内镜逆行胰胆管造影在胰管结石诊治中的临床价值

目的：探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）在胰管结石（PDS）诊断与治疗中的价值。方法：回顾分析1998年1月－2000年12月本院经ERCP诊治的18例PDS患者的治疗方式和结果。结果：18例PDS患者临床上均以上腹痛为主要首发症状且合并慢性胰腺炎,其中1例合并胰腺癌。经B超检查,10例患者检出有PDS或胰管扩张;全部病例经ERCP检查后均明确显著有PDS和胰管扩张。经ERCP＋乳头括约肌切开术（EST）／胰管括约肌切开术（EPST）成功取石4例;行EPST＋体外震波碎石（ESWL）及ESWL＋胰管内支架引流（ERPD）者各1例,半年后复查时胰石消失：行ERPD者12例。3例患者置管后3个月内因伴主胰管多发、巨大结石和胰腺癌而接受手术治疗。18例患者经1－11个月的随访,腹痛近期（＜3个月）缓解率为88．9％,远期（＞3个月）缓解率为75．0％,体重、脂肪泻、胰腺内、外分泌功能不足表现有不同程度的改善。ERCP术后早期并发症主要为一过性高淀粉酶血症,支架阻塞是其晚期并发症。结论：ERCP能清晰显示结石的位置、大小、形态及数量,是诊断PDS的主要手段。经ERCP取石具有安全可靠、创伤小、疗效满意及患者易于接受等优点,在PDS的治疗中亦具有较大临床应用价值。     

ERCP治疗胰管结石的临床分析

目的 分析经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP)治疗胰管结石的适应证、临床效果及并发症。方法 选择2016年1月至2022年1月在郑州大学第一附属医院内镜中心诊治的35例胰管结石患者，分析取石成功率、并发症，随访术后6个月临床症状缓解情况。结果 35例患者共进行ERCP 53例次，取净结石21例，取石成功率60.0%。术中乳头出血1例，术后高淀粉酶血症6例，急性胰腺炎2例，术后6个月随访患者腹痛、脂肪泻等症状缓解，体质量增加。结论 ERCP治疗胰管结石是安全有效的，能减轻患者痛苦，改善临床症状。     

急性胆源性胰腺炎早期内镜治疗价值

目的探讨急性胆源性胰腺炎早期内镜治疗的价值及其安全性。方法选择92例急性胆源性胰腺炎患者早期（72h内）行ERCP及内镜治疗（ERCP组），并与同期保守治疗40例（对照组）进行比较。结果ERCP组全部成功实施十二指肠乳头切开取石，72例胆总管结石者行网篮及气囊取石，所有92例均行鼻胆管引流，重症组10例同时行胰管支架引流。ERCP组平均腹痛消失时间、血清淀粉酶恢复时间、平均住院天数及平均费用均明显低于对照组。ERCP组重症组病死率8．3％，对照组重症组病死率33．3％。结论急性胆源性胰腺炎早期ERCP治疗是安全的，能降低患者的病死率，减少患者住院天数和费用。     

