椎体成形术治疗压缩性骨折并发骨水泥渗漏的预防

目的探讨经皮椎体成形术（percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP）治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折并发骨水泥渗漏的预防。方法 2007年5月至2011年11月,我科采用PVP治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩性骨折患者75例85椎,其中有7例患者出现骨水泥渗漏。本文对骨水泥渗漏的原因、处理方法、预防措施进行总结。结果 78例患者术后疼痛症状消失或缓解,优良率达97.48%。7例出现骨水泥渗漏现象,其中有4例位于椎旁软组织,1例呈现拖尾现象,2例通过椎板漏入相邻椎间盘。结论虽然经皮椎体成形术治疗椎体压缩性骨折在操作过程中会出现骨水泥渗漏等并发症,给患者造成身心伤害,甚至危及患者生命,但只要合理掌握手术适应证,提高技术水平,掌握手术技巧,骨水泥渗漏的并发症是可以避免的。     

椎体成形术和椎体后凸成形术术后骨水泥渗漏的临床观察及分析

目的对骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折行经皮椎体成形术(percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP)和经皮椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP)治疗术后骨水泥渗漏进行临床观察及分析。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2014年10月治疗胸腰段骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折78例共93个椎体,其中随机分为PVP组31例36个椎体,PKP组47例57个椎体。通过术后腰椎X线片和CT检查观察患者骨水泥渗漏情况,并按椎体外骨水泥渗漏的解剖位置分6型,分别为无渗漏型、椎旁渗漏型、椎间盘渗漏型、椎管渗漏型、椎弓根渗漏型,混合渗漏型(包含两种或两种以上渗漏)。结果术后所有患者行腰椎X线片和CT检查,发现PVP组发生骨水泥外漏12椎(33.33%),PKP组发生骨水泥外漏10椎(17.60%),其中PVP组6椎为椎旁渗漏型,2椎为椎间盘渗漏型,1椎为椎管渗漏型,2椎为椎弓根渗漏型,1椎为混合渗漏型(为椎旁渗漏合并椎管渗漏);PKP组5椎为椎旁渗漏型,2椎为椎管渗漏型,1椎为椎弓根渗漏型,2椎为混合渗漏型(1椎为椎旁渗漏合并椎管渗漏,1椎椎弓根渗漏合并椎管渗漏),2椎混合型渗漏患者出现神经症状,急诊行手术取出椎管内渗漏水泥后症状缓解。所有渗漏患者随访3~6个月,均未再次出现神经症状及后遗症。结论PVP和PKP相比较,前者骨水泥渗漏发生率较高,尤其以椎旁渗漏及椎管渗漏最为多见。     

经皮椎体强化术并发骨水泥渗漏的类型及其临床意义

目的探讨经皮椎体成形术（PVP）与经皮后凸成形术（PKP）并发骨水泥渗漏的类型及其临床意义。方法回顾性分析我院2001年8月至2005年3月期间收治的56例PVP和PKP患者的临床资料,按解剖位置对椎体外的局部骨水泥渗漏共分6型,PVP手术患者分为无骨水泥渗漏组、骨水泥渗漏组、椎体周围渗漏组及椎管内渗漏组,进行统计学处理,比较各组行PVP手术前后及术后各时段间疗效差异,并分析其对临床疗效的影响。结果（1）PVP手术组共43个椎体,18个椎体发生骨水泥渗漏,渗漏率42％。一处渗漏15例,其中椎体周围渗漏6例,椎管内渗漏5例,椎问孔内渗漏2例,椎间盘内渗漏1例,椎旁软组织内渗漏1例;发生两处渗漏3例。（2）PKP手术组共22个椎体,4个椎体发生骨水泥渗漏,渗漏率18％。4例均为一处骨水泥渗漏,其中椎体周围渗漏2例,椎管内渗漏1例,椎间孔内渗漏1例。5例渗漏患者出现新症状：腹膜刺激征和神经损伤症状,3例经保守治疗有效,2例需要手术减压。结论经皮椎体强化术（包括PVP和PKP）并发骨水泥渗漏以椎体周围型和椎管内型常见;少数患者可出现腹膜刺激征和神经损伤症状。除椎管内渗漏组早期疗效受影响外,其余各组骨水泥渗漏不影响手术效果。     

