非杓型与杓型高血压患者的动态血压监测

目的探讨非杓型与杓型高血压患者动态血压监测的特点及临床意义.方法应用北京同仁光电技术公司的AMR-4型无创伤动态血压监测仪,对60例非杓型与杓型高血压患者及30例对照组健康人,进行24h动态血压监测.结果24h最高收缩压与舒张压、平均收缩压与舒张压、昼夜平均收缩压和舒张压、血压负荷、收缩压与舒张压昼夜比,非杓型与杓型组均显著高于对照组(P＜0.001);非杓型组24h最高收缩压、昼夜平均收缩压,收缩压负荷及收缩压昼夜比显著高于杓型组(P＜0.01).非杓型组心脑血管并发症也显著高于杓型组(P＜0.01).结论非杓型组高血压患者24h最高收缩压、平均收缩压、白天与夜间平均收缩压、收缩压负荷等参数明显高于杓型组.杓型高血压患者血压升高相对较低,并发症少,预后较佳.     

24小时动态血压监测仪在中老年高血压合并冠心病患者中的应用评价

目的探究在中老年高血压合并冠心病患者血压监测中应用24小时动态血压监测仪的价值。方法选择2019年5月-2020年12月在本院治疗的99例高血压合并冠心病患者组成观察组,另选同期住院治疗的单纯高血压患者90例组成对照组,患者全部使用24小时动态血压监测仪监测血压,对比两组患者日间和夜晚血压值以及24小时血压平均值,同时对比两组患者发生白大衣高血压的概率。结果观察组24小时舒张压和收缩压平均值相比于对照组更高,数据对比差异显著,存在统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者日间与夜晚的舒张压水平、收缩压水平与对照组相比均更高,数据对比差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者舒张压、收缩压水平夜间与日间的差值明显大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组24小时舒张压总负荷显著大于对照组,24小时收缩压总负荷大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者发生白大衣高血压的概率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在中老年高血压合并冠心病患者的血压监测中使用24小时动态血压监测仪可以获得良好应用效果,患者24小时内的舒张压和收缩压变化、波动情况都可以准确记录下来,为药物治疗效果评价、病情进展预测提供了可靠依据,值得应用。     

非杓型与杓型高血压患者的动态血压监测

目的探讨非杓型与杓型高血压患者动态血压监测的特点及临床意义.方法应用北京同仁光电技术公司的AMR-4型无创伤动态血压监测仪,对60例非杓型与杓型高血压患者及30例对照组健康人,进行24h动态血压监测.结果24h最高收缩压与舒张压、平均收缩压与舒张压、昼夜平均收缩压和舒张压、血压负荷、收缩压与舒张压昼夜比,非杓型与杓型组均显著高于对照组(P＜0.001);非杓型组24h最高收缩压、昼夜平均收缩压,收缩压负荷及收缩压昼夜比显著高于杓型组(P＜0.01).非杓型组心脑血管并发症也显著高于杓型组(P＜0.01).结论非杓型组高血压患者24h最高收缩压、平均收缩压、白天与夜间平均收缩压、收缩压负荷等参数明显高于杓型组.杓型高血压患者血压升高相对较低,并发症少,预后较佳.     

80岁以上老年高血压患者治疗中动态血压特点分析

目的分析80岁以上老年高血压患者治疗中24h动态血压的特点,为临床治疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析高龄老年(A组≥80岁)高血压患者(n=96)治疗中动态血压各参数并与老年(B组60～79岁)高血压患者(n=118)对照。结果两组患者血压控制良好,24小时、白天、夜间平均脉压(A组分别为62.26±9.60、61.58±9.34、62.98±10.97mmHg,B组分别为56.74±9.51、57.94±10.22、54.54±9.13mmHg);血压昼夜节律异常的发生率(A组92.71%、B组61.86%);降压达标时舒张压≤60mmHg的发生率(A组白天50.00%、夜间97.22%,B组白天15.38%、夜间62.96%);A组均明显高于B组,P<0.05。结论高龄老年高血压患者动态血压各参数异常较老年高血压患者严重,降压达标时有可能出现舒张压过低现象。     