胰管支架置入在预测为重症急性胆源性胰腺炎中的疗效分析

目的　探讨胰管支架置入在预测为重症急性胆源性胰腺炎中的疗效。方法　回顾性收集2017年1月1日至2021年6月30日就诊于西湖大学医学院附属杭州市第一人民医院消化内科预测为重症急性胆源性胰腺炎,并接受内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP）治疗的病例。其中,将ERCP术中置入胰管支架的31例病例纳入观察组,于同期病例中选择31例ERCP术中未放置胰管支架的病例纳入对照组。比较两组患者术后1周和2周时炎症指标、肝功能指标和血清淀粉酶水平差异,同时比较两组患者临床改善情况（血清淀粉酶恢复正常时间、腹痛缓解时间、胰周积液好转时间）,住院时间和费用以及预后情况（远期并发症发生率、需内镜下引流或内镜下清创率）。结果　观察组和对照组患者的年龄、性别构成比、术前急性胰腺炎严重程度评分、肝功能指标、炎症性指标、首次进行ERCP时间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组患者接受ERCP术后1周和2周时炎症指标、肝功能指标和血清淀粉酶水平差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。观察组和对照组患者血清淀粉酶恢复正常时间分别为3.5（1,5） d和5.0（3,6） d （Z=-2.20,P=0.028）,腹痛缓解时间分别为4.0（2.5,7.0） d和5.0（4.0,8.8） d （Z=-3.15,P=0.002）,胰周积液好转时间分别为（25.3±1.5） d和（27.8±2.2） d （t=-0.84,P=0.407）,住院时间分别为28（19, 49） d和40（27, 70） d （Z=-2.03,P=0.043）,住院总费分别为8.1（5.9,10.9）万元和9.8（6.9,17.3）万元 （Z=2.02,P=0.043）。观察组和对照组远期并发症发生率分别为22.6%（7/31）和54.8%（17/31） （χ2=6.80,P=0.009）,需内镜引流或清创率分别为16.1%（5/31）和38.7%（12/31） （χ2=3.97,P=0.046）。结论　对于预测为重症急性胆源性胰腺炎患者,内镜下解除胆道梗阻的同时放置胰管支架引流胰液降低胰管内压力,不仅可以加快缓解患者的临床症状,还可以有效改善患者的预后。     

胰管结石的手术治疗

目的 探讨胰管结石的手术治疗方法。方法23例慢性胰腺炎伴胰管结石患者,14例行胰管切开取石、胰管空肠侧侧Roux-en—Y吻合术（2例有黄疸者加做胆管内引流术）,4例行胰体尾切除术（其中2例加做胰肠’吻合术）,1例行胰管成型取石术。4例因胰头肿大行胰十二指肠切除术（2例术后证实为胰头癌）。其中16例术中应用激光碎石。结果术中见23例主胰管直径0．8～2．0cm,多发结石17例、单发结石6例。手术均成功,行激光碎石者碎石率100％。无手术并发症。术后随访,20例术前有上腹痛者,17例术后腹痛消失,3例减轻;9例合并糖尿病者,4例血糖恢复正常,2例胰岛素用量减少,3例糖尿病未得到控制;术后第3年出现糖尿病1例;5例合并脂肪泻者,2例脂肪泻消失,1例减轻,2例无明显变化。2例合并胰头癌患者分别于术后1a2个月、1a8个月死亡。结论手术治疗胰管结石疗效较好,但应合理选择适应证和手术方式。     

内镜综合治疗在胰瘘治疗中的临床价值

目的　评估内镜综合治疗用于胰瘘治疗的疗效及安全性。方法　2006年8月至2019年12月间在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院接受内镜治疗的胰瘘病例,依据纳排标准,最终45例纳入回顾性分析,主要观察内镜治疗方式、介入次数、技术成功率、桥接成功率、胰瘘愈合率、胰瘘愈合时间以及并发症发生情况。结果　45例中,33例（73.3%）仅接受内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP）治疗,其中胰管完全断裂7例（21.2%）,治疗方式包括鼻胰管置入24例、胰管支架置入22例、胰管狭窄球囊或探条扩张12例、乳头括约肌切开8例、胰管结石清理3例;12例（26.7%）接受内镜联合治疗,其中胰管完全断裂5例（41.7%）,治疗方式包括ERCP引流联合内镜超声引导下穿刺引流9例、内镜超声引导下胰管穿刺引流联合ERCP会师术1例、ERCP引流联合经皮引流2例。内镜下中位介入3.0（2.0,5.0）次,41例（91.1%）内镜治疗技术成功,28例（62.2%）桥接成功,中位随访59.7（43.7,111.4）个月,33例（73.3%）胰瘘愈合、6例（13.3%）胰瘘未愈合、6例（13.3%）失访。有13例（28.9%）出现术后短期（1周内）并发症,包括急性胰腺炎5例、支架或引流管脱落或移位或堵塞5例、囊腔感染4例、囊肿增大2例、出血1例（部分病例存在2种或2种以上并发症）,均经保守治疗或内镜下治疗后好转,无原发病或手术相关的死亡。结论　内镜综合治疗用于胰瘘治疗安全、有效,ERCP是胰瘘内镜下治疗的基础,在胰管完全离断综合征等情况下,ERCP、内镜超声引导下穿刺引流及内镜下清创等综合技术联合应用对胰瘘的治疗具有临床价值。     

