抗血小板药物与阻断CD40信号对动脉粥样硬化的影响

目的探讨抗血小板药物、抗CD40L(CD40配体)抗体及合用对动脉粥样硬化的影响.方法雄性载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠随机分为模型对照组(n=10)、抗血小板药物组(n=10,阿司匹林 氯吡格雷)、抗CD40L抗体组(n=8,抗CD40L抗体)、合用组(n=9,阿司匹林 氯吡格雷 抗CD40L抗体).并取与载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠有相同遗传背景的健康雄性近交系C57BL/6小鼠6只作为正常对照组.测血脂、可溶性血管细胞黏附分子-1(sVCAM-1)和可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1(sICAM-1)浓度.观察主动脉组织病理形态学改变,免疫组织化学法测定斑块部位巨噬细胞、平滑肌细胞百分率.Western杂交分析测定基质金属蛋白酶-9的蛋白表达.结果抗血小板药物及抗CD40L抗体治疗可明显降低sVCAM-1和sICAM-1浓度(P＜0.01),减轻动脉粥样硬化病变,减少斑块部位巨噬细胞,增加平滑肌细胞数量(P＜0.01),对血脂无影响(P＞0.05),合用则作用增强(P＜0.05).抗CD40L抗体可降低基质金属蛋白酶-9的表达(P＜0.01),抗血小板治疗无此作用.结论抗血小板治疗及阻断CD40信号可抑制炎症反应,减轻动脉粥样硬化病变,稳定斑块,对血脂无影响,联合治疗有协同作用.     

抗血小板药物抑制动脉粥样硬化进展及机制研究

目的:观察阿司匹林和氯吡格雷对动脉粥样硬化病变进展的影响,并探讨抗血小板治疗抑制CD40CD40配体(CD40L)系统的作用。方法:8周龄雄性载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠随机分为模型组(n=10)、阿司匹林组(n=10)、氯吡格雷组(n=10)、抗血小板药物合用组(n=10)和抗CD40L抗体组(n=8)。另取与载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠有相同遗传背景的健康雄性近交系C57BL/6小鼠6只作为正常对照组。检测炎性指标及血小板表达CD40L的水平,观察主动脉组织病理形态学改变,免疫组织化学法测定斑块部位巨噬细胞、平滑肌细胞、CD4+T细胞与CD40L表达的百分率。结果:阿司匹林和氯吡格雷可抑制血小板表达CD40L,降低可溶性CD40L、可溶性血管细胞黏附分子1和可溶性细胞间粘附分子1浓度,减轻动脉粥样硬化病变,减少斑块部位巨噬细胞、CD4+T细胞和CD40L的表达,增加平滑肌细胞数量(P<0.05);对可溶性CD40L和血小板CD40L表达的抑制作用,氯吡格雷强于阿司匹林(P<0.05),其他方面两药无显著差异(P>0.05)。联合用药,作用叠加(P<0.01～0.05),对斑块的影响相当于抗CD40L抗体的疗效(P>0.05)。结论:阿司匹林和氯吡格雷可通过抑制CD40CD40L系统,抑制炎症反应,减轻动脉粥样硬化病变,稳定斑块,两药联用,作用更强。     

CD40-CD40L在动脉粥样硬化和血栓形成中的作用

近年来研究证实CD40分子与其配体CD40L在动脉粥样硬化的各个阶段均起重要作用。动脉粥样硬化的关键细胞成分——内皮细胞、巨噬细胞和平滑肌细胞上均有CD40和CD40L表达,两者结合能诱导人血管内皮细胞表达多种活性介质,参与动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成,而阻断CD40- CD40L通路可防止动脉粥样硬化或阻止已形成的斑块进展。CD40L可能参与血栓形成和血小板活化,急性脑梗死和急性冠状动脉综合征患者血液中的可溶性CD40L持续性增高。一些药物能够下调CS40L水平,为预防血管事件的发生提供了一个新的途径。     

CD40-CD40L与动脉粥样硬化的研究进展

近年大量研究显示[1]炎症介质CD40-CD40L广泛存在于与动脉粥样硬化(AS)相关的各种细胞,如内皮细胞、巨噬细胞和平滑肌细胞等关键细胞成分上,而在正常动脉组织中没有表达.CD40-CD40L系统在AS各个阶段中均起重要作用,几乎贯穿了AS斑块发生、发展和破裂的全过程,被认为是这一炎症进程的关键环节.研究表明,CD40L与CD40相互作用不仅在体液免疫中起作用,而且在细胞免疫中也发挥重要作用[1].CD40-CD40L信号通路可参与AS斑块内主要细胞成分如血管内皮细胞、血管平滑肌细胞和巨噬细胞等炎症反应的调节[2].目前认为,CD40-CD40L可能是AS发病的始动因素.     