80岁以上老年高血压患者治疗中动态血压特点分析

目的 分析80岁以上老年高血压患者治疗中24h动态血压的特点,为临床治疗提供依据.方法 回顾性分析高龄老年(A组≥80岁)高血压患者(n=96)治疗中动态血压各参数并与老年(B组60～79岁)高血压患者(n=118)对照.结果 两组患者血压控制良好,24小时、白天、夜间平均脉压(A组分别为62.26±9.60、61.58±9.34、62.98±10.97mmHg,B组分别为56.74±9.51、57.94±10.22、54.54±9.13mmHg);血压昼夜节律异常的发生率(A组92.71%、B组61.86%):降压达标时舒张压≤60mmHg的发生率(A组白天50.00%、夜间97.22%,B组白天15.38%、夜间62.96%);A组均明显高于B组,P＜0.05.结论 高龄老年高血压患者动态血压各参数异常较老年高血压患者严重,降压达标时有可能出现舒张压过低现象.     

动态血压监测预测妊娠期高血压疾病的价值

目的 了解动态血压监测对妊娠期高血压疾病的预测价值.方法 对350例孕妇在21～27孕周进行24小时动态血压监测,分析妊娠结局与动态血压监测指标的关系.结果 323例孕妇中有28例发生妊娠期高血压疾病,为妊娠期高血压疾病组,其余295例患者为对照组.妊娠期高血压疾病组患者与对照组比较,24小时血压平均值(收缩压t=13.69、舒张压t=13.58、平均动脉压t=13.80),日均血压值(收缩压t=13.12、舒张压t=9.32)及夜均血压值(收缩压t=10.27、舒张压t=13.56)均有极显著性差异(P＜0.01).以24小时平均舒张压等于8.9kPa为切点预测妊娠期高血压疾病敏感性为85.7%;特异性为94.6%;以24小时平均动脉压等于11.2kPa为切点预测妊娠期高血压疾病敏感性为89.3%;特异性为93.9%.结论 在孕中期,利用动态血压监测的24小时平均舒张压和24小时平均动脉压均可较好的预测妊娠期高血压疾病.     

老年高血压病左心室肥厚与血压节律改变

目的探讨老年高血压病24h动态血压(ABPM)与心脏损害的关系.方法用动态血压监测仪,观察了70例60岁以上的老年高血压病患者24h动态血压、24h动态心电图及超声心动图.结果24h平均收缩压和舒张压夜间平均收缩压增高,脉压差增大昼夜节律消失(P＜0.01).昼夜节律消失或减弱与高血压病左心室肥厚的发生有相关性.结论进行ABPM监测,可作为对靶器官损伤的预报因子,可了解高血压患者昼夜血压节律变化,在临床降压治疗过程中,需注意血压昼夜节律变化,减少血压昼夜变异幅度.     

老年高血压病左心室肥厚与血压节律改变

目的探讨老年高血压病24h动态血压(ABPM)与心脏损害的关系.方法用动态血压监测仪,观察了70例60岁以上的老年高血压病患者24h动态血压、24h动态心电图及超声心动图.结果24h平均收缩压和舒张压夜间平均收缩压增高,脉压差增大昼夜节律消失(P＜0.01).昼夜节律消失或减弱与高血压病左心室肥厚的发生有相关性.结论进行ABPM监测,可作为对靶器官损伤的预报因子,可了解高血压患者昼夜血压节律变化,在临床降压治疗过程中,需注意血压昼夜节律变化,减少血压昼夜变异幅度.     