胰管支架预防困难胆管插管ERCP术后急性胰腺炎的前瞻性研究

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）中置入胰管支架对困难胆管插管患者ERCP术后急性胰腺炎（PEP）的预防效果。方法120例行ERCP诊疗发生困难胆管插管的患者采用随机数字表法随机分成2组,一组术中置入胰管支架（观察组）,另一组未置入（对照组）,对比分析2组ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症、PEP的发生率以及术后患者腹痛评分结果。结果观察组发生ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症15例（27．3％）,PEP5例（8．3％）,无一例重症PEP,术后患者腹痛评分（3．82±1．48）分;对照组发生ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症18例（30．0％）,PEP14例（23．3％）,重症PEP2例（3．3％）,术后患者腹痛评分（4．78±1．93）分。2组ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;观察组PEP、重症PEP发生率以及术后患者腹痛评分均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论置入胰管支架可以有效降低胆管插管困难所引起的PEP的风险,并能有效缓解患者术后疼痛,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

内镜治疗慢性胰腺炎的探讨

目的 探讨内镜治疗慢性阻塞性胰腺炎疗效及并发症。方法 经内镜治疗２９例慢性胰腺炎中胰管括约肌切开术２７例（１９例为７内镜治疗前处置）,副乳头切开８例,乳头括约肌切开术５例,网篮邓胰石９例,胰管内引流７例,鼻胰管引流３例,辅助探条或球囊扩张共１４例。１３例治疗前、后检测胰腺内分泌功能。结果 ２９例中２６例（８９．７％）治疗后腹痛消失或明显减轻,９例胰腺结石患者中６例取出胰石;７例胰管内引流管未阻塞。     

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术应用于儿童胆胰疾病的大样本研究

目的 探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）在儿童胆胰疾病诊治中的疗效与安全性。 方法 回顾性分析2006年7月至2016年6月期间于杭州市第一人民医院消化内科住院接受ERCP诊治的共115例年龄在18岁以下的患儿的临床资料,总结分析其麻醉方式、治疗方法、成功率、术后并发症情况。 结果 115例患儿共接受221例次ERCP操作,其中,诊断为胆总管结石81例次,胆总管囊肿22例次,胆道蛔虫症3例次,慢性胰腺炎66例次,胰腺分裂症45例次,急性胰腺炎43例次。31例次在气管插管全身麻醉下进行,分别完成胆、胰管开口切开,胆、胰管取石,胆、胰管内支架置入,鼻胆管、鼻胰管引流等相关操作。操作成功率为98.6％（218／221）,操作相关并发症的发生率为7.2％（16／221）,包括7例次（3.2％）术后胰腺炎,5例次（2.3％）术后出血,4例次（1.8％）术后胆管炎,并发症均于治疗后缓解。 结论 儿童胆胰疾病中先天性解剖异常较为常见,早期儿童胆胰疾病由经验丰富的内镜医生进行ERCP诊治是有效和安全的。     

内镜在胰胆管合流异常诊疗中的作用探讨

目的探讨ERCP在胰胆管合流异常中的诊断价值,评估内镜治疗的效果。方法16例胰胆管合流异常（PBM）患者,通过ERCP造影进行PBM分型,结合临床症状,分析引起相关疾病的机制、影像特点,根据合并的其它胰胆疾病,选择适当的内镜取石、扩张或引流等治疗,观察治疗效果。结果16例胰胆管合流异常患者多伴有腹痛、呕吐、黄疸等症状,及转氨酶和／或淀粉酶水平的升高。其中,Ⅰ型（B—P型）7例,Ⅱ型（P—B型）5例,Ⅲ型（复杂型）4例;合并胆总管囊肿扩张10例,无扩张者5例,胆管癌并狭窄1例;伴有胆管结石11例（4例为蛋白栓）、胰管结石2例（1例不伴胆管结石）。9例予内镜下胆管取石,2例胰管取石,术中置入胆道支架引流7例,行鼻胆管引流3例,胰管支架置入5例,胆道金属支架置人1例。术后临床症状均明显缓解。结论ERCP是一种可靠的诊断手段,其分型与PBM相关疾病表现有明显相关,选择性、暂时性的内镜治疗在外科术前是有效的、必要的。     