经皮椎体成形术后骨水泥渗漏的回顾性分析及预防策略

目的 回顾性分析我院152例187节胸腰椎骨折椎体成形术后患者(PVP或PKP)骨水泥渗漏的发生率及预防措施.方法 2007年5月～2012年5月共152例骨质疏松性胸腰椎体压缩性骨折(187节椎体)患者施行经皮椎体成形术(PVP)75节或经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)112节,术后对责任椎常规复查CT,统计显示骨水泥渗漏共65节(34.76%),其中PVP术38节(50.66%),PKP术27节(24.11%),渗漏至椎管内15节(8.02%,PVP术9节,PKP术6节)、椎间隙内13节(6.95%,PVP术7节,PKP术6节)、穿刺针道内8节(4.28%,PVP术4节,PKP术4节)、椎间静脉渗漏5节(2.67%,均为PVP节)、椎体周缘(椎体前缘、椎体旁)23节(12.30%,PVP术12节,PKP术11节)、神经根管内1节(0.53%,为PVP术),观察术后疗效,总结造成骨水泥渗漏的原因及预防方法.结果 所有患者术后疼痛明显减轻,出现骨水泥渗漏并发症的患者中,1例渗漏至神经根管内患者出现神经压迫症状,减压术后症状缓解,其余患者术后均无明显神经压迫症状.结论 椎体成形术后渗漏发生率较高(34.76%),以椎体周缘渗漏(35.38%)最为常见,但因渗漏而有临床症状者较少(1.53%).骨水泥渗漏与术前检查是否充分、术前阅片是否仔细、手术操作是否熟练密切相关.     

骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折经皮椎体后凸成形术后并发骨水泥渗漏的临床观察及分析

目的 临床观察和分析骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折患者接受经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)治疗后并发骨水泥渗漏情况.方法 回顾性分析我院2011年1月至2013年9月采用PKP治疗的97例(114椎)骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折患者的临床资料,通过术后X线片和CT检查观察患者术后骨水泥渗漏情况.根据椎体外骨水泥渗漏的解剖位置,将渗漏分为椎旁型、椎间盘型、椎管型、椎弓根型和混合型(2种或2种以上).结果 70例患者(85椎)无骨水泥渗漏;27例患者(29椎)出现骨水泥渗漏,其中11椎为椎旁型,4椎为椎间盘型,6椎为椎管型,3椎为椎弓根型,5椎为混合型.渗漏发生率为25.4％.结论 PKP治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折效果良好,但是术后骨水泥渗漏发生率较高,其中以椎旁型渗漏及椎管型渗漏最为多见.     

高粘度与低粘度骨水泥PVP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的Meta分析

目的通过Meta分析比较高粘度骨水泥与低粘度骨水泥经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效与安全性,为临床应用提供参考。方法检索自1984-01—2017-05收录在Cochrane、Springer、EMBASE、Pub Med、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据库、中国知网数据库、维普中文期刊数据库的随机对照试验,观察组采用高粘度PVP治疗,对照组采用低粘度PVP治疗。采用Cochrane协作网提供的Rev Man 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果纳入符合要求的5个随机对照试验,共259例,观察组127例,对照组132例。Meta分析结果显示2组末次随访时VAS评分、末次随访时ODI指数、骨水泥注入量、骨水泥椎旁渗漏率、术后邻近椎体骨折发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);而观察组骨水泥椎静脉渗漏率、骨水泥椎间盘渗漏率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论高粘度与低粘度骨水泥PVP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折均可有效缓解患者的疼痛症状并改善功能状态。高粘度骨水泥PVP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折可降低骨水泥椎静脉渗漏率及椎间盘渗漏率。     