老年高血压患者血压控制不佳与认知相关因素调查

目的探讨老年高血压控制不佳的相关因素。方法对862例高血压患者问卷调查血压控制情况与认知相关因素。结果本组平均血压值为（142.7±12.0）/（81.5±9.4）mmHg,收缩压和舒张压控制理想分别为47.3%和71.6%。文盲及小学文化患者的药物错服率明显高于初中、高中和大学组（P〈0.05）;11.6%的病例不能遵医嘱服用降压药物;10.8%患者不能回答出最新高血压的诊断标准;3.8%的患者不知道降压药物需要持续服用。结论老年高血压患者对高血压病及降压治疗的认知程度较低,总体血压控制不佳,应加强高血压知识的宣教和指导。     

动态血压监测指标指导临床治疗老年高血压的意义

  目的  通过监测高血压患者的动态血压,分析其对临床老年高血压人群防治工作的应用价值。  方法  监测2017年12月-2018年12月期间519例高血压患者的动态血压,按照60岁为分界点,分成≥ 60岁老年组264例, < 60岁中青年对照组255例,对血压、血压昼夜节律、脉压、血压变异系数、血压负荷值、平均心率、晨峰血压等系列指标进行临床分析。  结果  老年组动态血压昼夜节律异常发生率为76.5%,与对照组比较,舒张压、舒张压负荷值、脉压、24 h平均心率、收缩压变异系数、24 h舒张压变异系数、晨峰舒张压等指标两组间均有差异(均有P < 0.05),且老年组中不同血压节律类型的24 h收缩压、夜间收缩压、夜间舒张压、夜间脉压、白天收缩压负荷值、夜间收缩压负荷值、24 h收缩压变异系数、24 h舒张压变异系数等指标均有差异(均有P < 0.05)。  结论  动态血压监测指标对老年高血压人群临床合理用药有一定的指导价值。     

Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Japanese rural communities]

BACKGROUND: In Japan, a national survey indicated that only 7% of hypertensive patients had a blood pressure less than 140/90 mmHg. There have been no reports of studies investigating all of the prevalence of hypertension, the percentage of subjects who are aware of hypertension, the percentage being treated, and the percentage that are well-controlled (awareness, treatment and control, respectively) among hypertensives in the Japanese general population. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of hypertension, and awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among hypertensives in a Japanese rural population. DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis of base-line data of the Jichi Medical School Cohort Study. SETTING: Twelve rural communities is 8 prefectures in Japan. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling people who participated in the health examination program in 1992-1995. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Blood pressure (BP) measured once in the sitting position after a 5-minute rest using oscillometric automatic BP monitors (BP203RV-II; Nippon Colin, Japan), and history of hypertension assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: We analyzed data from 11,302 subjects (4,415 men and 6,887 women). The mean (standard deviation) age was 55(12) years for men and 55(11) years for women. Mean systolic BP and diastolic BP levels were, respectively, 131(21) mmHg and 79(12) mmHg for men and 128(21) mmHg and 76(12) mmHg for women. Prevalence of hypertension (systolic BP > or = 140 mmHg or diastolic BP > or = 90 mmHg or on antihypertensive medication) was 37% for men and 33% for women. Percentages for awareness (on medication or present past history), treatment and control (both systolic BP < 140 mmHg and diastolic BP < 90 mmHg) were, respectively, 39%, 27% and 10% for men and 46%, 38% and 13% for women. CONCLUSIONS: About one third of the study popUlation were hypertensive, and awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among the hypertensives were 43%, 34% and 12%, respectively. Less than half of the hypertensives were well-controlled even when measurement bias was considered. In the rural Japanese population, improvements are required with regard to awareness, treatment and control of hypertension.     

Nutritional effects of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients

Peritonitis, a major complication of end-stage renal disease patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), enhances peritoneal protein losses by increasing protein and energy requirements while simultaneously decreasing appetite, usually causing a negative nitrogen balance. The influence of peritonitis on the nutritional status of CAPD patients was evaluated. Fourteen end-stage renal disease patients being treated with CAPD and presenting with peritonitis were randomized to one group with and one without a nutritional supplement. Four CAPD patients without peritonitis served as controls. Anthropometric measurements, laboratory determinations, dietary protein intake, and protein catabolic rate were obtained. The control group lost an average of 9.6 gm protein per 24 hours in the peritoneal fluid vs. an average of 15.1 gm protein per 24 hours lost by patients with peritonitis (p less than .01). Serum albumin did not decrease except in two diabetic patients in whom it dropped an average of 42% and remained low. Nitrogen balance remained positive in all patients except one with diabetes who had very low daily protein intake and caloric intake. The catabolism produced by short uncomplicated peritonitis did not create a negative nitrogen balance in patients eating at least 1 gm protein per kilogram ideal body weight (IBW) and 25 kcal/kg IBW.     