Pancreatic ductal stones: frequency of successful endoscopic removal and improvement in symptoms

Pancreatic ductal stones may be responsible for attacks of acute pancreatitis (chronic relapsing pancreatitis) or exacerbations of chronic pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis. This study was undertaken to identify those patients with predominantly main pancreatic duct stones most amenable to endoscopic removal and to determine the effects on the patients' clinical course with such removal. Thirty-two patients with ductographic evidence of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic duct stones underwent attempted endoscopic removal. Of the patients, 71.9% had complete or partial stone removal and 67.7% improved after endoscopic therapy. Symptomatic improvement was most evident in the group of patients with chronic relapsing pancreatitis. Factors favoring stone removal included (1) three or less stones, (2) stones confined to the head and/or body of the pancreas, (3) absence of a downstream stricture, (4) stone diameter less than or equal to 10 mm, and (5) absence of impacted stones. After successful stone removal, 25% of patients had regression of the ductographic changes of chronic pancreatitis and 41.7% had a decrease in the main pancreatic duct diameter. The only complication from therapy was mild pancreatitis in 8.2%. These data suggest that removal of pancreatic duct stones may result in symptomatic improvement. A longer follow-up will be necessary to determine whether endoscopic success results in long-standing clinical improvement and/or permanent regression of the morphologic changes of chronic pancreatitis.     

胰腺分裂内镜治疗价值

目的探讨内镜下治疗胰腺分裂的疗效和安全性。方法收集2006年6月至2013年6月在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院消化科就诊的8例胰腺分裂患者的临床资料,对术中及术后情况进行回顾性分析。结果8例胰腺分裂患者共行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术28例次,均置入胰管支架,其中7例同时行副乳头括约肌切开术,6例行内镜下扩张术,1例行胰管取石术。术后出现1例次轻度胰腺炎。随访2～47个月,1例死于胰腺癌,3例已拔出支架,3例定期复查,1例失访。患者术后慢性胰腺炎急性发作频率及腹痛程度均较术前明显降低。结论内镜下治疗胰腺分裂安全有效,可减少胰腺炎发作频率,减轻术后腹痛程度,术后并发症发生率低。     

内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影术对胰腺分裂症的诊断、治疗价值研究

目的:探讨内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)对胰腺分裂症(PD)的诊断、治疗方法及其效果的价值。方法:回顾性分析本院2008年6月至2012年9月明确诊断的20例PD患者的临床表现、诊断及治疗方法,比较治疗前后患者的体重变化,用直观模拟标度尺(VAS)评分来评估腹痛症状改善的情况。结果:患者症状以腹痛为主,急性胰腺炎或慢性胰腺炎急性发作的发生率为75%。经ERCP确诊的患者中,磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)的检出率为24%。内镜下治疗包括行内镜下十二指肠主和(或)副乳头切开引流(95%)、胰管支架置入(65%)及鼻胰管引流(55%)。治疗后患者体重增加(P<0.05),疼痛VAS评分下降(P<0.05)。结论:PD患者主要症状为腹痛,急性胰腺炎或慢性胰腺炎急性发作的发生率较高,内镜下治疗可有效减少PD患者腹痛的程度并增加患者体重。     

Intraoperative endoscopic electrohydraulic lithotripsy of pancreatic stones.

Two male patients with complications associated with chronic pancreatitis are described. In each patient, preoperative examinations revealed a large stone obstructing the main duct in the head of the pancreas. Lateral pancreaticojejunostomy was performed to relieve pain and prevent further attacks of pancreatitis. During each operation, the stone was fragmented under direct visual control with the use of a flexible choledochoscope and a contact electrohydraulic lithotriptor. The stone was removed and ductal flow through the head of the pancreas was reestablished. Our experience shows that endoscopic electrohydraulic lithotripsy facilitates operative removal of pancreatic stones deeply located in the head of the pancreas.     

