钩藤中钩藤碱、异钩藤碱的提取与含量测定

目的 研究和探讨钩藤药材中钩藤碱与异钩藤碱的最佳提取与含量测定方法.方法 采用Phenomenex C18柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.01 mmol·L-1三乙胺水溶液(70:30,冰醋酸调pH 7.0)为流动相;流速:0.5 mL·min-1;柱温:30℃;进样器温度:5℃;检测波长为245 nm,测定和考察钩藤不同时间的水煎液和不同条件下甲醇冷浸超声提取液中主要有效成分钩藤碱和异钩藤碱含量的变化.结果 钩藤碱回归方程Y=76.7170X-0.0727(r=0.999 8),在2.5～80.0μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率99.84%～116.91%,RSD小于8.8%;异钩藤碱回归方程Y=87.4729X-0.3666(r=0.999 7),在2.0～80.0μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率87.08～104.97%,RSD小于7.3%;甲醇冷浸超声提取液中钩藤碱与异钩藤碱的提取率大约是水煎液中的十倍.在甲醇提取工艺中,影响提取率的因素从大到小依次为超声时间、甲醇用量、冷浸时间,经正交实验优选的最佳提取工艺为用20倍质量的甲醇,冷浸24h,超声60min.结论 钩藤药材中有效成分钩藤碱与异钩藤碱的提取,采用甲醇冷浸超声法优于水煎法.该含量测定方法快速、简便、准确,可为评价钩藤药材的质量提供依据.     

HPLC法测定黔产钩藤中钩藤碱及异钩藤碱含量

目的：研究建立了黔产钩藤药材中钩藤碱与异钩藤碱的含量测定方法。方法：采用HPLC法：KromosilC18色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）;流动相以甲醇一0．2％氨水溶液（65：35）,流速：1．0mL·min-1,柱温：35℃;进样器温度：5℃;检测波长为245nm,结果：异钩藤碱和钩藤碱分别在0．13064～1．17576μg（r=1．0000）和0．09744～0．87696μg（r=-0．9998）范围内呈良好的线性关系。异钩藤碱平均回收率（n=6）为98．88％,RSD为O．38％：钩藤碱平均回收率（n=6）为98．28％,RSD为0．72％;结论：本检测方法快速、简便、灵敏、准确、可靠,重复性好,为黔产钩藤药材的质量控制提供了科学依据。     

高效液相色谱法测定安神养血口服液中钩藤碱和异钩藤碱含量

目的:建立安神养血口服液的含量测定方法.方法:运用HPLC测定安神养血口服液中钩藤碱和异钩藤碱含量.色谱柱:依利特Kromasil C18柱(5μm,4.6mm×250mm);流动相:甲醇-水(55: 45)(含0.01mol/L三乙胺,用冰醋酸调pH值至7.5);柱温:25℃;检测波长:254nm; 流速:1.0mL/min.结果:钩藤碱的平均回收率为99.04%,异钩藤碱为98.75%.钩藤碱在进样量0.12～1.20μg 范围内线性关系良好(r1=0.9999),异钩藤碱在进样量0.08～0.80μg 范围内线性关系良好(r2=0.9993).结论:该方法简便、快速、准确,可用于安神养血口服液的质量控制.     

HPLC法测定钩藤不同部位中钩藤碱、去氢钩藤碱、异去氢钩藤碱含量

目的考察钩藤药材净钩、藤枝、带钩茎枝三种不同入药部位中钩藤碱、去氢钩藤碱、异去氢钩藤碱的含量,寻找钩藤新药源。方法采用HPLC法,以钩藤中钩藤碱、去氢钩藤碱、异去氢钩藤碱的含量为指标,测定钩藤药材净钩、藤枝、带钩茎枝中钩藤碱、去氢钩藤碱、异去氢钩藤碱的含量。色谱条件:C_(18)柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-水=63∶37(v/v,含0.002 mmol/L三乙胺,冰乙酸调pH 7.5)为流动相;流速1.1 mL/min;检测波长:254 nm。结果藤枝中钩藤碱、去氢钩藤碱、异去氢钩藤碱的含量略高于净钩、带钩茎枝。结论钩藤的藤枝具有潜在药用开发价值。     