经皮椎体成形术后患者骨水泥渗漏的影响因素

目的探讨经皮椎体成形术(PVP)术后患者发生骨水泥渗漏的影响因素。方法回顾性分析189例行PVP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折患者的临床资料,根据术后是否出现骨水泥渗漏分为渗漏组(n=89)和非渗漏组(n=100),分析骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折患者PVP术后发生骨水泥渗漏的相关因素。结果89例骨水泥渗漏患者中A型渗漏38例(42.70%),B型渗漏26例(29.21%),C型渗漏15例(16.85%),D型渗漏10例(11.24%)。单因素分析结果显示,两组患者性别、年龄、一次性治疗椎体个数和骨折至手术时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术前伤椎高度、骨水泥注入量、术前Cobb角、穿刺路径和椎体周壁破坏因素比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素logistic线性回归分析结果显示,术前伤椎高度、骨水泥注入量、术前Cobb角、穿刺路径和椎体周壁破坏等因素是导致PVP术后骨水泥渗漏的独立危险因素。结论术前伤椎高度、骨水泥注入量、术前Cobb角、穿刺路径和椎体周壁破坏等是PVP术后骨水泥渗漏的影响因素。     

高黏度骨水泥治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效

目的观察经皮椎体成形术(PVP)中使用高黏度骨水泥治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效及并发症。方法对60例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者(98个椎体)采用高黏度骨水泥PVP治疗。观察手术前后腰痛VAS评分、脊椎功能障碍指数(ODI)、骨水泥渗漏及邻近椎体骨折等并发症发生率。结果 60例均获得随访,时间3~6(4.2±1.4)年。VAS评分由术前6~10(8.4±1.2)分降低到末次随访时0~3(0.7±0.8)分(P0.001);ODI由术前45%~91%(63.7%±15.9%)降低到末次随访时2%~31%(8.4%±6.6%)(P0.001)。共8个椎体(8.2%)发生骨水泥静脉渗漏,6个椎体(6.1%)发生椎间盘渗漏,8个椎体(8.2%)发生椎旁渗漏,2例(3.3%)发生邻近椎体骨折。结论采用高黏度骨水泥行PVP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折可获得满意的临床疗效,骨水泥渗漏率及邻近椎体骨折发生率均较低。     

高粘度与低粘度骨水泥PVP治疗骨质疏松椎体压缩骨折的疗效和并发症

目的:比较经皮椎体成形术(PVP)中使用高粘度PMMA骨水泥和低粘度PMMA骨水泥治疗骨质疏松椎体压缩骨折的疗效和并发症发生率.方法:2008年9月～2011年2月对行PVP治疗的60例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者进行前瞻性随机对照研究.将患者随机化分为高粘度组(PVP使用高粘度PMMA骨水泥,30例)和低粘度组(PVP使用低粘度PMMA骨水泥,30例).高粘度组采用PALACOS R+G高粘度PMMA骨水泥,低粘度组采用MENDEC Spine低粘度PMMA骨水泥.两组患者年龄、性别比、体重指数(BMI)及手术节段差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).采用视觉模拟量表(VAS)进行疼痛评分,采用Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)进行腰椎功能评分,观察并比较两组患者的VAS评分、ODI,骨水泥静脉渗漏、椎间盘渗漏、椎旁渗漏及邻近椎体骨折等发生情况.结果:60例患者均获随访,其中高粘度组随访时间2～5年,平均3.7±0.9年;低粘度组随访时间2～5年,平均3.7±1.0年,两组平均随访时间无统计学差异(P＞0.05).高粘度组VAS评分由术前8.4±14分降低到末次随访时0.5±0.7分,ODI由术前(59.7±18.0)％降低到末次随访时(8.1±5.6)％;低粘度组VAS评分由术前8.3±1.5分降低到末次随访时0.9±0.9分,ODI由术前(67.7±12.5)％降低到末次随访时(8.7±7.6)％(P＜0.05);两组末次随访时腰痛VAS评分及ODI均较术前明显改善(P＜0.05),末次随访时腰痛VAS评分及ODI两组比较均无统计学差异(P＞0.05).高粘度组骨水泥静脉渗漏率明显低于低粘度组(8.2％ vs.41.3％,P＜0.05);高粘度组骨水泥椎间盘渗漏率、椎旁渗漏率和邻近椎体骨折发生率分别为6.1％、8.2％和6.6％;低粘度组分别为13.0％、12.0％和3.3％,两组间比较均无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:PVP术中使用高粘度骨水泥和低粘度骨水泥治疗骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折具有相似的治疗效果、椎间盘渗漏率、椎旁渗漏率和邻近椎体骨折发生率,但高粘度骨水泥能显著降低骨水泥静脉渗漏率.     