可溶性CD40L(sCD40L)可作为预测急性冠脉综合症危险性的一项新指标

CD40L是肿瘤坏死因子超基因家族的一种,它是各种免疫与炎症调节的重要通路,包括调节动脉粥样硬化的演变.已有研究证实在动脉粥样硬化斑块内、血管内皮细胞、血管平滑肌细胞、巨噬细胞,循环中的血小板中可出现CD40L的表达.循环中出现的可溶性CD40L可能主要来源于血小板及T淋巴细胞.CD40L在急性冠脉综合征的作用与其产生的生物学效应有关.有研究发现CD40L可刺激血管内皮细胞、巨噬细胞及血管平滑肌细胞产生与动脉粥样硬化有关的生物活性因子,如E选择素、血管粘附分子、细胞因子等.CD40L还可通过调节粥样斑块的金属蛋白酶表达影响斑块的稳定性.越来越多的研究显示炎症与免疫在动脉粥样硬化的发生、发展中起着重要的作用,并且提示动脉粥样硬化可能是一种慢性炎症性疾病,炎症反应的激活可导致斑块的不稳定,从而引起急性冠脉综合征的发生.     

白藜芦醇抑制可溶性CD40配体作用下巨噬细胞基质金属蛋白酶-9的表达

目的 探讨白藜芦醇抑制可溶性CD40配体(sCD40L)作用下对巨噬细胞基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)表达的影响.方法 佛波酯诱导人单核细胞株(THP-1)细胞分化为巨噬细胞.依次给予白藜芦醇和可溶性sCD40L孵育细胞,利用半定量反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)、蛋白免疫印迹法、明胶酶谱法检测巨噬细胞内MMP-9和组织基质金属蛋白酶抑制因子-1(TIMP-1)基因的转录、蛋白表达和酶活性.结果 给予sCD40L刺激后巨噬细胞内MMP-9基因转录增多(1.53±0.04与0.75±0.01,P<0.05),蛋白分泌明显增加(244 930.8±31 268.6与192 976.8±20 223.1,P<0.05);白藜芦醇可抑制巨噬细胞MMP-9基因转录及蛋白分泌(P<0.01),降低MMP-9酶活性(P<0.05),升高巨噬细胞TIMP-1基因转录和蛋白分泌(P<0.05).结论 白藜芦醇可以抑制CD40途径活化的巨噬细胞内MMP-9的表达,调节MMP-9的活性,这可能是其抗动脉粥样硬化、稳定粥样斑块的作用机制之一.     

CD40配体与糖尿病并发动脉粥样硬化

新近研究认为,炎症参与了糖尿病患者并发动脉粥样硬化的病理过程,CD40配体作为一种新的炎症标志,广泛存在于T、B淋巴细胞、内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞、单核/巨噬细胞、血小板及上皮细胞表面,它与其受体相互作用可诱导上述细胞产生许多致炎因子,参与动脉粥样硬化的发展变化。最新临床研究提示CD40配体可能参与糖尿病炎性血管并发症的发生。阻断CD40-CD40配体的相互作用可能为抑制糖尿病并发动脉粥样硬化的发生与发展提供新的治疗手段。     

CD40信号与动脉粥样硬化

越来越多的证据表明动脉粥样硬化是一种炎症反应。在炎症免疫调节中,CD40与CD40配体的相互作用是炎症信号传递的重要途径,它参与抗原呈递及淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞激活。近年研究发现,CD40－CD40L相互作用不只局限于炎症细胞之间信号传递,还参与动脉粥样硬化斑块内主要细胞成分如血管内皮细胞、血管平滑肌细胞及巨噬细胞等的炎症反应调节。本文将重点介绍CD40信号与动脉粥样硬化发生发展的关系及其可能的干预途径。     