超高效液相色谱法测定钩藤中的钩藤碱和异钩藤碱的含量

目的:用超高效液相色谱法同时测定钩藤中的钩藤碱和异钩藤碱的含量。方法:以ACQUITYUPLCR BEH130C18(2.1mm×100mm,1.7μm)为色谱柱,乙腈-0.01mol/L三乙胺水溶液(45:55,冰醋酸调pH7.0)为流动相,检测波长为245nm,流速0.2mL/min。结果:钩藤碱在0.052-0.309μg具有良好的线性关系,r=0.9997,平均回收率为98.3%,RSD为0.88%,异钩藤碱在0.060μg-0.363μg具有良好的线性关系,r=0.9999,平均回收率为97.7%,RSD为1.29%。结论:该方法简便快捷、精密度高、结果准确。可用于钩藤的质量控制。     

HPLC测定钩藤药材中钩藤碱、异钩藤碱的含量

目的：用HPLC法建立钩藤药材中钩藤碱（Rhynchophylline）、异钩藤碱（Isorhynchophylline）的含量测定方法,用于钩藤药材的质量控制。方法：色谱柱为Diamonsil C18柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm）,以甲醇：水=65：35（V/V,含0.01mmol/L三乙胺,冰醋酸调PH7.0）为流动相,流速为1.0 ml.min-1,在245nm检测波长下,测定钩藤药材中钩藤碱、异钩藤碱含量。结果：钩藤碱及异钩藤碱的回归方程分别为Y=1.0E＋6x-21142和Y=1.1E＋6x-13566,线性范围分别为0.254～1.524μg和0.216～1.296μg,相关系数分别0.9999和0.9999。结论：本法正确、简便、快速,对于控制和评价钩藤药材的品质有重要意义。     

HPLC测定安神养血口服液中3种生物碱延胡索乙素、钩藤碱和异钩藤碱含量

目的:深入研究安神养血口服液(钩藤、金不换、制何首乌、首乌藤、松针)含量测定方法,为该药质量标准研究和完善提供科学依据。方法:HPLC测定该药中3种生物碱延胡索乙素、钩藤碱和异钩藤碱含量,色谱柱:依利特Kromasil C18柱(5μm,4.6 mm×250 mm),流动相:甲醇-水(55∶45)(含0.01 mol/L三乙胺,用冰醋酸调pH值至7.5),柱温:25℃,15 min前检测波长为281 nm,15 min后为254 nm,流速1.0 mL/min。结果:延胡索乙素、钩藤碱、异钩藤碱平均回收率分别为98.47%,99.04%,98.75%,延胡索乙素在进样量0.01μg～0.10μg范围内、钩藤碱在进样量0.16μg～1.6μg范围内,异钩藤碱在进样量0.12μg～1.2μg范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系。结论:该方法简便、快速和准确,可用于该药质量控制。     

钩藤中钩藤碱、异钩藤碱的提取与含量测定在预后中的应用分析

目的:探讨钩藤中钩藤碱、异钩藤碱的提取与含量测定在预后中的应用。方法:采取水煎液以及甲醇提取液的方式对钩藤中的钩藤碱及异钩藤碱进行提取,并使用高效液相色谱系统分别对其提取的含量进行测定。结果:在2.5~80μg/m L的范围内钩藤碱的线性关系良好,此时的回归方程为Y=76.717 0X-0.072 7(r=0.999 8),RSD8.7%;在2.0~80μg/m L的范围内异钩藤碱的线性关系良好,此时的回归方程为Y=87.472 9X-0.366 6(r=0.999 7),RSD7.3%。甲醇提取液的方式所提取钩藤碱和异钩藤碱的含量高于水煎液的方式,并且使用二十倍质量的甲醇量,24 h的冷侵时间以及60 min的超声时间最合适。结论:使用甲醇进行提取在用于钩藤中钩藤碱及异钩藤碱中作用优异,对其质量的控制性好,重复性高,操作方法简单,可提高预后,值得在临床上应用推广。     