Differences of blood pressure estimates between consecutive measurements on one occasion: Implications for inter-study comparability of epidemiologic studies

Currently, substantial variation in epidemiologic studies exists regarding the number of blood pressure (BP) readings obtained and the way in which they are combined. This might result in systematically different BP estimates. We therefore analysed data from 25,891 subjects (10,124 men and 15,767 women) of the EPIC-Potsdam Study (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) to estimate the magnitude of differences between consecutive BP readings and their combinations. Three measurements with 2 min intervals were performed in the sitting position on the right arm with the supported arm elevated at heart level by trained interviewers using oscillometric devices. Mean BP declined from first to second reading and further to third reading by systolic 5.0/0.9 mmHg in men and 4.9/0.8 mmHg in women and by diastolic 1.5/0.3 mmHg in men and 1.9/0.5 mmHg in women, as well as pulse pressure (PP) (3.5/0.6 in men, 3.0/0.3 in women) and hypertension prevalence (9.1/1.7%-points). The magnitude of BP decline depended on BP level, age, body mass index (BMI), and BP medication. Combinations including the first reading lead to generally higher estimates than subsequent readings or their combination. Published data on mean BP, PP and hypertension prevalence depend on the number and subsequent handling of BP readings which might introduce bias to the comparison of different studies unless the same defined readings were used. The combination of the second and third reading seems to be favourable over any single reading or other combinations.     

Treated hypertensives with good medication compliance are still in a state of uncontrolled blood pressure in the Japanese elderly

Objectives Blood pressure (BP) is poorly controlled in many countries. Poor compliance was suggested as the main cause for poor BP control. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between compliance and the control of both casual blood pressure (BP) and 24-hr ambulatory BP in a Japanese elderly population. Methods The study was a cross-sectional survey. Casual BP and 24-hr ambulatory BP were measured at home. Hypertension was defined as casual systolic BP (SBP)≧140 and/or diastolic BP (DBP)≧90 mmHg, or as treated hypertension. A compliance rate of greater than 80% by the pill count method was defined as good compliance. Results Of the 178 treated hypertensives, 82.6% showed good compliance. Between the treated hypertensives with good compliance and those with poor compliance, no significant difference was found in either casual BP or ambulatory BP. Of the treated hypertensives with good compliance, the prevalence of achieved target ambulatory BP, i.e., daytime BP<135/85 mmHg, nighttime BP<120/75 mmHg, and 24-hr BP<125/80 mmHg, was, respectively, 35.4%, 43.5%, and 20.4%. Conclusions Casual BP and 24-hr ambulatory BP were poorly controlled in the community-living elderly although many of the treated hypertensives showed good compliance. It is unlikely that this inadequate control of hypertension is due to poor compliance on the part of the subjects.     

Health risk behaviours, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among rural community people in Thailand

This cross-sectional study aimed to assess health risk behaviours, prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and associated factors among Thai rural community people. 527 people, aged 35-60 years, were randomly sampled and interviewed. Two blood pressure (BP) measurements were assessed by standardized protocol. Hypertension was defined as a mean systolic BP > or = 140 mmHg or diastolic BP > or = 90 mmHg. 76.9% lacked regular exercise, 28.5% were current alcohol drinkers, and 23.7% were current smokers. The prevalence of hypertension was 17.8%. Among the hypertensive cases, 64.9% (61/94) were aware of their high BP, 42.6% (26/61) were treated, and 42.3% (11/26) achieved BP control (< 140/ 90 mmHg). Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated four variables significantly associated with hypertension: age > 40 years (adjusted OR = 4.20, 95% CI 1.93-9.11), married status (adjusted OR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.26-0.89), family history of hypertension (adjusted OR = 2.39, 95% CI 1.40-4.07), and BMI > 23.0 kg/m2 (adjusted OR = 3.41, 95% CI 1.80-6.45). Lifestyle modification programs are needed to prevent hypertension.     