ENDOSCOPIC PANCREATIC SPHINCTEROTOMY PLUS LARGE‐BALLOON DILATION FOR REMOVAL OF A LARGE IMPACTED PANCREATIC DUCT STONE (WITH VIDEO)

Pancreatic duct stones are a common complication of chronic pancreatitis. We describe successful endoscopic removal of a large pancreatic duct stone using large‐balloon dilation in combination with pancreatic sphincterotomy. A 63‐year‐old woman was admitted for endoscopic treatment of acute on chronic pancreatitis with diabetes and epigastric pain with liver dysfunction due to a large impacted stone within the distal main pancreatic duct. Endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy was carried out using a wire‐guided pull‐type sphincterotome. Although we could carry out a relatively large incision, the stone could not be extracted. We therefore carried out papillary dilation using a large balloon (diameter 12 to 15 mm) to make room alongside the stone. A 10 × 20‐mm white pancreatic duct stone was extracted during the process of pulling a dilating balloon into the working channel of the endoscope. Eventually, the second stone was removed without any procedure‐related complication.     

Inferior head resection of the pancreas and cyst resection for choledochal cyst with chronic calcifying pancreatitis

We report inferior head resection of the pancreas and cyst resection for congenital choledochal cyst with an anomalous arrangement of pancreaticobiliary duct and chronic calcifying pancreatitis. A 42-year-old man was admitted to the National Cancer Center Hospital East complaining of back pain. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed marked dilatation of the bile duct and multiple pancreatic stones in the main pancreatic duct. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography demonstrated pancreatic stones in the dilated main pancreatic duct. The patient underwent cyst excision, inferior head resection of the pancreas, hepaticojejunostomy and lateral pancreaticojejunostomy. The postoperative course was uneventful. This procedure relieved the back pain. Choledochal cyst with anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary duct is frequently associated with acute pancreatitis. Inferior head resection of the pancreas removed the common channel which could be the cause of relapsing pancreatitis. Thus, inferior head resection can play a role in the management of choledochal cyst with chronic pancreatitis.     

青少年慢性胰腺炎的内镜诊断与治疗

目的：研究诊断性和治疗性经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)在青少年慢性胰腺炎(CP)诊断及治疗中的价值。方法：回顾分析1997年2月～2002年2月间确诊为青少年CP并行ERCP的13例临床资料。结果：13例中12例存在腹痛症状，10例有“胰腺炎”病史。ERCP见胰管扩张12例，胰管结石7例，胰腺假性囊肿2例，胰腺分裂症3例，胆囊结石l例。内镜下治疗：乳头括约肌切开术7例，胰管取石6例，支架置入5例，胰管狭窄扩张术4例，副乳头切开2例。ERCP后高淀粉酶血症4例，胰腺炎急性发作3例，均为水肿型胰腺炎。经6—68个月随访，ll例未复发，2例复发者经再次ER-CP治疗后腹痛未再出现。结论：ERCP对青少年CP的诊断及治疗有较高的价值。但青少年CP患者ERCP术后具有较高的并发症发生率，对此内镜医师应高度重视。     

Pancreas divisum

Summary A 36-year-old man, followed for 14 years with recurrent abdominal pain, developed chronic calcific pancreatitis and was found to have pancreas divisum on endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. An intraoperative biopsy showed normal acinar tissue in the head of the pancreas, while the body and tail were replaced by fibrous tissue. His pain resolved following surgical drainage of the dorsal pancreatic duct.Evaluation of the clinical course of this patient and critical review of other such cases in the literature support the role of compromised ductal drainage of the dorsal pancreas in the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis in pancreas divisum.     

Endoscopic ultrasonography for evaluating patients with recurrent pancreatitis

Acute recurrent pancreatitis （ARP） is still a complex diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in clinical practice. In up to 30% of cases of ARP, it is not possible to establish the etiology of the disease. In the other 70%, many factors play an etiological role in ARP： microlithiasis, sphincter of Oddi dysfunction （SOD）, pancreas divisum, hereditary pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, a choledochocele, annular pancreas, an anomalous pancreatobiliary junction, pancreatic tumors or chronic pancreatitis are diagnosed. EUS should be useful in ARP as it is sensitive for diagnosing bile duct stones, gallbladder sludge, pancreatic lesions, ductal abnormalities and chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopic ultrasound （EUS） appears to be diagnostic in the majority of patients with previously unexplained pancreatitis, and offers an alternative to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （ERCP） as the initial diagnostic test in patients with ARP.