CD40系统与动脉粥样硬化研究的新进展

越来越多的研究证实动脉粥样硬化是一种炎症发应,CD40系统的相互作用是炎症信号的重要传导通路,还参与粥样斑块内重要细胞如血管内皮细胞、血管平滑肌细胞及巨噬细胞等的炎症反应调节。阻断CD40CD40配体之间的相互作用可以抑制动脉粥样斑块的发生发展。最进,动脉粥样硬化(Atherosclerosis,AS)发病机制的研究有了很大进展,以前AS仅仅被认为是脂质堆积造成显著管腔狭窄或闭合。现在许多研究都证实AS是一种多种免疫因素参与的慢性炎症性疾病[1]。炎症发应贯穿于AS的发生、发展、变化的全过程,并在很大程度上决定着动脉粥样斑块的稳定性[2…     

CD40-CD40L在动脉粥样硬化及急性冠状动脉综合征的研究进展

近年研究表明冠心病是免疫参与的慢性炎症反应。免疫介质CD40及其配体广泛存在于T、B淋巴细胞、内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞、单核 /巨噬细胞、血小板及上皮细胞表面 ,二者相互作用可诱导上述细胞产生许多致炎因子 ,参与动脉粥样硬化的发生、发展及转归。阻断CD40 CD40L的相互作用可以抑制动脉粥样硬化 (AS)的发生与发展 ,为防治动脉粥样硬化和急性冠状动脉综合征 (ACS)提供新的治疗手段。     

血小板CD40配体对内皮细胞表达组织因子的影响

目的探讨活化血小板CD40配体对内皮细胞表达组织因子、组织因子抑制物的影响及其分子机制。方法建立活化血小板与人脐静脉内皮细胞的共孵育体系(细胞比例10∶1),观察内皮细胞组织因子及其抑制物表达的变化,以及阻断CD40-CD40配体相互作用对上述效应的影响。结果活化血小板与脐静脉内皮细胞共育8 h后,内皮细胞组织因子mRNA及蛋白表达显著增高,而应用抗CD40配体的抗体和抗CD40抗体可分别抑制其表达(P<0.05)。但是组织因子抑制物mRNA无明显变化。结论活化血小板可通过其表达的CD40配体分子诱导内皮细胞产生组织因子,但并不能增强内皮细胞组织因子抑制物的表达,此效应对不稳定性斑块的形成可能具有促进作用。     

CD40 and its ligand in atherosclerosis

CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) interactions play a central role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. In the late 1990s, we and others have shown that complete inhibition of the CD40L signaling pathway resulted in a decrease in atherosclerosis and in the induction of a stable atherosclerotic plaque phenotype. These stable plaques contained high amounts of collagen and vascular smooth muscle cells, whereas the amount of macrophages and T lymphocytes was low. Because clinical complications of atherosclerosis are mostly the result of plaque rupture, induction of plaque stability would significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality of atherosclerosis and thus validates inhibition of the CD40L system as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis. However, long-term inhibition of this system probably compromises the immune system of the patient. Therefore, it is desirable to target either the downstream signaling modulators of the CD40-CD40L system that are associated with atherosclerosis, or target the CD40-CD40L system in a local, cell type-specific way. This is likely to induce plaque stabilization with limited systemic side effects, and a significant reduction of cardiovascular disease.     