How often do office blood pressure measurements fail to identify true hypertension? An exploration of white-coat normotension

BACKGROUND: The often-observed differences between ambulatory (ABP) and office blood pressure (OBP) measurements have brought attention to the problem of misdiagnoses. Although there has been much focus on white-coat hypertension (elevated OBP with normal ABP means), few studies have examined "white-coat normotension" (WCN; normal OBP with elevated ABP means). OBJECTIVES: To describe patients with WCN in terms of prevalence and quantitative differences between ABP and OBP; to identify psychological and demographic features that discriminate them from true normotensive patients; and to offer possible corrections for diagnostic limitations of OBP measurements in clinical practice. DESIGN AND METHODS: Five OBP measurements and 10- to 12-hour daytime ABP monitoring in 319 presumed healthy participants. RESULTS: Prevalence rates of WCN were 23% for systolic BP and 24% for diastolic BP. Participants with WCN were more often male, past smokers, and older and consumed more alcohol. Increasing the number of office readings and discarding the first office reading did not improve the accuracy of OBP measurements. Participants with BP of 10 mm Hg above or below the 140/90 office reading cutoff showed the lowest accuracy, with more than 50% of normotensive diagnoses being incorrect. CONCLUSIONS: Office measures of BP lack sensitivity, missing a sizable portion of individuals who have hypertensive mean ABP measurements. Subjects with WCN differ from true normotensive subjects on several demographic and lifestyle variables. Only those office readings averaging 20 points above or below the 140/90 cutoff represent safe diagnostic information.     

Blood pressure normalization by fixed perindopril/indapamide combination in hypertensive patients with or without associate metabolic syndrome: results of the OPTIMAX 2 study

The aim of the observational pharmaco-epidemiological study Optimax II was to seek whether the pre-existence of a metabolic syndrome (MS) defined by the NCEP-ATP III criteria impacts blood pressure (BP) control in hypertensive patients receiving a fixed perindopril/indapamide combination therapy. The primary objective of the study was to compare in patients with and without MS the rate of BP control defined as a systolic BP < or = 140 mmHg and a diastolic BP < or = 90 mmHg. Patients were prospectively included and the follow-up lasted 6 months. The study population consisted of 24,069 hypertensive patients (56% men; mean age 62 +/- 11 years; 18% diabetics; mean BP at inclusion 162 +/- 13/93 +/- 9 mmHg). MS was found in 30.4% of the patients (n = 7322): 35.2% women and 20.1% men. Three therapeutic subgroups were constituted: Group A, previously untreated, received the combination therapy as initial treatment; Group B, previously treated but with unsatisfactory results and/or treatment intolerance, had its previous treatment switched to perindopril/indapamide; and Group C, previously treated, with good treatment tolerance but uncontrolled BP, received the study treatment in adjunction to the previous one. The normalization rate was 70.3% in group A, 68.4% in Group B, and 64.1% in Group C (p < 0.0001). The pre-existence of MS did not show any significant influence on these rates since BP lowering was -22.7 +/- 13.7 (SBP) and -12.0 +/- 10.0 mmHg (DBP) in patients without MS and 22.6 +/- 13.3 (SBP) and -12.1 +/- 9.7 (DBP) in those with MS. The results of this study show a significant effect of perindopril/indapamide treatment on systolic BP lowering, whatever the treatment status: initiation, switch, or adjunctive therapy, and independently from the presence or not of MS. This effect may be related to the specific vascular effect of the perindopril/indapamide combination, which has recently demonstrated in the ADVANCE trial its ability to reduce mortality, and cardiovascular and renal complications in diabetic patients.     