PVP术中骨水泥渗漏的危险因素分析

目的分析经皮椎体成形术(PVP)中骨水泥渗漏的危险因素及预防措施。方法选取2015-04-2017-04我院收治的骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折(OVCF)患者120例为研究对象,均行PVP术,按术中是否出现骨水泥渗漏分为观察组(骨水泥渗漏,45例)、对照组(无骨水泥渗漏,75例),记录骨水泥渗漏位置,对比两组穿刺点、骨密度、骨折压缩程度、骨水泥注入量、脊柱后凸Cobb角、椎体有无裂隙征、椎基静脉孔相通等资料,分析OVCF患者PVP术后发生骨水泥渗漏的影响因素及。结果本研究中120例OVCF患者共45例出现骨水泥渗漏,骨水泥渗漏发生率为37.50%;骨水泥渗漏部位主要为椎旁静脉(25.00%)、椎管内硬膜外(5.83%)、椎间盘(5.00%);观察组骨密度-(0.26±0.07)、骨水泥注入量(3.69±0.10)ml、脊柱后凸Cobb角(19.46±1.23)°、穿刺点单侧62.22%、骨水泥注射时期粥状期17.78%、椎体裂隙征28.89%、椎基静脉孔相通17.78%与对照组对比差异有统计学意义(P0.05);多因素分析显示,脊柱后凸角、骨水泥注射时期、椎体裂隙征、椎基静脉孔相通是导致PVP术中骨水泥渗漏的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论 OVCF患者在PVP术中可能因脊柱后凸Cobb角、骨水泥注射时期、椎体裂隙征、椎基静脉孔相通等因素影响而发生骨水泥渗漏,需根据患者情况选择个体化治疗方案。     

经皮椎体后凸成形术中分步推注骨水泥治疗椎体后壁破损的骨质疏松性椎体骨折

目的 探讨经皮椎体后凸成形术（PKP）治疗椎体后壁破损的骨质疏松性椎体骨折中减少骨水泥渗漏的方法.方法 对27例老年骨质疏松性骨折患者在PKP术中采用分步推注骨水泥的方法治疗椎体后壁破损36椎,观察患者手术前后疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）变化、椎体高度恢复情况及骨水泥渗漏情况.结果 27例均获得随访,时间12~48（27.3±6.2）个月.术后3 d及末次随访时患者VAS、椎体高度均较术前明显改善（P〈0.05）,末次随访时与术后3 d比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.术后5个椎体（13.8%）发生骨水泥渗漏,其中椎旁渗漏2个,椎间盘渗漏2个,椎管内渗漏1个.无肺栓塞发生,未出现脊髓和神经根损伤.结论 PKP治疗椎体后壁破损老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折中,采用分步推注骨水泥的方法可有效减少骨水泥渗漏.     

