were well nourished. The mean respiratory rates in subjects with normal nutrition and in mildly, moderately and severely malnourished subjects were 62.6±9.38 breaths/min, 61.3±5.57 breaths/min, 57.6±11.65 breaths/min and 49.9±9.04 breaths/min, respectively. The mean respiratory rate of those with normal nutrition was not significantly different from that of those with mild malnutrition (P>0.05), but there was a statistically significant difference between the normal subjects and both the moderately malnourished (P=0.03) and severely malnourished (P<0.001) subjects. Subcostal retraction was observed in 78% of total children, which represents 41 (93%) subjects with normal nutrition, 34 (89%) mildly malnourished subjects, 30 (75%) moderately malnourished subjects and 10 (47%) severely malnourished subjects.There was no statistically significant difference between the frequencies of subcostal retractions observed in children with normal nutrition and mildly malnourished children (P>0.05), but subcostal retraction frequencies were significantly lower both in moderately (P=0.03) and severely (P<0.001) malnourished children. Tachypnea frequency was also found to be significantly lower in moderately (P=0.04) and severely (P=0.03) malnourished children compared with the normal group. As a consequence, the sensitivity of the presence of both of these signs was found to be lower in these two groups. The coexistence rates of both findings were 95% for the patients with normal nutrition and 47% for the severely malnourished patients.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current World Health Organization algorithm must be supported with other signs for the diagnosis of acute lower respiratory tract infection, especially in severely mal-nourished children.     

急性呼吸道感染儿童两亚型呼吸道合胞病毒检测分析

目的 了解2006-2007年度重庆地区住院急性呼吸道感染(ARTIs)儿童两亚型呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)的感染特点及流行规律.方法 收集2006年4月至2007年3月全年在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科住院的部分ARTIs患儿的鼻咽深部吸取物390份,针对RSV G基因保守区序列设计分型引物,采用RT-PCR方法检测标本中RSV的基因组RNA.结果 390例标本中RSV阳性例数为133例(133/390,阳性率为34.10%).阳性标本中A亚型阳性129例,B亚型阳性4例.RSV阳性患儿中,84.9%为2岁以下小儿.2006年11月～2007年1月为RSV高发季节,RSV检测阳性率为55.6%～62.3%,2006年12月RSV检测阳性率最高.B亚型出现于本地区RSV感染低发季节(4、5、6月).RSV感染的临床表现主要为发热(56.4%)、咳嗽(98.5%)、喘息(63.9%)、气促(76.7%)、紫绀(84.9%).临床诊断依次为毛细支气管炎(33.1%),支气管肺炎(27.8%),间质性肺炎(18.1%),重症肺炎伴呼吸衰竭(10.5%),喘息性支气管炎(5.3%),支气管哮喘(4.5%).结论 本研究初步阐明了重庆地区两亚型RSV感染的流行病学特点,证实RSV是重庆地区冬春季婴幼儿ARI的重要病原,2006-2007年度以A亚型RSV流行为主.今后的研究将纳入门诊及社区惠儿并进行多年度连续监测以进一步阐明重庆地区两亚型RSV流行规律及病毒进化特点.     

儿童急性下呼吸道感染病毒病原学分析

目的了解儿童急性下呼吸道感染病毒病原学特点。方法采用直接免疫荧光法(DIF),对2007年9月—2009年9月住院的5480例0～12岁下呼吸道感染患儿鼻咽分泌物进行8种病毒检测。结果5480例患儿中,2710例检出至少1种病毒,总检出率49.5%。呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)检出最多,为1386例,占51.1%,其余,依次是偏肺病毒(hMPV)513例(18.9%),副流感病毒Ⅲ(PIVⅢ)338例(12.5%),腺病毒(ADV)192例(7.1%);流感病毒A(IFA)128例(4.7%),流感病毒B(IFB)79例(2.9%),副流感病毒Ⅰ(PIVⅠ)41例(1.5%),副流感病毒Ⅱ(PIVⅡ)33例(1.2%)。6个月以下年龄组阳性率最高,为43.5%。RSV、hMPV季节性较明显,主要集中在冬春季节(11月至次年4月)。肺炎、毛细支气管炎、支气管炎(伴喘息)、支气管炎(不伴喘息)和哮喘患儿病毒阳性率分别为47.4%、63.6%、50.5%、30.1%和43.5%。结论病毒是儿童急性下呼吸道感染的主要病原。发病年龄主要在婴幼儿,其中RSV和hMPV最常见。     