Blood pressure measurement by primary care physicians: comparison with the standard method

OBJECT: To examine the usual methods of blood pressure (BP) measurement by primary care physicians and to compare them with the standard methods. METHOD: Design: Cross-sectional survey by self-administered questionnaire. Subjects: Primary care physicians who graduated from Jichi Medical School and were working at clinics. Each standard method for 20 items was defined as the one that was most frequently recommended by 6 guidelines (USA 3, UK 1, Canada 1, Japan 1) and a recent comprehensive review about BP measurement. RESULTS: Of 333 physicians, 190 (58%) responded (median age 33, range 26 to 45 years). Standard methods and percentages of physicians who follow them are: [BP measurement, 17 items] supported arm 96%; measurement to 2 mmHg 91%; sitting position 86%; mercury sphygmomanometer 83%; waiting > or = 1 minute between readings 58%; palpation to assess systolic BP before auscultation 57%; check accuracy of home BP monitor 56%; Korotkoff Phase V for diastolic BP 51%; bilateral measurements on initial visit 44%; small cuff available 41%; > or = 2 readings in patients with atrial fibrillation 38%; > or = 2 readings on one visit 20%; cuff deflation rate of 2 mmHg/pulse 14%; large cuff available 13%; check accuracy of monitor used for home visit 8%; waiting time > or = 5 minute 3%; readings from the arm with the higher BP 1%. [Knowledge about BP monitor, 2 items] appropriate size bladder: length 11%; width 11%. [Check of sphygmomanometer for leakage, inflate to 200 mmHg then close valve for 1 minute] leakage < 2 mmHg 6%; median 10 (range 0-200) mmHg. Average percentage of all 20 items was 39%. Number of methods physicians follow as standard: median 8 (range 4 to 15) and this number did not correlate with any background characteristics of the physicians. Furthermore, we also obtained information on methods not compared with the standard. Fifty-four percentage of physicians used more standard methods in deciding the start or change of treatment than in measuring BP of patients with good control. About 80% of physicians use home BP readings in diagnosis or treatment of hypertension, but about half of physicians with ambulatory BP monitors use their measured readings. CONCLUSION: Primary care physicians used various techniques for routine BP measurement and no physician completely followed the standard. Such measurements may affect the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension, but measuring all BPs solely by the standard is not practical. We need to have a practical and efficient method of BP measurement for routine practice in the primary care setting.     

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000: effect of observer training and protocol standardization on reducing blood pressure measurement error

OBJECTIVE: We describe the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) blood pressure (BP) observer training and protocol standardization and evaluate the quality of BP measurement. METHODS: The participants were persons aged 8 years and older who had their BP measured (n=7467) during NHANES 1999-2000. Cuff width/arm circumference ratio (CW/AC), end digit preference, and observer agreement were examined. RESULTS: In stepwise principal components multiple regression analysis, CW/AC accounted for less than 2% of variability R(2) in all readings. The frequencies for all end digits were close to 20% ("0" end digit=21% systolic and 23% diastolic). No overall observer effect was present for mean systolic BP readings. A significant observer effect (P<.0001) was detected for mean diastolic BP readings of <90 mm Hg. For readings of > or =90 mm Hg, there was no significant observer effect (P=.157). CONCLUSION: We conclude that NHANES BP measurements do not demonstrate the variability that is commonly caused by observer and technical error.     

A large scale study of angiotensin II inhibition therapy in an elderly population: the CHANCE study

This 8-week, multicenter study evaluated the efficacy and safety of candesartan cilexetil (CC, 8-16 mg) in elderly (>65 years) hypertensive patients. Patients (n=3013) received CC 8 mg during 8 weeks which eventually doubled to CC 16 mg at week 4 if blood pressure remained uncontrolled (> or = 140/90 mmHg). At week 8, 65.5% of patients were normalized (BP < 140/90 mmHg). Mean changes at week 8 were -25.8, -13.2, and -12.7 mmHg for systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure, respectively. Age, sex, and diabetic status did not influence the antihypertensive effect of CC. 68% of the patients treated with, but uncontrolled or intolerant of, prior antihypertensive treatment were normalized by CC 8-16 mg. In summary, CC 8-16 mg once daily was effective and well tolerated in the management of arterial hypertension in elderly subjects.