椎基静脉孔与椎体内裂隙相通可能是后凸成形术骨水泥渗漏的危险因素

 目的 通过对伴与不伴椎内裂隙征的椎体行经皮椎体后凸成形术（percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP）后不同类型骨水泥渗漏的发生率的评估,探讨椎基静脉孔和椎内裂隙相通是否为骨水泥渗漏的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2013年1月我科行PKP手术的224例患者的270个手术椎体术前与术后X线片、CT及MRI。所有病例依据是否存在椎体内裂隙分为裂隙组和骨小梁组。将骨水泥渗漏分为五型：通过骨皮质缺损进入椎旁软组织（A型）,通过椎基静脉孔（B型）,通过进针管道（C型）,通过骨皮质缺损进入椎间盘区域（D型）,以及通过椎旁静脉（E型）。分别统计两组各类型的骨水泥渗漏的发生率并分析差异是否有统计学意义。结果 裂隙组72例,骨小梁组198例。B型骨水泥渗漏最为常见,占总手术椎体的15.5%（42例）,其次为D型骨水泥渗漏（7.8%,21例）。裂隙组B型骨水泥渗漏发生率为23.6%,高于骨小梁组的12.6%,且两者之间差异有统计学意义（P=0.028）。其余各型骨水泥渗漏之间差异无统计学意义。结论 B型骨水泥渗漏在伴椎内裂隙征的椎体中更为常见,说明椎内裂隙征和椎基静脉孔之间存在通道。因此,在伴椎内裂隙征的椎体行PKP手术时,需特别小心避免骨水泥通过椎基静脉孔漏入椎管。     

Risk factors for predicting cement leakage in percutaneous vertebroplasty for spinal metastases

BackgroundThe study aimed to identify the risk factors of cement leakage following percutaneous vertebroplasty for spinal metastases.Methods230 consecutive patients with 530 vertebrae were retrospectively reviewed. Characteristics including age, primary cancer, location, pathological fracture, the integrity of the posterior wall, and the volume of bone cement were considered as potential risk factors. Cement leakage was evaluated by postoperative imaging examination and classified into three subtypes with different potential sequelae: spinal canal leakage, intravascular leakage around vertebrae, intradiscal and paravertebral leakage. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the risk factors.ResultsLeakage was detected in 185 vertebrae (34.9%), 18.3% for intradiscal and paravertebral, 13.2% for intravascular around vertebrae, and 7.0% for spinal canal. Multivariate analysis showed that incomplete posterior wall (P = 0.001) and breast cancer (P = 0.015) were strong predictive factors for spinal canal leakage, incomplete posterior wall (P = 0.024) was for intravascular leakage around vertebrae, thoracic (P = 0.010) and pathological fracture (P = 0.000) were for intradiscal and paravertebral leakage.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that cement leakage is common following percutaneous vertebroplasty for spinal metastases. The incomplete posterior wall is an unfavourable factor for intravascular leakage around vertebrae. Vertebrae with incomplete posterior wall and breast cancer metastases are more likely to develop spinal canal leakage.     

Comparison of CT characteristics of extravertebral cement leakages after vertebroplasty performed by different navigation and injection techniques