早期调脂干预对急性心肌梗死患者炎症因子的影响

目的观察早期较大剂量阿托伐他汀治疗急性心肌梗死(AMI)3d后患者血清可溶性CD40L(sCD40L)、P-选择素及可溶性血管粘附分子水平的变化,以探讨早期调脂干预对AMI斑块稳定、抑制炎症反应的作用。方法选取43例AMI患者随机分为常规治疗组(无服用任何调脂药物,21例)和阿托伐他汀组(立普妥20mg,qd,22例),测定治疗前后sCD40L、P-选择素、可溶性细胞间粘附分子-1(sICAM-1)和可溶性血管细胞间粘附分子-1(sV-CAM-1)的水平。结果两组治疗前后血脂水平变化无显著性差异。阿托伐他汀组治疗后血清sCD40L、P-选择素、sICAM-1分别下降35％、41％、30％,明显低于治疗前水平(P<0.05),sVCAM-1稍下降,但无统计学意义;在常规治疗组治疗前后上述指标均无明显变化。在阿托伐他汀组sCD40L、P-选择素、sICAM-1的降低与总胆固醇(TC)(分别为r=0.08,P=0.56;r=0.16,P=0.34;r=0.12,P=0.41),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)(分别为r=0.09,P=0.88;r=0.11,P=0.46;r=0.18,P=0.77)的下降百分数之间无相关关系。结论在AMI的早期使用阿托伐他汀治疗3d,可明显降低血清炎症因子水平,可能有利于动脉粥样硬化斑块的稳定。     

Enhanced soluble CD40 ligand contributes to endothelial cell dysfunction in vitro and monocyte activation in patients with diabetes mellitus: effect of improved metabolic control

Aims/hypothesis Inflammation plays a pathogenic role in the development of accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes. Soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) is enhanced in diabetes; however, the molecular mechanisms linking sCD40L to accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes are still unclear. We tested the hypothesis that sCD40L may be involved in the vascular complications in diabetes and exerts its effect by triggering inflammatory reactions on mononuclear and endothelial cells (ECs).Methods We studied 70 patients, 40 with type 2 and 30 with type 1 diabetes, with a history or physical examination negative for cardiovascular disease, and 40 non-diabetic and 30 healthy subjects, matched with the type 2 and type 1 diabetic patients, respectively. Plasma and serum sCD40L, and plasma soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin and monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were measured. Adhesion molecules and MCP-1 release, the ability to repair an injury in ECs, and O₂^– generation in monocytes were analysed in vitro after stimulation with serum from patients or controls.Results Type 2 and type 1 diabetic patients had significantly higher sCD40L levels than controls. Furthermore, high sCD40L was associated with in vitro adhesion molecules and MCP-1 release, impaired migration in ECs and enhanced O₂^– generation in monocytes. Improved metabolic control was associated with a reduction of plasma sCD40L by 37.5% in 12 type 1 diabetic patients. Furthermore, elevated sCD40L in diabetic patients was significantly correlated with HbA₁c levels.Conclusions/interpretation Upregulation of sCD40L as a consequence of persistent hyperglycaemia in diabetic patients results in EC activation and monocyte recruitment to the arterial wall, possibly contributing to accelerated atherosclerosis development in diabetes.     

L’axe CD40-CD40L : implications actuelles et futures en immunologie clinique

The CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) pathway is a backbone of communication between cells of the immune system. It makes it possible to generate a proinflammatory signal and thus participates in the pathogenesis of dysimmune diseases, transplant rejection and atherosclerosis. Because of this therapeutic target of choice, several generations of anti-CD40L monoclonal antibodies have emerged since the 1990s. The first generation of antibodies was responsible for thromboembolic toxicity for which the mechanisms are starting to be defined. New generations of antibodies were designed to overcome this toxicity and are still being developed in lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome or immunologic thrombocytopenia. In addition to these targeted therapies, there are data suggesting the impact of several drugs among molecules used in cardiology and clinical immunology on the level of CD40L. The objective of this review is to recall the clinical issues related to the CD40-CD40L axis and to present current or future treatments that block CD40L which would allow clinicians to diversify their options for managing dysimmune diseases.     

Downregulation of the CD95 receptor and defect CD40-mediated signal transduction in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells

Cross-linking of the CD40 receptors has been shown to induce protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) phosphorylation and prevent apoptosis in Bcl-2 negative germinal center B cells. The expression of CD40 on B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells was found to be similar to that of normal B cells. Activation of normal B cells with soluble anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) induced tyrosine phosphorylation, prolonged survival and prevented apoptosis. However, activation of CD40 on B-CLL cells using soluble anti-CD40 mAb does not influence survival or apoptosis. Normal B cells entered apoptosis when cultured in the presence of soluble anti-CD95 mAb. This process was independent of PTK activity. On B-CLL cells, the CD95 molecules were downregulated and a transient PTK signal was observed when cross-linking of the receptor by soluble anti-CD95 mAb occurred. Interestingly, B-CLL cells did not enter apoptosis in the presence of anti-CD95 mAb. Our study indicates that survival signals mediated through the CD40 molecule and death signals mediated through the CD95 molecule used different intracellular pathways in control donor B cells. In contrast, B-CLL cells do not respond to these signals. The leukemic B cells showed a defective CD40-mediated signal transduction and downregulated CD95 receptor expression. As a consequence, no apoptosis could be induced in B-CLL cells by a soluble anti-CD95 mAb. The abnormalities of these receptors may contribute to the long-lived status of B-CLL cells.     

Elevated levels of biologically active soluble CD40 ligand in the serum of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is an indolent lymphoproliferative disorder manifested by low growth fraction and prolonged survival of the malignant cells. The mechanisms that enable CLL cells to live longer and to resist apoptosis remain unclear. Because the malignant CLL cells express CD40 and Fas receptors, which can transduce cell-survival and cell-death signals, we examined the role of CD40 in the growth regulation of CLL cells and its interaction with Fas-mediated and fludarabine-induced apoptosis in vitro . Primary CLL cells underwent spontaneous apoptosis in culture, which was enhanced by exogenous human Fas ligand (FasL) or fludarabine. Exogenous CD40L rescued CLL cells from spontaneous apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, and caused CLL cells to resist apoptosis induced by FasL or fludarabine. Patients' autologous plasma rescued CLL cells from spontaneous apoptosis, an effect that could be reversed with anti-CD40 ligand (CD40L) antibodies. The levels of soluble CD40 ligand in the sera of 51 CLL patients and 55 healthy donors were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mean soluble CD40L level in normal donors was 0.29 ng/ml compared to a mean value of 0.80 ng/ml in CLL patients ( P  < 0.001). CD40L up-regulated bcl-X_L mRNA but not bcl-2 in CLL cells within 3–6 h in culture. Our results demonstrated that serum of patients with CLL contained elevated levels of biologically active soluble CD40L, and that CD40L can prolong survival of CLL cells and mediate their resistance to FasL and fludarabine in vitro .     

不同剂量辛伐他汀对急性心肌梗死患者炎性因子和血脂的影响

目的观察不同剂量辛伐他汀早期治疗急性心肌梗死患者对血清炎性因子、血脂水平及动脉粥样硬化病变消退程度的影响。方法43例急性心肌梗死患者分为A、B两组。A组(22例)口服辛伐他汀20mg/d,B组(21例)口服辛伐他汀40mg/d,治疗前后分别测定高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、可溶性白细胞分化抗原40配体(sCD40L)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和血脂水平,随访12周和24周,颈动脉超声检查随访24周和48周。结果A组和B组患者血清hs-CRP、sCD40L、MMP-9和血脂水平在治疗后12周和24周时均有明显下降(P<0.05),且B组较A组作用更明显(P<0.05)。颈动脉内膜中层厚度、斑块积分随访48周后均有一定程度的下降,且以B组明显(P<0.05)。结论急性心肌梗死患者早期使用辛伐他汀治疗可显著降低血清炎性因子和血脂水平,并在一定程度上可阻止动脉粥样硬化病变的进展,且以大剂量为优。     

黏附分子及CD40配体与急性心肌梗死的关系

目的观察青年急性心肌梗死患者淋巴细胞的血管间黏附分子、淋巴细胞黏附分子(VCAM-1及ICAM-1)及CD40配体(CD40L)的表达,探讨其急性心肌梗死炎症免疫学发病机制。方法将年龄≤45岁,与年龄>45岁急性心肌梗死患者上述指标比较,体检正常者作为对照。用流式细胞仪检测淋巴细胞VCAM-1、ICAM-1及CD40L阳性表达率。结果≥45岁组VCAM-1、ICAM-1及CD40L明显高于正常对照组(P<0.05),但与老年心肌梗死组对比差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。≤45岁心肌梗死组中VCAM-1、ICAM-1与CD40L显著相关。结论VCAM-1、ICAM-1及CD40L的高表达是急性心肌梗死发生和发展的重要炎症免疫学机制之一。