HPLC法测定不同产地钩藤中异钩藤碱和钩藤碱的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱测定不同产地的钧藤中异钩藤碱和钩藤碱的方法。方法：采用Diamonsil—C18色谱柱,流动相为甲醇：0．2％氨水（65：35）,检测波长245nm。结果：线性范围0．08805—0．8805μg和0．04076-0．4076μg,相关系数为0．9996和0．9997,平均回收率异钩藤碱为97．03％,钩藤碱为98．95％,RSD分别为1．79％和2．55％。结论：高效液相色谱法可为钩藤质量控制标准的制定提供相应的依据。     

广东钩藤属4种植物生物碱含量的UV、HPLC测定

目的:建立UV、HPLC测定广东钩藤属4种植物的总碱以及钩藤碱、异钩藤碱含量的方法,比较其不同品种、不同部位间有效成分的含量变化。方法:以UV测定总碱含量,检测波长为242 nm;以HPLC测定钩藤碱、异钩藤碱含量,采用Hypersil ODS C18(4.6 mm×200 mm,5μm)色谱柱,甲醇-水(含0.50%三乙胺,冰乙酸调pH 6.33)=63∶37为流动相,流速为0.80 mL/min,进样量5.00μL,柱温为室温,245 nm波长下检测分析。结果:钩藤碱、异钩藤碱在0.02～5.00μg范围内线性关系良好,钩藤碱的r1=0.9999,异钩藤碱的r2=1.0000,平均回收率分别为98.52%、99.12%(RSD1=2.05%,RSD2=2.17%);总碱含量在不同品种、不同部位里存在差异性,其线性范围为6.00～14.00μg/mL,r=0.9989。结论:该法准确,操作简便、快速,重复性较好,精密度较高,可用于对广东钩藤属植物不同品种、不同部位的总碱以及钩藤碱、异钩藤碱含量测定。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock

Ethnopharmacological relevance

An investigation of topical anti-inflammatory activity was undertaken on plants used in Central America traditional medicine.

Aim of study

Four herbal drugs used in the folk medicine of Central America to treat inflammatory skin affections (Acacia cornigera bark, Byrsonima crassifolia bark, Sphagneticola trilobata leaves and Sweetia panamensis bark) were evaluated for their topical anti-inflammatory activity.

Materials and methods

Petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts were obtained for herbal medicines and then extracts were tested on Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis model in mice.

Results

Almost all the extracts reduced the Croton oil-induced ear dermatitis in mice and the chloroform ones showed the highest activity, with ID₅₀ (dose giving 50% oedema inhibition) values ranging from 112 μg/cm² (Byrsonima crassifolia) to 183 μg/cm² (Sphagneticola trilobata). As reference, ID₅₀ of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was 93 μg/cm².

Conclusions

Lipophilic extracts from these species can be regarded as potential sources of anti-inflammatory principles.     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属植物传统药物学调查

通过野外资源调查、整理各大标本馆标本原始记录和查阅文献记载等方法,系统整理、总结、归纳了列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属民族药用植物种类、功效及民间使用情况,结果表明列当属6种药用植物在4个少数民族间作为7种民族药应用,草苁蓉属2种药用植物在8个少数民族间作为10种民族药应用,肉苁蓉属2种药用植物在3个少数民族间作为3种民族药应用,且同种药用植物常作不同民族药;发现3属植物的传统疗效主要集中在补肾壮阳、止血和止痛3个方面,并且该传统疗效与现代药理研究结果基本吻合。因此深入研究植物种类丰富的列当属植物资源对缓解肉苁蓉植物资源匮乏局面和扩大药源具有积极意义。