Summary   Objective. This study was intended to assess the results of post-operative CT scans in three groups of patients following percutaneous vertebroplasty (VP) using different navigation and injection methods, in an attempt to explain the radiological characteristics of extravertebral cement leakage with relation to needle placement and focused on the ventral epidural accumulation of bone cement. Furthermore, we have suggested a morphological (and functional) classification of the types of cement leakage. Methods. Between July 2001 and February 2005, 123 percutaneous VP procedures were performed during 75 sessions in 65 patients for treatment of painful osteoporotic vertebral body compression fractures. These included:- Group I: 28 patients, 33 sessions; 50 right sided unilateral VP under fluoroscopic control with central position of the tip of the needle within the bone marrow. Group II: 27 patients, 28 sessions; 50 bilateral VP under fluoroscopic control with separate cement injections into both “hemivertebrae”. Group III: 14 patients, 14 sessions; 23 bilateral VP navigated by frameless stereotaxy (neuronavigation). Needles were positioned strictly into the lateral thirds of the vertebral bodies. Leakages were classified as epidural, foraminal, intradiscal, venous paravertebral, compact extravertebral on the post-operative CT scans, and their frequency was compared in relation to the navigation method and the position of the tip of the needle. Results. Group I: extravertebral cement was detected in 23 patients (82%), and in 35 (70%) of the 50 vertebrae treated (ventral epidural: 23 vertebrae = 46%; intradiscal: 12 vertebrae = 24%; venous paravertebral: 8 vertebrae = 16%; intraforaminal: 7 vertebrae = 14%; and compact extravertebral: 3 vertebrae = 6%). Group II: extravertebral cement was detected in 20 patients (74%), and in 38 (76%) of the 50 vertebrae treated (ventral epidural: 12 vertebrae = 24%; intradiscal: 12 vertebrae = 24%; venous paravertebral: 9 vertebrae = 18%; and foraminal: 1 vertebra = 2%). Group III: extravertebral cement could be detected in 10 patients (71%), and in 10 (43%) of the 23 vertebrae treated (ventral epidural: 3 vertebrae = 13%; intradiscal: 8 vertebrae = 34%; venous paravertebral: 4 vertebrae = 17%). Conclusion. The incidence of epidural accumulation of bone cement may be concluded to be closely correlated with the position of the tip of the needle. Centrally injected bone cement may easily invade into the basivertebral system, and the material can then be transferred via these veins toward the ventral epidural space, and result in canal compromise and/or compression of the neural elements. The results of statistical analysis (Chi-square test) revealed that injection of bone cement into the lateral third of the vertebral body significantly decreases the extent of ventral epidural leakage. Therefore, a strictly lateral injection is advised, when the tip of the needle is placed into the lateral third of the vertebral body. Frameless stereotaxy navigation improves achievement of accurate needle placement and decreases the frequency of ventral epidural leakage. It is a safe and very accurate method for positioning of the injecting needles. Correspondence: Prof. Dr. Tamás Dóczi, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pécs, 7623 Pécs, Rét u. 2., Hungary.     

Basivertebral foramen could be connected with intravertebral cleft: a potential risk factor of cement leakage in percutaneous kyphoplasty

Background contextAmong different types of cement leakage in percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) for osteoporotic vertebral body compression fractures, leaks into the spinal canal are considered to be the most common complication. One potential structure causing this type of cement leakage is the potential connection between the basivertebral foramen and the intravertebral cleft, which is revealed clearly on magnetic resonance (MR) images, but is often ignored in the literature.PurposeThe purpose of this study is to assess the incidence rate of different types of cement leakage in PKP with or without intravertebral clefts and to determine whether the basivertebral foramen could be connected to the intravertebral cleft.Study designThis study is a retrospective assessment of the presence of an intravertebral cleft in osteoporotic vertebral bodies and the different types of cement leakage after PKP on radiographs, computed tomographic (CT) scans, and MR images.Patient sampleA total of 164 consecutive patients underwent PKP to treat 204 osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.Outcome measuresOutcome measures include the occurrence of different types of cement leakage in the groups with an intravertebral cleft and without intravertebral clefts.MethodsA total of 204 vertebrae in 164 consecutive patients who underwent PKP to treat osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures were classified into two patterns based on preoperative radiographs, CT scans, and/or MR images of the treated levels: cleft pattern (with an intravertebral cleft in the vertebral body) and trabecular pattern (without intravertebral clefts). When an intravertebral cleft was identified, the investigators examined the basivertebral foramen and looked for a communication between the two structures on three-dimensional CT scans and MR images. On direct postoperative images, the patterns of cement leakage were classified as five types: type A, through a cortical defect into the paraspinal soft tissues; type B, through the basivertebral foramen; type C, via the needle channel; type D, through a cortical defect into the disc space; and type E, via the paravertebral vein. The association of the distribution of the cement leakage and the presence of an intravertebral cleft was analyzed retrospectively. Moreover, the association of type B leakage with the communication between the basivertebral foramen and the intravertebral cleft was also assessed.ResultsThe average interobserver kappa values for determining the type of cement leakage and the presence of intravertebral cleft were 0.916 (range, 0.792–1) and 0.935, respectively. In 41 of 204 vertebrae (19.9%), an intravertebral cleft was confirmed on preoperative images. A communication between the intravertebral cleft and the basivertebral foramen was seen in 10 vertebrae (24.4%). Cement leakage was 36.2% in the group with a trabecular pattern and 41.5% in the group with a cleft pattern (p>.05). Leaks through the basivertebral foramen (type B; N=30, 14.7%) and through cortical defects into the disc space (type D; N=14, 6.9%) were more common than other types. Twenty of 163 vertebrae with the trabecular pattern (12.3%) and 10 of 41 vertebrae with the cleft pattern (24.4%) were identified as type B leaks, which reached statistical significance (p<.05). There was no statistical difference between the trabecular pattern and the cleft pattern on other types of leaks.ConclusionsType B leaks are more common in vertebrae with an intravertebral cleft, which supports the presence of a connection between an intravertebral cleft and the basivertebral foramen. Thus, care must be taken when PKP is performed in these patients to avoid direct cement leakage into the spinal canal through the basivertebral foramen.     

