2006～2010年宁夏放射工作人员个人剂量监测结果分析

目的通过放射工作人员个人剂量监测,分析放射工作人员受照水平,评价放射防护状况及放射线对放射工作人员的健康影响。方法热释光剂量法。结果 2006～2010年宁夏地区放射工作人员个人剂量监测2 722人次,人均年剂量当量为1.55 mSv.a-1,其中97.6%人次年剂量当量值低于5 mSv.a-1,0.2%人次年剂量当量超过限值。医用诊断X射线为0.89 mSv.a-1,核医学为4.17 mSv.a-1,放射治疗为1.07 mSv.a-1,介入放射医学为14.44 mSv.a-1。结论 2006年到2010年人均年剂量当量基本保持平稳,各年人均年剂量当量均值低于放射工作人员剂量当量限值的十分之一,介入放射医学已成为放射工作人员受照剂量的主要来源。     

福建省1998～1999年放射工作人员外照射个人剂量水平的监测

[目的] 了解福建省放射工作人员外照射个人剂量水平.[方法] 用LiF(Mg、Cu、P)热释光剂量计连续监测.[结果] 1998和1999年全省放射工作人员的年平均有效剂量当量为1.54和1.03mSv.a-1;94.98%的工作人员年有效剂量当量小于5 mSv;核医学科工作人员年有效剂量当量较高,X射线诊断次之;年剂量大于15 mSv的人员占比例较小,但对本工种的年集体剂量贡献较大.[结论] 福建省大部分放射工作场所、防护设施及工作人员的防护水平是安全的.     

1998-2004年青海省放射工作人员个人剂量监测结果分析

目的监测放射工作人员外照射个人剂量。方法按照GB5294—85放射工作人员剂量监测方法。结果从受照剂量的分布上看95%以上的监测数据均小于5mSv/a,各工种人均年剂量当量最高为X射线工业探伤人员。结论提高防护意识,正确使用及时更换个人剂量计。     

1989～2006年忻州市放射工作人员外照射个人剂量水平

[目的]了解忻州市放射工作人员外照射个人剂量水平。[方法]用热释光剂量计连续监测41家单位、1227人。[结果]1989~2006年共检测放射工作人员1227人,集体剂量当量为5188.0人.mSv,人均年剂量当量为2.19~8.13 mSv/a;85.49%的工作人员年有效剂量当量小于5 mSv;工业X线探伤工作人员年有效剂量当量较高,医用X射线诊断次之。[结论]忻州市大部分放射工作场所、防护设施及工作人员的防护水平是安全的。     

阳泉市2004年放射工作人员个人剂量监测结果分析

目的 了解阳泉市放射工作人员外照射个人剂量水平,评价放射工作人员职业危害及防护效果。方法 采用热释光剂量方法监测。结果 阳泉市2004年放射工作人员外照射人均年剂量当量为0.91 mSv,<2 mSv的人员占监测总人数的98.44%,超过2 mSv小于20 mSv的人员占监测总人数的1.66%。结论 2004年阳泉市放射工作人员外照射人均年剂量当量较1988年、1997年有明显下降,在现有条件下工作是安全的,但应加强核医学和乡镇卫生院防护条件的改善和提高放射工作人员的防护意识。     

武汉市 2009-2013 年职业外照射个人剂量监测结果分析

目的调查了解武汉市2009—2013年职业外照射个人剂量水平及其动态变化情况,评价不同工种、不同类型医院的放射工作人员的电离辐射危害程度及防护效果。方法采用热释光剂量方法监测。结果武汉市放射工作人员5年人均年剂量当量为0．76mSv·a-1,并呈逐年下降趋势;不同工种的个人剂量水平以核医学、介入诊疗的年剂量当量相对较高分别为1．77mSv·a-1、1．30mSv·a-1;乡镇卫生院个人剂量水平较高为1．12mSv·a-1。结论武汉市放射工作人员绝大多数年受照剂量较低且逐年下降,放射防护条件逐年得到改善,放射工作场所基本能满足国家职业接触限值的要求,但放射防护的监督管理仍有待进一步加强。     

2003～2005年广州市放射工作人员个人剂量监测结果分析

目的了解放射工作人员受照剂量水平,建立个人剂量档案,加强放射防护管理,保障放射工作人员健康。方法按照《职业性外照射个人监测规范》的要求,采用热释光剂量仪检测个人剂量计,对2003～2005年全市3309人的个人剂量监测结果按照不同年份、不同工种、不同剂量组进行统计和分析。结果3a的总集体剂量为3.344人.Sv,人均年剂量1.01mSv.a-1,98%以上放射工作人员人均年剂量小于5mSv。不同工种中,临床介入放射工作人员人均年剂量最高,为1.60mSv.a-1。结论广州市大部分放射工作人员工作条件和环境是符合要求和安全的,同时应重视临床介入放射工作人员高剂量的情况。     

莱芜市冶金行业2006～2009年放射工作人员个人剂量监测结果分析

目的分析评价莱芜市冶金行业放射工作人员个人剂量水平,及时了解放射工作人员的放射防护水平,为放射病诊断提供科学的有效剂量依据。方法用热释光剂量仪。进行放射工作人员个人剂量监测,对2006～2009年全市冶金系统的1010人次个人剂量监测结果按不同年份、不同工种进行统计和分析。结果4年的总集体剂量为0．94人·sv．人均年剂量0．94mSv·a-1,98．6％放射工作人员人均年剂量当量小于5mSv,放射诊疗工作人员人均年剂量当量最高为1．01mSv·a-1。结论莱芜市冶金行业放射工作人员现在的工作条件是比较安全的,但应重视放射诊疗特别是临床介入放射工作场所防护条件进一步改进和完善。     

云浮市2006～2011年放射工作人员个人剂量监测结果分析

目的 分析评价辖区放射工作人员个人剂量水平,保障放射工作人员健康,为制定相关标准提供依据.方法 采用热释光个人剂量测量方法监测,对监测结果按照不同年份、不同职业进行统计和分析.结果 云浮市放射工作人员外照射人均年剂量当量为0.39mSv·a-1,呈逐年下降趋势,介入治疗、核医学人均年剂量当量高于其他职业,乡镇级人均年剂量当量高于其他级别.结论 云浮市放射工作人员个人剂量水平符合国家卫生标准,但应加强介入治疗、核医学、部分乡镇级卫生院的防护和提高管理人员放射防护意识.     

2006—2012年哈尔滨市放射工作人员个人剂量监测结果分析

目的了解哈尔滨市放射工作人员受照剂量水平,为加强和改善放射防护工作提供科学依据。方法按照GBZ128—2002《职业性外照射个人监测规范》的要求对哈尔滨市放射工作人员进行个人剂量监测,并对监测结果进行汇总分析。结果7年共监测人次为3199人,集体剂量当量为1039．978mSv,人均年剂量当量为0．325mSv／a,其中医疗人员人均年剂量当量为0．336mSv／a,工业人员人均年剂量当量为0．246mSv／a。结论哈尔滨市放射工作人员外照射个人剂量处于较低水平,放射防护安全可靠。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.