重庆地区急性呼吸道感染儿童肠道病毒检测结果分析

目的 了解2006-2007年度重庆地区住院急性呼吸道感染(ARTIs)儿童中肠道病毒(EV)的感染率和临床特点.方法 前瞻性收集2006年4月至2007年3月在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科住院的部分ARTIs患儿鼻咽深部吸取物390份,应用针对EV 5′端非编码区(5′-NCR)保守序列设计引物,采用套式逆转录PCR方法检测标本中EV.结果 390例标本中检出EV 63例,阳性率16.2%.年龄分组中2～5岁组和>5岁组患儿EV阳性率分别为32.8%和28.6%,<2岁组为12.2%.EV感染几乎全年散发,2006年7～11月为EV感染的高发季节,EV检测阳性率为19.2%～31.3%.2006年8月EV检测阳性率最高.EV感染的临床表现主要为发热(38.1%)、咳嗽(92.1%)、喘息(33.3%)、气促(71.4%)、腹泻(28.6%)和皮疹(17.5%).EV阳性患儿中,临床诊断依次为支气管肺炎30例(47.6%),间质性肺炎17例(27.0%),毛细支气管炎6例(9.5%),重症肺炎4例(6.3%),喘息性支气管炎3例(4.8%),支气管哮喘3例(4.8%).结论 EV是重庆地区儿童急性下呼吸道感染较为常见的病毒病原,夏秋季为流行高峰.     

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??Immaturity of the immune system and exposure to infectious agents contribute to the susceptibility of RRTIs in children?? and RRTIs are usually treated with immunomodulating agents. The administration of probiotics plays a role in modulation of immune responses by various methods, including colonization resistance?? increased number and activity of natural killer cells?? release of cytokines?? and enhanced antibody response?? et al. Data show that probiotics may be bene?cial to preventing respiratory tract infections??RTIs???? reducing the number of episodes of RTIs?? diminishing the severity of infection symptoms?? and reducing duration of episodes?? antibiotic use and the number of days absent from day care/school. Probiotics appear to be a feasible way to decrease the incidence of RTIs in children??but further well-designed studies are needed to evaluate the strains?? dosing?? and frequency in the use of probiotics for RRTIs.     

Modifiable risk factors for acute lower respiratory tract infections

Objective Acute respiratory infection is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in under five children in developing countries. Hence, the present study was undertaken to identify various modifiable risk factors for acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI) in children aged 1 mth to 5 yr. Methods 104 ALRI cases fulfilling WHO criteria for pneumonia, in the age group of 1 mth to 5 yr were interrogated for potential modifiable risk factors as per a predesigned proforma. 104 healthy control children in the same age group were also interrogated. Results The significant sociodemographic risk factors were parental illiteracy, low socioeconomic status, overcrowding and partial immunization, [p value <0.05 in all]. Significant nutritional risk factors were administration of prelacteal feeds, early weaning, anemia, rickets and malnutrition, [p value <0.05 in all]. Significant environmental risk factors were use of kerosene lamps, biomass fuel pollution and lack of ventilation [p value <0.05 in all]. On logistic regression analysis, partial immunization, overcrowding and malnutrition were found to be significant risk factors. Conclusion The present study has identified various socio-demographic, nutritional and environmental modifiable risk factors for ALRI which can be tackled by effective education of the community and appropriate initiatives taken by the government.     

急性呼吸道感染住院患儿细菌病原学分析

目的探讨苏州地区住院儿童急性呼吸道感染细菌病原学分布。方法对2005年11月至2007年10月在苏州大学附属儿童医院住院治疗的所有急性呼吸道感染患儿,常规进行深部痰培养,进行病原学分析。结果急性呼吸道感染患儿共3069例,其中881例分离到1种或1种以上致病菌,阳性率为28.7%,最常见的病原菌为肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和卡他莫拉菌,阳性率分别为10.1%,4.3%,3.7%和2.7%,连续两年病原总阳性率呈增长趋势。总病原阳性率以1个月至1岁最高,为32.8%。流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌和真菌检出率以低龄组为主。卡他莫拉菌、流感嗜血杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌四季检出率不同。流感嗜血杆菌男性检出率高于女性。结论肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和卡他莫拉菌是小儿急性呼吸道感染常见致病菌。