High- versus low-viscosity cement vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture: a meta-analysis

Background

To compare high- versus low-viscosity bone cement on the clinical outcomes and complications in patients with Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) who underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) or percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP).

Methods

PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for papers published from inception up to February 2021 for potentially eligible studies comparing high- versus low-viscosity cement for PVP/PKP. The outcomes were the leakage rate, visual analog scale (VAS), and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).

Results

Eight studies (558 patients; 279 in each group) were included. The meta-analysis showed that the leakage rate was lower with high-viscosity cement than with low-viscosity cement (OR = 0.23, 95%CI 0.14–0.39, P < 0.001; I² = 43.5%, P_{heterogeneity} = 0.088); similar results were observed specifically for the disk space, paravertebral space, and peripheral vein, but there were no differences regarding the epidural space and intraspinal space. The VAS was decreased more significantly with high-viscosity cement than with low-viscosity cement (WMD = − 0.21, 95%CI − 0.38, − 0.04, P = 0.015; I² = 0.0%, P_{heterogeneity} = 0.565). Regarding the ODI, there was no difference between high- and low-viscosity cement (WMD = − 0.88, 95%CI − 3.06, 1.29, P = 0.426; I² = 78.3%, P_{heterogeneity} < 0.001).

Conclusions

There were lower cement leakage rates in PVP/PKP with high-viscosity bone cement than low-viscosity bone cement. The two groups have similar results in ODI, but the VAS scores favor high-viscosity bone cement. Therefore, the administration of high-viscosity bone cement in PVP/ PKP could be a potential option for improving the complications of leakage in OVCFs, while the clinical efficacy of relieving pain is not certain.

     

Intraoperative PEEP-ventilation during PMMA-injection for augmented pedicle screws: improvement of leakage rate in spinal surgery

Background

Within the last two decades the use of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures has been established widely. Several techniques of cement application in spinal surgery have been described. Besides classical vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty and related techniques that reinforce stability of the fractured vertebral body itself, augmentation of pedicle screws became an issue in the past 10 years. Aim of this technique is strengthening of the implant-bone-interface and the prevention of loosening and failure of posterior instrumentation in limited bone quality due to osteoporosis. PMMA use in spinal surgery always bears the risk of cement leakage and cement embolism. There are only few publications dealing with cement leakage in pedicle screw augmentation. We examined our cohort concerning incidence and type of leakage in comparison to the literature. In particular, we evaluated a possible role of intrathoracic pressure during cementation procedure.

Patients and methods

In this retrospective study 42 patients were included. Mean age was 74 (57–89) years. 311 fenestrated, augmented screws were analyzed postoperatively concerning leakage and subsequent pulmonary embolism of cement particles. Overall, there was a leakage rate of 38.3 %, and 28.6 % of patients showed pulmonary embolism of PMMA. During surgery, patients were in part ventilated with a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 15 cmH₂O during cement injection. These individuals showed significantly less leakage locally as well as less PMMA-emboli in the pulmonary circulation in contrast to patients ventilated without increased PEEP.

Conclusion

PEEP elevation during administration of PMMA via fenestrated pedicle screws is reducing the leakage rate in spinal surgery. These beneficial effects warrant further evaluation in prospective studies.